Human Growth and Development

✍ Scribed by Cameron, Noël(Editor);Bogin, Barry(Editor)

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2012
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 625
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Offering a study of biological, biomedical and biocultural approaches, the second edition of "Human Growth and Development "is a valued resource for researchers, professors and graduate students across the interdisciplinary area of human development. With timely chapters on obesity, diet / lifestyle, and genetics, this edition is the only publication offering a biological, biomedical and biocultural approach. The second edition of "Human Growth and Development" includes contributions from the well-known experts in the field and is the most reputable, comprehensive resource available.
New chapters discussing genomics and epigenetics, developmental origins, body proportions and health and the brain and neurological development.Presented in the form of lectures to facilitate student programmingUpdated content highlighting the latest research on the relationship between early growth and later (adult) outcomes: the developmental origins of health and disease.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Dedication......Page 3
Human Growth and Development......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 14
USING THIS BOOK......Page 16
THE LECTURES AND LECTURERS......Page 17
EDITORS' PERSONAL STATEMENTS......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 25
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 28
1.3 THE DISTANCE CURVE OF GROWTH......Page 31
1.4 THE VELOCITY GROWTH CURVE AND GROWTH SPURTS......Page 33
1.6 GROWTH VERSUS MATURITY......Page 36
1.7 THE CONTROL OF GROWTH......Page 38
1.8 GROWTH REFERENCE CHARTS......Page 40
1.9 CANALIZATION......Page 43
1.10 CATCH-UP GROWTH......Page 45
1.11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 47
SUGGESTED READING......Page 48
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 49
Chapter 2 - Growth in Infancy and Childhood: A Pediatric Approach......Page 50
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 51
2.2 THE GROWTH CURVE......Page 52
2.3 CHANGES IN BODY FAT AND OTHER TISSUES......Page 58
2.4 MEASUREMENTS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE......Page 60
2.5 SOME PARTICULAR FEATURES OF GROWTH DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 62
2.6 GROWTH PROBLEMS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD......Page 67
2.7 CAUSES OF SHORT STATURE......Page 73
2.8 SUMMARY......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 81
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 83
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 84
3.2 THE ADOLESCENT GROWTH CYCLE......Page 85
3.3 TEMPO OF GROWTH......Page 90
3.4 GROWTH MODELING AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS......Page 92
3.5 INDIVIDUAL VERSUS AVERAGE GROWTH......Page 97
3.6 SEX DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH......Page 99
3.7 SUMMARY......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
SUGGESTED READING......Page 106
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 108
4.2 THE NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF PUBERTY......Page 110
4.3 UPSTREAM FACTORS INFLUENCING PUBERTAL TIMING......Page 116
4.4 DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCES OF PUBERTAL ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–GONADAL AXIS......Page 120
4.5 SUMMARY......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 134
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 136
5.2 WHY DO ANIMALS GROW?......Page 137
5.3 WHAT CAUSES ANIMALS TO GROW?......Page 138
5.4 STRUCTURE OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR......Page 139
5.5 TARGETED DISRUPTION OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR GENES......Page 140
5.6 GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR......Page 143
5.8 THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 146
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 148
Chapter 6 - Nutrition and Growth......Page 150
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 151
6.2 NUTRITION FOR STUDENTS OF GROWTH......Page 152
6.3 NUTRITION AND GROWTH......Page 162
6.4 TRANSITIONS IN NUTRITION AND GROWTH......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
SUGGESTED READING......Page 178
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 179
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 180
7.2 GENOMIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AND REGULATE GROWTH......Page 181
7.3 MUTATIONS IN GENES......Page 185
7.4 ASSOCIATION STUDIES......Page 188
7.5 EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AND REGULATE GROWTH......Page 189
7.6 CONCLUSION......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 198
Chapter 8 - The Genetic Epidemiology of Growth and Development......Page 200
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 201
8.2 STATISTICAL GENETIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS......Page 202
8.3 STUDY DESIGNS......Page 213
8.4 STUDIES OF THE GENETICS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 215
8.5 EXAMPLES FROM THE FELS LONGITUDINAL STUDY......Page 237
8.6 SUMMARY......Page 241
GLOSSARY......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 244
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 249
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 252
9.2 SOCIOECONOMIC INFLUENCES......Page 254
9.3 CONSEQUENCES OF STATURE......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 268
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 271
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 272
10.2 TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE......Page 274
