Hydrogen, Batteries and Fuel Cells

✍ Scribed by Bengt Sundén

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 239
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Hydrogen, Batteries and Fuel Cells provides the science necessary to understand these important areas, considering theory and practice, practical problem-solving, descriptions of bottlenecks, and future energy system applications. The title covers hydrogen as an energy carrier, including its production and storage; the application and analysis of electrochemical devices, such as batteries, fuel cells and electrolyzers; and the modeling and thermal management of momentum, heat, mass and charge transport phenomena. This book offers fundamental and integrated coverage on these topics that is critical to the development of future energy systems.

✦ Table of Contents

Hydrogen, Batteries and Fuel Cells
Copyright
Preface
Nomenclature
1 -
Introduction and background
1.1 Primary energy sources - fossil fuels
1.2 Renewable energy resources
1.3 Conclusion energy sources
1.4 Hydrogen
1.5 Electrochemical devices
1.6 Batteries
1.7 Fuel cells
1.8 Electrolyzers
1.9 Summary
1.10 Intention
References
2 -
Electrochemistry and thermodynamics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The electrochemical cell
2.3 Thermodynamics
2.3.1 First law of thermodynamics
2.3.2 Enthalpy of formation hf0
2.3.3 Electric work
2.3.4 Cell voltage
2.3.5 The Faraday's laws in electrochemistry
2.3.6 General reaction
2.3.7 The Nernst equation
2.3.7.1 Illustration of using Nernst equation
2.4 The electrical double layer and electrode kinetics
2.5 Polarization curve and overpotential
2.5.1 Activation losses
2.5.2 Ohmic losses
2.5.3 Mass transport loss or concentration loss
2.5.4 Internal current and crossover
2.5.5 Cell voltage under load
2.6 Heat generation
2.6.1 Modes of heat transfer
2.6.1.1 Reynolds number
2.6.1.2 Grashof number
2.6.1.3 Nusselt number
2.6.1.4 Prandtl number
2.6.1.5 Correlations
2.6.1.6 Thermal radiation
2.6.1.7 Surface to surface radiative heat transfer
2.6.1.8 Participating media
2.7 Mass transport
2.8 Porous media
2.8.1 Governing equations of transport in porous media
References
3 -
Hydrogen
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Properties of hydrogen
3.3 Production of hydrogen
3.3.1 Steam reforming
3.3.2 Gasification of coal and biomass
3.3.3 Electrolysis of water
3.3.4 Thermochemical water splitting and thermolysis
3.3.5 Photoelectrochemical water splitting
3.3.6 Thermocatalytic cracking
3.3.7 Roadmap for hydrogen production
3.4 Storage of hydrogen
3.4.1 Compressed gas
3.4.2 Cryogenic storage
3.4.3 Cryo-compressed storage
3.4.3.1 Compressed liquid hydrogen
3.4.3.2 Compressed cryogenic gas
3.4.4 Chemical storage
3.4.4.1 Ammonia (NH3)
3.4.4.2 Metal hydrides
3.4.4.3 Chemical hydrides
3.4.4.3.1 Storage of hydrogen in sodiumboron-hydrides—power balls
3.4.4.4 Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC)
3.4.4.5 Carbohydrates
3.4.4.6 Physisorption and carbon-based materials
3.5 Transportation of hydrogen
3.6 Pros and cons for hydrogen
3.6.1 Pros of hydrogen energy
3.6.2 Cons of hydrogen energy
3.7 Competitive fuels
References
4 -
Battery technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lead-acid batteries
4.3 Nickel-metal hydride batteries
4.4 Lithium batteries
4.4.1 Lithium metal batteries
4.4.2 Lithium-ion and lithium-ion polymer batteries
4.4.3 Lithium-oxygen batteries
4.4.4 Lithium-sulfur batteries
4.5 Nickel-zinc batteries
4.6 Zinc-carbon batteries
4.7 Zinc-air batteries
4.8 Other battery types
4.8.1 Redox flow batteries
4.9 Voltage characteristics
4.10 Standards and nomenclature
4.10.1 Cell designs
4.11 Ragone plot
4.12 Summary
References
5 -
Transport phenomena in batteries
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrolyte charge conservation
