Hydrogeochemical Evaluation and Groundwater Quality

✍ Scribed by Md. Shajedul Islam

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 339
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book comprehensively discusses the methods and practices for evaluating geochemical processes in aquifer groundwater. Possible occurrence and mechanisms of rock-water interaction, trace metal mobilization, thermodynamic explanation, actions of aquifer CO2, pollution sources, geogenic influencing factors, and isotope dilution methods are the primary areas of focus. These water quality variables are analyzed using a variety of logical/theoretical explanations, statistical techniques, and experimental procedures to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking, irrigation, and other industrial purposes. The work is an important addition to hydrogeochemical literature since many existing indexing methods for the assessment of water quality are very old and have some degree of limitation. The book will be a useful resource for students, lecturers, and researchers working in the fields of hydrogeochemistry, hydrology, water pollution, and groundwater quality.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction to Hydrogeochemical Processes
1.1 Geochemistry
1.2 Hydrogeochemistry
1.3 Aquifers and Hydrogeology
1.3.1 Properties of Aquifers
1.3.2 Classification of Aquifers
1.3.2.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Aquifer
1.3.2.2 Aquifer Versus Aquitard
1.3.2.3 Confined and Unconfined Aquifer
1.3.2.4 Isotropic and Anisotropic Aquifers
1.3.2.5 Porous, Karst, or Fractured Aquifer
1.3.2.6 Transboundary Aquifer
1.4 Human Use of Aquifer Water
1.5 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 2: Groundwater: Sources, Functions, and Quality
2.1 Groundwater: An Unlimited Renewable Resource
2.2 Groundwater in the Bedrock
2.3 The Role of Groundwater in the Water Cycle
2.4 Groundwater Recharge
2.5 Groundwater Availability
2.6 Groundwater Pumping
2.7 Groundwater Chemistry
2.8 Groundwater Quality and Pollution
2.9 Assessment of Water Quality
2.10 Pathway of Groundwater Contamination
2.11 Groundwater Contamination Sources
2.11.1 Anthropogenic and Geogenic Processes
2.11.2 Chemical Pesticides and Fertilizers
2.11.3 Industrial and Commercial Sources
2.12 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 3: Water Analysis
3.1 Outline of the Methods
3.2 Study Area
3.2.1 Geological Formations
3.2.2 Hydrogeological Settings
3.3 Sampling Strategy
3.4 Sampling of Groundwater
3.4.1 Sampling Methodology
3.4.2 Types of Sampling
3.5 Groundwater Sampling Log
3.6 Equipment for Water Analysis
3.7 Field Parameters
3.8 Sample Filtration, Preservation, Transport, and Storage
3.9 Analytical Procedure
3.10 Analysis of Physicochemical Water Parameters
3.10.1 Field Parameters
3.10.2 Lab Parameters
3.10.2.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
3.10.2.2 Total Hardness (TH)
3.10.2.3 Calcium Ion (Ca2+)
3.10.2.4 Magnesium Ion (Mg2+)
3.10.2.5 Sodium (Na+)
3.10.2.6 Potassium (K+)
3.10.2.7 Iron (Fe)
3.10.2.8 Manganese (Mn)
3.10.2.9 Lead (Pb)
3.10.2.10 Chromium (Cr)
3.10.2.11 Cadmium (Cd)
3.10.2.12 Arsenic (As)
3.10.2.13 Copper (Cu)
3.10.2.14 Zinc (Zn)
3.10.2.15 Chloride Ion (Cl-)
3.10.2.16 Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-)
3.10.2.17 Sulphate Ion (SO42-)
3.10.2.18 Nitrate (NO3-)
3.10.2.19 Phosphate (PO43-)
3.11 Categorization of Studies
3.12 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 4: Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes
4.1 Hydrochemical Characteristics and Water Chemistry
4.1.1 Physicochemical Water Parameters
4.1.2 Chemical Parameters
4.1.2.1 Overall Groundwater Chemistry
4.1.3 Water Depth and Mineralization Potentiality
4.1.4 Normalization Test of the Dataset
4.2 Evaluation of Geochemical Processes: Statistical Approaches