10.3 SEASON......Page 276
10.4 HIGH-ALTITUDE HYPOXIA......Page 277
10.5 SLEEP......Page 285
10.6 POLLUTANTS......Page 287
10.7 HOW DO WE INTERPRET DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS?......Page 300
REFERENCES......Page 301
SUGGESTED READING......Page 312
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 313
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 314
11.2 LIFE HISTORY AND STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE......Page 315
11.3 HUMAN LIFE STAGES......Page 319
11.4 EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE......Page 331
11.5 LIFE-CYCLE TRADE-OFFS AND RISKS FOR CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN......Page 345
11.6 SUMMARY......Page 346
REFERENCES......Page 347
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 351
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 352
12.2 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE: EVIDENCE AND MECHANISMS......Page 353
12.3 DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AS A MEANS OF ADAPTATION......Page 358
12.4 IMPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING FOR HUMAN HEALTH DISPARITIES......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 364
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 368
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 370
13.2 LEG LENGTH DEFINED......Page 371
13.3 PRACTICAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES......Page 372
13.4 EVOLUTIONARY BACKGROUND OF HUMAN BODY SHAPE......Page 375
13.5 SIZE AND SHAPE IN LIVING HUMANS......Page 380
13.6 DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY......Page 384
13.7 USE OF LEG LENGTH IN HUMAN BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 385
13.8 LEG LENGTH AND RISK FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY......Page 386
13.9 LEG LENGTH AND BEAUTY......Page 392
13.10 CONCLUSION......Page 393
REFERENCES......Page 394
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 400
Chapter 14 - Physical Activity as a Factor in Growth and Maturation......Page 402
14.2 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR......Page 403
14.3 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 405
14.4 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION......Page 406
14.5 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BIOLOGICAL MATURATION......Page 410
14.6 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL FITNESS......Page 411
14.7 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK......Page 412
14.8 TRAINING FOR SPORT AND THE GROWTH AND MATURATION OF YOUNG ATHLETES......Page 414
14.9 OVERVIEW......Page 418
14.10 SUMMARY......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 420
SUGGESTED READING......Page 423
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 424
15.2 COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON BRAIN SIZE AND METABOLISM......Page 425
15.3 HUMAN BRAIN GROWTH: PATTERNS AND METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES......Page 431
15.4 BRAIN GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION......Page 434
15.5 SUMMARY......Page 436
GLOSSARY......Page 437
REFERENCES......Page 438
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 440
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 442
16.2 SALTATION AND STASIS: HOW CHILDREN GROW......Page 443
16.4 METHODS: HOW THE GROWTH PROCESS IS IDENTIFIED......Page 445
16.5 THE BIOLOGY OF SALTATORY GROWTH: MECHANISMS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING......Page 455
16.6 SUMMARY......Page 458
REFERENCES......Page 459
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 461
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 462
17.2 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF GROWTH......Page 463
17.3 THE GROWTH HORMONE–INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 AXIS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH FETAL GROWTH......Page 469
17.4 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PREPUBERTAL GROWTH......Page 472
17.5 ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PUBERTY......Page 476
17.6 SHORT STATURE......Page 477
17.7 CONCLUSION......Page 486
FURTHER READING......Page 487
Chapter 18 - Body Composition During Growth and Development......Page 488
18.2 BASIC CONCEPTS......Page 489
18.3 METHODS......Page 491
18.4 BODY COMPOSITION AND GROWTH......Page 501
18.5 BODY COMPOSITION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE......Page 506
REFERENCES......Page 509
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 513
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 514
19.2 THE CONTEXT OF MEASUREMENT: SCREENING, SURVEILLANCEAND MONITORING......Page 516
19.4 FREQUENCY OF MEASUREMENT......Page 518
19.5 MEASUREMENTS......Page 519
19.6 SUMMARY......Page 538
REFERENCES......Page 539
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 540
20.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 542
20.2 INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 543
20.3 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT......Page 551
REFERENCES......Page 560
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 562
Chapter 21 - Growth References and Standards......Page 564
21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 565
21.2 DEFINING THE REFERENCE POPULATION......Page 568
21.3 DRAWING THE SAMPLE......Page 570
21.4 COLLECTING THE DATA......Page 573
21.5 CLEANING THE DATA......Page 574
21.6 ESTIMATING DISTANCE CENTILES......Page 576
21.7 VARIANTS OF THE DISTANCE CHART......Page 580
21.9 CHARTING VELOCITY......Page 582
21.10 CONDITIONAL REFERENCES......Page 589
21.12 WHEN TO REPLACE......Page 590
REFERENCES......Page 591
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 593
Color Plates......Page 594
Index......Page 610