Hyperbaric Oxygenation: Mitochondrial Activity and Brain Physiological Functions

✍ Scribed by Avraham Mayevsky

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 365
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Exposure of patients to a high oxygen environment is a standard treatment in a select group of patients. The development of oxygen toxicity must be avoided in those patients. This book describes the effects of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen treatment of animal models on brain biochemical and physiological responses. This book provides a summary of our knowledge on the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on mitochondrial activity in vivo, and other functions of the brain. A chapter covering the use of hyperbaric hyperoxia in patients’ brain pathology and care is also included. This is an ideal book for students, research groups, and clinicians studying hyperbaric oxygen and its connection to mitochondrial activity and brain physiological functions.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Background
1.1 The Discovery of Oxygen
1.1.1 Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288)
1.1.2 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
1.1.3 Michael Servetus (1511–1553)
1.1.4 Michael Sendivogius (1566–1636)
1.1.5 John Mayow (1641–1679)
1.1.6 Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786)
1.1.7 Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)
1.1.8 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794)
1.1.9 Henry Cavendish (1731–1810)
1.2 The Discovery of “Oxygen Toxicity”
1.2.1 Paul Bert – The Pioneer
1.3 The Discovery of Mitochondria
1.4 Energy Metabolism in Animal Tissues and Organs
1.5 Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic States
References
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts of Brain Monitoring Systems
2.1 Mitochondrial NADH Fluorometry
2.1.1 Fiber Optic Fluorometer/Reflectometer
2.1.2 Factors Affecting the Monitored Signals
2.1.3 Preparation of the Brain for NADH Monitoring
2.2 Multiparametric Monitoring Systems
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Methods
2.2.2.1 NADH Monitoring
2.2.2.2 Local Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
2.2.2.3 Oxygen Electrodes
2.2.2.4 Ions-Selective Electrodes and DC Potential
2.2.2.5 Reference Electrode
2.2.2.6 Electrocorticography – ECoG
2.2.2.7 Temperature Measurements
2.2.2.8 Data Collection and Analysis
2.2.2.9 Animal Preparation for Monitoring
2.2.3 Results and Interpretation
2.2.3.1 Fiber Optic-Based Fluorometer and EEG
2.2.3.2 The Addition of K+ Monitoring
2.2.3.3 NADH and pO2 Measurements
2.2.3.4 The First Multiparametric Monitoring System
2.3 Monitoring of NADH and Brain Functions Inside Hyperbaric Chambers
2.3.1 Monitoring of NADH Fluorescence
2.3.2 Monitoring of NADH Fluorescence Together with EEG
2.3.3 Simultaneous Measurement of NADH, EEG, pO2, K+e, and DC Potential
2.3.4 NADH, Reflectance, Microcirculatory Blood Flow, and Hb Oxygenation
2.3.5 NADH, Reflectance, ECoG, K+, Ca2+, and DC Potentials
2.3.6 CBF, NADH, Reflectance, ECoG, K+, Ca2+, H+, and DC Potentials
2.3.7 CBF, NADH, Reflectance, ECoG, K+, Ca2+, H+, and DC Potentials + ICP Probe
References
Chapter 3: Scientific Background to Hyperbaric Oxygenation (HBO)
3.1 Effects of Normobaric Hyperoxia on Mitochondrial and Brain Functions
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 The Effects of Normobaric Hyperoxia on Mitochondrial Activities
3.1.3 Brain Multiparametric Responses to Normobaric Hyperoxia
3.1.3.1 The First Case
3.1.3.2 The Second Case
3.1.3.3 The Third Case
3.1.3.4 The Fourth Case
3.2 Hyperbaric Hyperoxia Affecting Brain and Other Body Organs
3.2.1 Studies by J.W. Bean
3.2.2 Effects of Hyperbaric Hyperoxia on Brain Physiology
3.3 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
3.4 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy – Clinical Data
3.5 Hyperbaric Oxygenation and Mitochondrial Function
References
Chapter 4: Typical Brain Mitochondrial Responses to Hyperbaric Oxygenation
4.1 In Vivo Real Time Typical Responses
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Methods
4.1.3 Results
4.1.3.1 Control Animals
4.1.3.2 Effect of CO2
4.1.3.3 Effect of Succinate
4.1.4 Discussion
4.2 Mitochondrial Respiration In Vitro After In Vivo HBO Exposure
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Methods
4.2.2.1 Mitochondrial Isolation
4.2.2.2 Mitochondrial Analyses
4.2.3 Results
4.2.3.1 Analysis of Mitochondrial Function
4.2.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 5: Effect of the Pressure Level on the Oxygen Toxicity Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods
5.3 Results
5.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 6: Responses to Oxygen Toxicity After Various Treatments
6.1 First Study – Effects of Seizure Protectant – Trimethadione (TMO)
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Methods
6.1.3 Results
6.1.4 Discussion
6.2 Second Study – Effects of Hypercapnia
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Methods
6.2.3 Results and Discussion
6.3 Third Study – The Interaction Between HBO and the Ischemic Brain
6.3.1 Physiological Responses to HBO of the Partial Ischemic Brain
6.3.1.1 Introduction
6.3.1.2 Methods
6.3.1.3 Results
6.3.1.4 Discussion
6.3.2 Fourth Study – HBO Therapy After Global Brain Ischemia
6.3.2.1 Introduction
6.3.2.2 Methods
6.3.2.3 Results
6.3.2.4 Discussion
