โ Scribed by D.F. Shaw
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Glaser t announced the first successful photography of the tracks of fast charged particles in superheated liquid ether in 1953, the bubble chamber has been exploited and developed by teams of physicists and engineers throughout the world. The obvious advantage of this technique is the high density of atomic nuclei in a liquid compared with a gas; this results in a far greater yield of interactions when the liquid is used as a target for high energy particles. The demonstration that liquid hydrogen 2 and liquid helium 3 could be used satisfactorily gave added incentive to the development of this type of particle detector, since the nuclei of hydrogen and helium atoms contain few particles and identification of reactions is much simpler than in the case of collisions with nuclei in photographic emulsions or liquid hydrocarbons. There have been several published articles summarizing various aspects of the bubble chamber technique. 4-n In this review emphasis is placed on those features of the design and operation of hydrogen and helium bubble chambers which are of particular interest to low temperature physicists and engineers.
A large part of the experimental programme with high energy particle accelerators, such as the 28 GeV synchrotron at C.E.R.N., Geneva, the 33 GeV alternating gradient synchrotron at Brookhaven, New York, and similar machines at other centres of high energy physics in America, Europe, and Russia, is based on the use of large hydrogen bubble chambers. This technique has contributed to the majority of the discoveries of new elementary particle states during the past decade.Z2, ~3 There is, also, considerable interest in the use of deuterium since this is the nearest available state to a target of free neutrons. A comparison of reactions in deuterium and hydrogen CRYOGENICS โข
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