5.2.1 Boundary conditions
5.3 Electrolyte species conservation
5.3.1 Boundary conditions
5.4 Electrode charge conservation
5.4.1 Boundary conditions
5.5 Electrode species conservation
5.5.1 Initial and boundary conditions
5.5.2 Effective properties
5.5.2.1 Electrolyte phase
5.5.2.2 Electrode (solid) phase
5.6 Chemical kinetics
5.7 Thermal analysis
5.7.1 Heat generation mechanism
5.7.2 Heat conduction equation
5.7.2.1 Boundary condition
5.7.3 Case studies
5.8 Memory effect
5.9 Self-discharge
References
6 -
Thermal management of batteries
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 State functions (SOF)
6.1.2 State of charge (SOC)
6.1.3 State of health (SOH)
6.2 Thermal runaway
6.3 Importance of temperature
6.4 Examples of thermal management systems
6.4.1 Air cooling
6.4.2 Liquid cooling
6.4.3 Cooling by phase change material (PCM)
6.4.3.1 Heat pipes with phase change
6.4.4 Drawbacks of thermal management systems
6.5 Mathematical modeling and experimental approaches
6.5.1 Simple energy balance of a battery
6.5.2 Energy balance of a non-isothermal battery
6.5.3 Governing equations for convective cooling of a battery pack
6.5.4 Heat generation
6.5.5 Multi-scale multi-dimensional modeling
6.6 Available softwares
6.7 Summary
References
7 -
Applications of batteries
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electrical vehicles
7.3 Battery types for electric vehicles
7.3.1 Lead acid batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries (NiMH)
7.3.2 Lithium-ion batteries
7.3.2.1 Batteries for traction
7.3.3 Estimation of the weight of a long haulage truck
7.3.3.1 Catenary system
7.3.3.2 Hybrid systems
7.3.3.3 Battery electric goods vehicle
7.3.4 Batteries for commercial vehicles
7.4 Batteries for aviation
7.5 Batteries for aerospace
7.6 Batteries in shipping and marine applications
7.7 Stationary batteries
7.8 Grid storage batteries
7.9 Bottlenecks of batteries
7.10 Critical metals
References
8 -
Fuel cell types - overview
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Types of fuel cells
8.1.2 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) or polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC)
8.1.3 Alkaline fuel cells (AFC)
8.1.4 Phosforic acid fuel cells (PAFC)
8.1.5 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
8.1.6 Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC)
8.1.7 Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)
8.1.8 Reversible fuel cells
8.1.9 Proton ceramic fuel cells
8.1.10 Overall summary of characteristics of some fuel cells
8.2 Complementary electrochemistry and thermodynamics for fuel cells
8.2.1 Influence of pressure on the electrochemistry of fuel cells
8.2.2 Effect of gas concentration, Nernst equation
8.2.3 Fuel cell reaction involving hydrogen and oxygen
8.2.4 Estimations of consumption of fuel and oxidant
8.2.4.1 Oxygen consumption
8.2.4.1.1 Oxygen consumption by using air
8.2.4.2 Hydrogen consumption
8.2.4.3 Water production rate
8.3 Solid oxide fuel cells – SOFC
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Planar SOFCs
8.3.3 Tubular SOFCs
8.3.4 Performance of SOFCs
8.3.5 Material issues
8.3.5.1 Conductivities or resistivities
8.3.6 Detailed structure of a unit cell
8.3.7 Challenges
8.4 Intermediate solid oxide fuel cells – ITSOFC
8.4.1 ITSOFC design options
8.4.1.1 Anode supported ITSOFCs
8.4.2 Performance of ITSOFC at reduced temperatures
8.4.3 Remarks
8.5 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells – PEMFC
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Electrolytes
8.5.3 Detailed structure of a PEMFC unit cell
8.5.4 Water management
8.5.5 Performance of a PEMFC
8.6 Aerospace applications
References
9 -
Transport phenomena in fuel cells