6.4 Fifth Study – Effects of Pentobarbital and Diazepam
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Methods
6.4.3 Results
6.4.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 7: Interaction Between Carbon Monoxide(CO) and Hyperbaric Oxygenation
7.1 First Study – Multiparametric Recording of the CO Intoxicated Brain After Treatment by Hyperbaric Oxygen
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Methods
7.1.3 Results and Discussion
7.2 Second Study – Responses to Cortical Spreading Depression of the CO Intoxicated Brain Treated by Hyperbaric Oxygenation
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Methods
7.2.3 Results
7.2.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 8: Effects of Age on the Responses to Hyperbaric Hyperoxia
8.1 Study in the Newborn Dog
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Methods
8.1.3 Results
8.1.4 Discussion
8.2 Study in Rats of Various Ages
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Methods
8.2.3 Results
8.2.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 9: Brain Multiparametric Responses to Hyperbaric Hyperoxia
9.1 HBO Affecting Brain NADH, pO2, K+, and EEG Activities
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Methods
9.1.2.1 Multiprobe Assembly
9.1.2.2 Preparation of Electrodes
9.1.2.3 Animal Preparation
9.1.3 Results
9.1.4 Discussion
9.2 HBO Effects on Brain Hemodynamics, Hb Oxygenation, and Mitochondrial NADH
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 Methods
9.2.2.1 Microcirculatory Blood Flow
9.2.2.2 NADH Redox State
9.2.2.3 Hemoglobin Oxygenation
9.2.2.4 Animal Preparation
9.2.2.5 Experimental Protocols
9.2.2.6 The First Type of Protocol
9.2.2.7 The Second Type of Protocol
9.2.2.8 Data Collection, Processing, and Statistical Analysis
9.2.3 Results
9.2.3.1 The First Type of Protocol
9.2.3.1.1 The Effect of Anoxia
9.2.3.1.2 The Effect of Normobaric Hyperoxia
9.2.3.1.3 The Effects of Various Hyperbaric Hyperoxia Pressures
The Effect of 1.75 and 2.5 ATA
The Effect of 4.5 ATA
The Effect of 6.0 ATA
9.2.3.1.4 The Effect of Variable Pressure-Gradient Pressure
9.2.3.1.5 The Effect of HBO on Brain EEG
9.2.3.1.6 Brain Oxygen Toxicity Affecting Its Hemodynamics and Metabolic Activities
9.2.3.1.7 The Normalization of the Pre-convulsive Stage in the 4.5 and 6 ATA
9.2.3.1.8 Comparison Between Spontaneous Death and 100% Nitrogen Exposure
9.2.3.1.9 Summary of Results Obtained in the First Type of Protocol
9.2.3.2 The Second Type of Protocol
9.2.3.2.1 The Use of Hyperbaric Hyperoxia as a Drug
9.2.3.2.2 The Effect of Anoxia in Partial Ischemic Brain
9.2.3.2.3 The Responses of Partial Ischemic Brain to Hyperbaric Oxygenation
9.2.3.2.4 The Response to Anoxia in the Untreated and Ischemic Groups
9.2.3.2.5 Summary of Results Obtained in the Second Type of Protocol
9.2.4 Discussion
9.3 Hyperbaric Hyperoxia and the Brain In Vivo: The Balance Between Therapy and Toxicity
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Methods
9.3.2.1 Animal Preparation
9.3.2.2 Experimental Procedure
9.3.2.3 Data Collection and Analysis
9.3.3 Results
9.3.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 10: Hyperbaric Oxygenation Affecting Traumatic Brain Injury
10.1 First Study: Brain Injury, Intracranial Pressure, and Cortical Spreading Depression-CSD
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.2 Methods
10.1.2.1 Animal Preparation
10.1.2.2 Fluid-Percussion Brain Injury
10.1.2.3 Statistical Analysis
10.1.3 Results
10.1.3.1 Correlation Between Parameters
10.1.4 Discussion
10.2 Second Study: Effect of HBO on ICP Elevation Rate During Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Methods
10.2.2.1 Hyperbaric Oxygenation
10.2.2.2 Statistical Analysis
10.2.3 Results
10.2.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 11: Hyperbaric Hyperoxia in Patients After Chest Injury or Ischemic Stroke
11.1 First Study – Monitoring of Patients During Hyperbaric Oxygenation
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Monitoring of Hemodynamic Parameters
11.1.2.1 Cardiac Output and Organ Blood Flow
11.1.2.2 Intracardiac, Intravascular, and Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
11.1.2.3 Respiratory Parameter Monitoring
11.1.2.4 Bioelectrical Activity Monitoring
11.1.2.5 Other Monitoring Techniques
11.1.2.6 Multimodal Monitoring
11.1.2.7 Conclusion
11.2 Second Study – Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygenation During Severe Blunt Chest Injuries
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Methods
11.2.3 Results
11.2.4 Discussion
11.3 Third Study – ARDS in Patients After Blunt Thoracic Trauma: The Influence of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 Methods
11.3.3 Results
11.3.4 Discussion
11.4 Forth Study – Optimal Dosing of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Conclusion
11.5 Fifth Study – Hyperbaric Oxygenation as Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Future Perspectives
11.5.1 Introduction
11.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Stroke
11.5.3 Hyperbaric Oxygen and Ischemic Stroke: Experimental Data
11.5.4 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Application in Stroke Patients
References
Chapter 12: Discussion and Conclusions
12.1 Responses of Brain Energy Metabolism to HBO
12.2 The Functioning Awake Brain Under HBO
12.2.1 Surface Fluorometry/Reflectometry
12.2.2 Multiparametric Monitoring
12.2.3 Discussion of Events Recorded During the Phases of Oxygen Toxicity
References
Index