Hydrothermal and Supercritical Water Processes

✍ Scribed by Brunner, Gerd

• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Year: 2014
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 664
• Series: Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology Volume 5
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

 Hydrothermal and Supercritical Water Processes presents an overview on the properties and applications of water at elevated temperatures and pressures. It combines fundamentals with production process aspects. Water is an extraordinary substance. At elevated temperatures (and pressures) its properties change dramatically due to the modifications of the molecular structure of bulk water that varies from a stable three-dimensional network, formed by hydrogen bonds at low and moderate temperatures, to an assembly of separated polar water molecules at high and supercritical temperatures. With varying pressure and temperature, water is turned from a solvent for ionic species to a solvent for polar and non-polar substances. This variability and an enhanced reactivity of water have led to many practical applications and to even more research activities, related to such areas as energy transfer, extraction of functional molecules, unique chemical reactions, biomass conversion and fuel materials processing, destruction of dangerous compounds and recycling of useful ones, growth of monolithic crystals, and preparation of metallic nanoparticles.

This book provides an introduction into the wide range of activities that are possible in aqueous mixtures. It is organized to facilitate understanding of the main features, outlines the main applications, and gives access to further information

Summarizes fundamental properties of water for engineering applications

Compares process and reactor designs

Evaluates processes from thermodynamic, economic, and social impact viewpoints

✦ Table of Contents

Content: Front Cover
Hydrothermal and Supercritical Water Processes
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Properties of Pure Water
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Structure of H2O
2.3. Phase Diagram
2.3.1. Supercritical Region
2.3.2. Meta-Stable States [4]
2.4. Thermodynamic Properties
2.4.1. Thermodynamic Functions
2.4.2. P, V, T-Behavior
2.4.2.1. Sublimation Curve
2.4.2.2. Vapor-Pressure Curve
2.4.2.3. Generalized P, V, T-Behavior
2.4.3. Calculation of P, V, T-Behavior
2.4.3.1. Ideal-Gas State
2.4.3.2. Real P, V, T-Behavior
2.4.3.2.1. Calculation of Properties. 2.4.3.2.2. Properties at Saturation: Empirical Correlation2.4.3.2.3. Correlation of P, V, T-Behavior Using EOS
2.4.3.2.4. Analytical EOS
2.4.3.2.5. Correlation of P, V, T-Behavior of Water with EOS
2.4.3.3. Calculating Thermodynamic Properties of H2O in the Critical Region
2.4.4. Joule-Thomson Effect of Water
2.4.5. Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
2.4.6. Heat Capacity (Specific Heat) of Water
2.4.7. Enthalpy
2.4.8. Entropy
2.4.9. Steam Tables
2.5. Transport Properties
2.5.1. Viscosity
2.5.1.1. Correlations for the Viscosity of Water. 2.5.1.2. Recommended Correlating Equation for the Viscosity of Water2.5.2. Thermal Conductivity
2.5.2.1. Correlation of Thermal Conductivity of Water
2.5.3. Diffusion
2.5.3.1. Experimental Data for the Self-Diffusion Coefficient of Water
2.5.3.2. Correlations for the Self-Diffusion Coefficient of Water
2.6. Electrical Properties
2.6.1. Electrical Conductivity of Water
2.6.1.1. Correlation of Electrolytic Conductivity of Water
2.6.2. Dielectric Constant
2.6.2.1. Correlationof the Static Dielectric Constant of Water
2.7. Miscellaneous Properties of Water
2.7.1. Refractive Index. 2.7.1.1. Correlation for the Refractive Index of Water2.7.2. Surface Tension
2.7.2.1. Correlation of the Surface Tension of Water
2.7.3. Ionic Dissociation Constant of Water
2.7.3.1. IAPWS-Correlation for the Ionization Constant of Water
References
Chapter 3: Properties of Mixtures with Water
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Properties of Mixtures
3.2.1. Thermodynamics of Mixtures
3.2.2. Properties of Mixtures with Water
3.2.2.1. P, V, T-Behavior and Excess Volume
3.2.2.2. Ionic Dissociation
3.2.2.3. Transport Properties
3.2.2.3.1. Electric Conductivity. Electric Conductivity in Multicomponent Mixtures3.2.2.3.2. Diffusion
Self-Diffusion
Mutual Diffusion
Diffusion in Multicomponent Systems
Self-Diffusion
Mutual Diffusion
3.2.2.3.3. Viscosity of Electrolyte Solutions
Viscosity in Multicomponent Systems
3.2.2.3.4. Thermal Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions
3.3. Phase Behavior of Mixtures with Water
3.3.1. Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibrium
3.3.2. Phase Equilibrium in Binary Aqueous Systems
3.3.2.1. The Phenomenology of Binary Gas-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Liquid Systems
3.3.2.2. Binary Systems with Solid Phases.