Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Abbreviations
Contents
About the Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Theoreties, Protocols, and Policy Framework
Chapter 1: Evaluation of the Narrative Paradigm and Knowledge Gap Theories in Interrogating Human Trafficking in the Nigerian Context
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 The Concern
1.1.2 Study Focus
1.2 Empirical Evidence
1.3 Theoretical Bench
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Findings
1.5.1 Descriptive Analysis Output (Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, and 1.11)
1.6 Discussion of Findings
1.7 Conclusion
1.7.1 Recommendation(s)
Bibliography
Chapter 2: Extending the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction to Corporate Entities: An African Perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Jurisprudence on Corporate International Criminal Culpability
2.3 Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court
2.3.1 The Object and Purpose of the Rome Statute
2.3.1.1 The Principle of Complementarity
2.4 The Position by Other International Judicial Bodies on Corporate Criminal Liability
2.5 Making the Case Against Corporate Entities in Africa for International Crimes Within the Jurisdiction of the ICC
2.5.1 The Situation in the Three African Countries
2.6 The Scope of Enslavement as Per the Rome Statute
2.6.1 Definition of Forced Labour
2.6.1.1 The Culpability of the Corporate Entities Under Article 25 of the Rome Statute
2.7 Assessing the Acts of the Corporate Entities Against the Requirements Under the Chapeau Elements of Crimes Against Humanity as Per the Rome Statute
2.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Do International Legal Instruments Curb Human Trafficking or Exacerbate the Problem?: African States and the European Union–An Examination of the Lomé and Cotonou Agreements
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Purpose of the Study
3.1.2 Methodology
3.1.3 Theoretical Framework
3.2 Review of the Literature
3.3 Discussion and Analysis
3.3.1 Background: The Rome Treaty and Yaoundé Convention
3.3.2 The Intersection of the Lomé Agreement and Its Utility Function
3.3.3 The Intersection of Cotonou and Its Utility Function
3.4 Conclusions: The Implications of Eurafrica Legal Agreements on Human Trafficking
Bibliography
Chapter 4: Human Trafficking in Africa: Strategies for Combatting the Menace
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conceptual Clarification
4.3 Overview of the Demographic Pattern of Persons Trafficked in Africa
4.4 Nature and Reasons for Human Trafficking in Africa
4.4.1 Reasons for Human Trafficking: Supply and Demand Sides of Human Trafficking
4.4.1.1 Supply Side
4.4.1.2 Demand Side Demand for Cheap Labor
4.5 Strategies for Combating Human Trafficking in Africa
4.5.1 Economic Empowerment
4.5.2 Public Enlightenment Campaigns
4.5.3 Use of Local Anti-trafficking Task Forces
4.5.4 Use of Effective Social Protection Interventions to Ameliorate the Effects of Poverty
4.5.5 Formulation and Effective Implementation of Anti-trafficking Laws
4.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 5: A Legal Appraisal on Human Trafficking at Sea
5.1 Migration Flow in the Mediterranean
5.2 Legal Frameworks
5.2.1 General Legal Framework
5.2.2 Specific Legal Framework at Sea
5.2.3 The Intersection of Forced Labour and Slavery
5.3 The Regional Approach in Europe
5.4 The Protection of the Victims at Sea
5.5 Implementation Issues
5.5.1 Issues with Smuggling
5.5.2 Issues with Prosecution
5.6 Final Considerations
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Understanding Technology and Human Trafficking in Africa
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Human Trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa
6.3 Technology as a Facilitator of Human Trafficking in Africa
6.3.1 “Sinai Trafficking”: ICTs, Torture, and Trafficking for Ransom
6.3.2 Libya: ICTs, Torture, Extortion, and Ransom
6.3.3 “Digital Black Holes” as Drivers of Human Trafficking
6.3.3.1 Technology Facilitating the Invisibility and Impunity of Traffickers
6.4 The Use of Technology to Combat Human Trafficking in Africa
6.5 Prosecution
6.6 Protection
6.7 Prevention
6.7.1 Awareness Creation
6.7.1.1 Facial Recognition Technologies to Prevent Human Trafficking
6.7.1.2 International Child Sexual Exploitation Database
6.7.1.3 Using Databases to Prevent Human Trafficking
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: How to Combat Human Trafficking on the Continent
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Indicators of Successful Counter-Trafficking Initiatives
7.2.1 Contextualizing Success Indicators for African Countries
7.3 Exploration of TIP Report’s Minimum Standards Compliance for TIP Elimination in African Countries: A Comparison
7.4 How to Combat Trafficking in Persons in Africa
7.4.1 Pursuit of Sustainable Human Development to Reduce Vulnerabilities
7.4.2 Deliberately Targeted Counter-Trafficking Initiatives
7.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part II: Global and Regional Perspectives
Chapter 8: Trafficking in Persons in Tunisia: Between Law and Reality—Perspective of Women Victims of Transnational Trafficking
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Context
8.2 Legal Frame of Human Trafficking in Tunisia
8.2.1 The Legal Framework of Today
8.2.1.1 Tunisian Law
8.3 Meeting with Potential Victims of Trafficking
8.3.1 Methodology
8.3.2 Results
8.4 Discussion and Analysis
8.4.1 The Difficulties and Barriers on the Part of Care for Victims
8.4.1.1 The Provisions of the Law Relating to the Protection and Monitoring of the Files of Victims of Transnational Trafficking
8.4.1.2 The Gaps Between Law and Current Practices
8.5 Concluding Statements and Opening New Horizons
Annexes
Annex I
Annex II
Annex III
Bibliography
Chapter 9: A Comprehensive Analysis on Global Human Trafficking: Spotlight on North African Region
9.1 Introduction of Human Trafficking
9.1.1 Operationalizing the Meaning of Human Trafficking
9.1.1.1 Palermo Protocol
9.2 Child Trafficking and Labor
9.3 Sustainable Economic Development Assessment: An Introduction