4.2.1 Multivariate Statistical and Spatial Approach
4.2.1.1 Pearson´s Correlation Matrix
4.2.1.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4.2.1.3 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA)
4.2.1.4 Bicarbonate Index (BCI)
4.2.1.5 Chloro Index (CI)
4.2.2 Groundwater Mineralization
4.2.3 Geochemical Evaluation
4.2.3.1 Water Facies
4.2.3.2 Source Rock Weathering
4.2.3.3 Probability of Ion Exchange Processes
4.2.3.4 Seawater Intrusion
4.2.3.5 Chloro-alkaline Indices (CAI)
4.2.4 Mass Balance of Ca2+ vs. Mg2+
4.2.5 Saturation Index (SI) and Mineral Solubility
4.3 Isotope Investigations
4.4 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 5: Trace Metals in Groundwater: Sources and Mobilization
5.1 Occurrence of Trace Metals in Groundwater
5.2 Trace Metal Distributions in Groundwater Samples
5.3 Trace Metal Concentration in Groundwater: World Scenarios
5.4 Sources and Dissolution of Trace Metals
5.4.1 Source Rock of Metals in the Aquifer
5.4.2 Multivariate Analysis
5.4.3 Mineralization Process
5.5 Sources and Dissolution of Fe and Mn
5.5.1 Water Variables with Fe and Mn Concentrations
5.5.2 Explorative Statistical Approach: Multivariate Analysis
5.5.3 Spatial and Seasonal Distributions of Fe and Mn
5.5.4 Lithological Impacts on Fe and Mn Dissolution
5.5.5 Fe and Mn Relationship and Distribution
5.5.6 Sources and Dissolution of Fe and Mn
5.5.7 Effect of Water Variables on Fe and Mn Dissolution
5.5.8 Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts on Iron and Manganese Concentrations
5.6 Impact of Elevated Fe and Mn on Aquaculture and Irrigation Water Suitability
5.7 Concentration and Mobilization of Arsenic
5.7.1 Distribution of As in Groundwater of Bangladesh
5.7.2 World Scenarios
5.7.3 Sources and Mobilization of As
5.8 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 6: Drinking Water Quality
6.1 Drinking Water Quality: An Overview
6.2 Assessment of Drinking Water Quality
6.2.1 Indexing Methods
6.2.1.1 Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI)
6.2.1.2 Classical Water Quality Index (WQI)
6.2.1.3 Weighted Average Water Quality Index (WWQI)
6.2.2 Heavy Metal Pollution Indices
6.2.2.1 Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI)
6.2.2.2 Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI)
6.2.2.3 The Degree of Contamination (Cd)
6.2.3 Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA)
6.2.3.1 For Noncarcinogenic (nc) Risk Calculation
6.2.3.2 For Carcinogenic (ca) Risk Calculation
6.3 Drinking Water Quality Evaluation
6.3.1 Application of WQI Methods
6.3.2 Metal Pollution Indices
6.3.3 Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA)
6.3.3.1 Noncarcinogenic Risk Analysis (HQs and HIs)
6.3.3.2 Carcinogenic Risk Analysis
6.4 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 7: Irrigation Water Quality
7.1 Irrigation Water Quality: Background
7.2 Irrigation Water Quality and Crop Yield
7.3 Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality
7.3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Parameters
7.3.2 Irrigation Water Quality Indices
7.3.2.1 Simsek Water Quality Index (SWQI)
7.3.2.2 Meireles Water Quality Index (MWQI)
7.3.2.3 Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI)
7.4 Evaluation of Irrigation Water Suitability
7.4.1 Using Irrigation Water Quality Parameters
7.4.1.1 Salinity Hazard
7.4.1.2 Sodicity Hazard
7.4.1.3 Water Infiltration or Permeability Rate
7.4.1.4 Toxicity to Crops
7.4.1.5 Changing Soil Structure
7.4.1.6 Miscellaneous
7.4.2 Using Irrigation Water Quality Indices (IWQI)
7.4.2.1 Simsek Method (SIWQindex)
7.4.2.2 Meireles Water Quality Index (MWQI)
7.4.2.3 Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI)
7.4.3 Judgement of Irrigation WQIs and Their Use in Practice
7.4.3.1 Comparison Between CWQI (Irrigation) and MWQI
7.4.4 Using the Diagram Method