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Overall description of basic transport processes and operation of a fuel cell
9.1.2 Electrochemical kinetics
9.1.3 Heat and mass transfer
9.1.4 Charge and water transport
9.2 Heat transfer
9.2.1 Heat generation
9.2.2 Conservation of energy and the heat equation
9.2.2.1 Gas flow channels
9.2.2.2 Electrode-gas diffusion layers
9.2.2.3 Electrolyte membrane
9.2.2.4 Boundary conditions
9.2.2.4.1 Adiabatic or symmetric surfaces
9.2.2.4.2 Interfaces
9.2.2.4.3 Channels
9.2.3 One-dimensional thermal analysis of a fuel cell
9.2.3.1 Boundary conditions
9.2.3.2 Convective heat transfer coefficients
9.2.4 Thermal radiation
9.2.4.1 Surface to surface radiation in flow passages
9.2.4.2 Radiative heat transfer with participating media
9.3 Mass transfer
9.3.1 Diffusion mass transfer
9.3.2 Convection mass transfer
9.3.3 Mass transport of species in fuel cells
9.3.4 Convective mass transfer coefficients
9.4 Charge transport
9.4.1 Charge transport by diffusion
9.4.2 Charge transport by convection
9.4.3 Charge transport by electrical potential gradient
9.4.4 The Nernst-Planck equation
9.4.5 Charge transport equations
9.4.5.1 In the electrolyte
9.4.5.2 In the electrodes
9.4.6 Boundary conditions for the electrical potential
9.4.7 Voltage loss by charge transport
9.5 Water transport
9.5.1 Water transport in the electrolyte
9.5.2 Water transport in gas channels and in gas-diffusion layers
9.5.3 Flooding
9.6 Diffusion coefficients
9.6.1 Binary gas mixtures
9.6.2 Liquids
9.6.3 Diffusion in porous solids
References
10 -
Modeling approaches for fuel cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Zero-order models of analysis
10.3 One-dimensional models of analysis
10.4 Multi-dimensional models of analysis
10.4.1 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches
10.4.1.1 Governing equations
10.4.1.2 Numerical solution of the governing equations
10.4.1.3 The finite volume method (FVM)
10.4.1.4 Convection and diffusion fluxes
10.4.1.5 Source term
10.4.1.6 Solution of the discretized equations
10.4.1.7 Handling pressure in the momentum equations
10.4.1.8 Solution procedures for the momentum equations
10.4.1.9 Convergence
10.4.1.10 Number of grid points and control volumes
10.4.1.11 Complex geometries
10.4.1.12 The CFD approach
10.4.1.13 Turbulence models
10.4.1.14 Handling wall effects
10.4.1.15 CFD codes
10.4.2 Porous media approach
10.4.2.1 Mass conservation in phase k
10.4.2.2 Momentum conservation in phase k
10.4.2.3 Mass conservation of species α in phase k
10.4.2.4 Energy conservation in phase k
10.4.2.5 Multiphase mixture model
10.4.3 Molecular dynamics based approaches
10.5 Example proton exchange membrane fuel cells – PEMFC
10.5.1 Model description
10.5.2 Governing equations
10.5.3 Catalyst layer composition and volume fraction
10.5.4 Cathode agglomerate model
10.5.5 Determination of porosity of the GDLs after compression
10.5.6 On numerical implementation and boundary conditions
10.5.7 Some characteristics
10.6 Example solid oxide fuel cells – SOFC
10.6.1 Transport of fuel and oxidant in channels
10.6.2 Transport in the porous electrodes
10.6.3 Transport in the solid electrolyte
10.6.4 Transport in the interconnects
10.6.5 Model of the electrochemical processes
10.6.6 Some results
10.6.7 Engineering bridges in analysis of multiscale issues
10.7 Softwares
10.8 Summary
References
11 -
Fuel cell systems and applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Portable power
11.2.1 Backup power
11.3 Transportation
11.4 Stationary power
11.5 Maritime applications
11.6 Aerospace applications
11.7 Aircraft applications
11.8 Bottlenecks for fuel cells
11.9 Current status FCEVs versus BEVs
11.10 System aspects
References
Appendices-tables
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z