9.4 Human Trafficking and Sustainable Economic Development Assessment of North African Region: Analysis of Individual Countries
9.5 Concluding Statements
Bibliography
Chapter 10: Trafficking in Body Parts and Human Organs for Commercial and Non-commercial Purposes in Africa
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Trafficking in Body Parts and Organs in the Traditional Sense
10.3 Stolen or Missing Body Parts and Human Organs in Africa
10.4 Body Parts and Human Organs: The African Reality
10.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 11: Human Trafficking and Tales of “Backway” Returnees in the Gambia
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Research Methodology
11.2 Human Trafficking in West Africa: The Search for Golden Fleece Abroad
11.3 The “Backway” Routes and Illegal Migration in the Gambia
11.4 Human Trafficking and Irregular Migration in the Gambia: Tales of “Backway” Returnees and Rehabilitation Efforts
11.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
Bibliography
Chapter 12: Poverty and Sex Work: Human Trafficking in Selected Nigerian Video Films
12.1 Introduction: Human Trafficking in Nigerian Cultural Productions
12.1.1 Theoretical Framework
12.2 Family, Poverty, and Human Trafficking: Lady Bianca: Enslaved in Europe
12.3 Personal Desire, Prostitution, and Remittance: Europe in My Heart
12.4 Migration, Crime, and Punishment: Western Union Part 1 and 2
12.5 Nollywood Filmmakers Framing of Victims, Traffickers, and the Issue of Remittance
12.6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 13: Human Trafficking and Violation of Girls’ Rights to Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
13.1 Introduction
13.2 About Human Rights and Education as a Human Rights Issue
13.3 The Intersection of Human Trafficking and Rights of Girls to Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
13.4 Why Does Human Trafficking Occur and Persist in Sub-Saharan Africa?
13.5 Impact of Human Trafficking on Human Rights in Africa
13.6 Impact of Human Trafficking on the Rights of Girls to Education
13.7 Challenges with the Enforcement of Laws Regarding the Rights of Girls to Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
13.8 Why Do Traffickers Focus on Female Students?
13.9 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 14: Human Trafficking in Southern Africa
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Africa Region and Human Trafficking
14.2.1 SADC Regional Trends and Common Features
14.2.1.1 The Southern Africa Development Community Uniqueness
14.2.1.2 Children-Centered and Women-Centered Responses to Human Trafficking
14.2.1.3 Drivers of Human Trafficking
14.3 Cases of Human Trafficking
14.4 Lessons from the SADC Experience with Human Trafficking
14.4.1 Recommendations
14.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part III: Child Soldiers and Female Victims
Chapter 15: Sex Trafficking of Girls: The West African Quandary
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sex Trafficking: Then and Now
15.3 Using Routine Activities Theory to Understand Sex Trafficking
15.4 Sex Trafficking of African Girls
15.4.1 Sex Trafficking Practices and Trends: Africa
15.4.1.1 Sex Trafficking: West Africa
Nigeria
Ghana
Recounting Their Experiences
15.5 A Brief Look at Laws, Policies, and Protections
15.5.1 Western Africa
15.5.1.1 Nigeria Laws
15.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 16: “Vidomegon” and the Intricacy of Child Exploitation and Trafficking in the Republic of Benin
16.1 Introduction
16.2 General System Theory (GST)
16.3 Evolution of Cultural Practice of Vidomegon and Its Intricacies on Modern Child Trafficking and Exploitation in Benin
16.3.1 Economic Crisis of the 1980s and Its Implication on Modern Phenomenon of Child Exploitation and Trafficking in the Republic of Benin
16.3.2 Implications of Modern Practice of Vidomegon on Children in the Republic of Benin
16.4 Institutional Efforts Toward Addressing the Intricacies of Vidomegon Vis-à-Vis Child Trafficking in the Republic of Benin
16.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 17: Child Soldiering and Its Violence to Children and Humanity: The African Experience
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Alarming Increase in Child Soldiering
17.2.1 African Children as Soldiers
17.3 Factors That Engender Child Soldiering
17.4 Predisposition and Motivation
17.5 Physical and Mental Health Issues Associated with Child Soldiering
17.6 Measures Toward Limiting and Eradicating the Use of Child Soldiers
17.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 18: The Menace of Child Soldiers in Conflicts: An Emerging Threat to Regional Security in Africa
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Theoretical Framework and Analysis
18.3 Efforts to Curtail the Emerging Threats of the Use of Child Soldiers in Africa
18.3.1 Factors That Contribute to the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers in Africa
18.3.2 The Regional Security Implication of the Use of Child Soldiers in Africa
18.4 Mitigation of the Use of the Child Soldiers in Africa
18.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 19: Child Soldiering in Somalia in the Context of Terrorism
19.1 Introduction
19.2 A Disturbing Context
19.3 Background
19.4 Understanding Child Soldiering
19.5 Normative and Policy Frameworks
19.6 Drivers of Child Soldiering in Somalia
19.7 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by Parties to the Conflict
19.7.1 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by al-Shabaab
19.7.2 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by Government Forces
19.8 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by Other Non-State Armed Actors
19.9 Countering Child Soldiering and Related Challenges
19.10 The Way Forward
19.10.1 Effective Implementation of a Strategy That Addresses Triggers
19.10.2 Leveraging Community Agency and Resilience
19.10.3 Partnering with Civil Society Organizations
19.10.4 Psychological Support and Effective Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers
19.10.5 Proper Screening of Militias for Integration into Security Forces
19.11 Conclusion
References
Index