7.4.4.1 US Salinity Hazard Diagram
7.4.4.2 Wilcox Diagram
7.4.4.3 Permeability Index (PI) Diagram
7.5 Newly Developed IWQ Index
7.5.1 Overall Irrigation Water Quality Index (Overall IWQIndex): A Newly Proposed Method
7.5.1.1 Selection of Hazard Class and Scoring of Water Parameters
7.5.1.2 Selection of Parameters
7.5.1.3 Weight Factors of Hazard Class and Rating of Parameters
7.5.1.4 Subindex and Final Index Calculation
7.5.1.5 Water Categorization
7.5.1.6 Utility of Overall IWQIndex
7.5.1.7 Water Quality Assessment Using the Overall IWQIndex
7.5.2 Integrated Irrigation Water Quality Index (IIWQIndex)
7.5.2.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria
7.5.2.2 Approach to Developing IIWQIndex
7.5.2.2.1 Selection of Hazard Class and Parameters
7.5.2.2.2 Establishing Weight Value
7.5.2.2.3 Obtaining Subindex Values
7.5.2.2.4 Aggregation of Subindices to Produce the Final Index
7.5.2.3 Suitability of IIWQIndex
7.5.2.3.1 For Calcite Water
7.5.2.3.2 For Sodic Water
7.5.2.4 Application of IIWQIndex
7.6 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 8: Industrial Water Quality
8.1 Industrial Water
8.2 Industrial Water Quality Indices
8.2.1 Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI)
8.2.2 Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)
8.2.3 Ryznar Stability Index (RSI)
8.2.4 Chloride-Sulphate Mass Ratio (CSMR)
8.2.5 Revelle Index (RI)
8.2.6 Larson-Skold Index (LI)
8.2.7 Aggressive Index (AI)
8.2.8 Corrosivity Index (CI)
8.3 Groundwater Characterization
8.4 Groundwater Suitability for Industrial Uses
8.4.1 Storability and Corrosivity Assessment: Chemical Approaches
8.4.2 Water Quality Management in Cooling Systems
8.4.3 Evaluation of Industrial Water Quality: Using Index Methods
8.4.3.1 Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI) and Chloride-Sulphate Mass Ratio (CSMR)
8.4.3.2 Larson-Skold Index (LI) and Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)
8.4.3.3 Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) and Revelle Index (RI)
8.4.3.4 Aggressive Index (AI)
8.4.3.5 Corrosivity Index (CI)
8.5 Summary
References and Further Study
Chapter 9: Climate Change and Groundwater Management
9.1 Climate Change and Groundwater
9.1.1 Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Availability
9.1.2 Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Quality
9.2 Challenges in Groundwater Management
9.3 Recommendations
9.4 Summary
References and Further Study
Appendices
Appendix I: Average Value of Geochemical Data of Groundwater for Pre-monsoon (PRM) Period in 2 Years
Appendix II: Average Value of Geochemical Data of Groundwater for Monsoon (MON) Period in 2 Years
Appendix III: Average Value of Geochemical Data of Groundwater for Post-monsoon (POM) Period in 2 Years
Appendix IV: CAI 1 and CAI 2 Values of Groundwater Samples for Three Sampling Seasons
Appendix V: Trace Metal Mean Concentration of Groundwater for Pre-monsoon (PRM) in 2 Years
Appendix VI: Trace Metal Mean Concentration of Groundwater for Monsoon (MON) in 2 Years
Appendix VII: Trace Metal Mean Concentration of Groundwater for Post-monsoon (POM) in 2 Years
Appendix VIII: Mean Fe and Mn Concentrations (mg/L) with Some Selected Water Parameters (Pre-monsoon) of 2 Years
Appendix IX: Mean Fe and Mn Concentrations (mg/L) with Some Selected Water Parameters (Post-monsoon) of 2 Years
Appendix X: Statistical Summary of WQI Value of Collected Water Samples for Drinking Purposes
Appendix XI: Irrigation Water Quality Parameter Values for Groundwater Samples in Pre-monsoon (PRM) Season
Appendix XII: Irrigation Water Quality Parameter Values for Groundwater Samples in Monsoon (MON) Season
Appendix XIII: Irrigation Water Quality Parameter Values for Groundwater Samples in Post-monsoon (POM) Season
Appendix XIV: Statistical Summary of IWQI (CWQI and MWQI) Value of Collected Water Samples
Index