Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
List of Boxes
Preface
Meet the Authors
ONE: INTRODUCTION: SOME BACKGROUND BASICS
1.1 Getting Started
What Is Geography?
Evolution of the Discipline
Geography and Human Geography
Human Geography
1.2 Core Geographic Concepts
Geographic Features
Location, Direction, and Distance
Location
Direction
Distance
Size and Scale
Physical and Cultural Attributes
The Changing Attributes of Place
Interrelations Between Places
The Structured Content of Place
Density
Dispersion
Pattern
Spatial Association
Place Similarity and Regions
Types of Regions
1.3 Maps
Map Scale
The Globe Grid
How Maps Show Data
1.4 Contemporary Geospatial Technologies
Remote Sensing
Geographic Information Systems (GISs)
Mental Maps
1.5 Systems, Maps, and Models
1.6 The Structure of This Book
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
PART ONE: THEMES AND FUNDAMENTALSOF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
TWO: ROOTS AND MEANING OF CULTURE: INTRODUCTION
2.1 Components of Culture
2.2 Interaction of People and Environment
Environments as Controls
Human Impacts
2.3 Roots of Culture
2.4 Seeds of Change
Agricultural Origins and Spread
Neolithic Innovations
2.5 Culture Hearths
2.6 The Structure of Culture
2.7 Culture Change
Innovation
Diffusion
Acculturation and Cultural Modification
2.8 Contact Between Regions
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
THREE: SPATIAL INTERACTION AND SPATIAL BEHAVIOR
3.1 Bases for Interaction
A Summarizing Model
Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening Opportunity
Measuring Interaction
Distance Decay
The Gravity Concept
Interaction Potential
Movement Biases
3.2 Human Spatial Behavior
3.3 Individual Activity Space
3.4 The Tyranny of Time
3.5 Distance and Human Interaction
Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information
Information Flows
Information and Cognition
Cognition of Environment
Perception of Natural Hazards
Migration
Principal Migration Patterns
Motivations to Migrate
Controls on Migration
Globalization
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
FOUR: POPULATION: WORLD PATTERNS, REGIONAL TRENDS
4.1 Population Growth
4.2 Some Population Definitions
Birth Rates
Fertility Rates
Death Rates
Population Pyramids
Natural Increase and Doubling Times
4.3 The Demographic Transition Model
The Western Experience
A Divided World, A Converging World
4.4 The Demographic Equation
Population Relocation
Immigration Impacts
4.5 World Population Distribution
4.6 Population Density
Overpopulation
4.7 Population Data and Projections
Population Data
Population Projections
Population Controls
4.8 Population Prospects
Population Implosion in the Developed World?
Momentum
Aging
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
PART TWO: PATTERNS OF DIVERSITYAND UNITY
FIVE: LANGUAGE AND RELIGION: MOSAICS OF CULTURE
5.1 Classification of Languages
World Pattern of Languages
Language Diffusion
Language Change
The Story of English
Standard and Variant Languages
Standard Language
Dialects
Pidgins and Creoles
Lingua Franca
Official Languages
5.2 Language, Territoriality, and Cultural Identity
5.3 Language on the Landscape: Toponymy
5.4 Religion and Culture
Classification of Religion
5.5 Patterns and Flows
The World Pattern
5.6 The Principal Religions
Judaism
Christianity
Regions and Landscapes of Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
East Asian Ethnic Religions
Secularism
Change and Diversity in the Geography of Religion
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
SIX: ETHNIC GEOGRAPHY: THREADS OF DIVERSITY
6.1 Ethnicity and Race
Ethnic Diversity and Separatism
6.2 Immigration Streams
6.3 Acculturation and Assimilation
Areal Expressions of Ethnicity
Charter Cultures
Ethnic Islands
The Black or African American Population
Hispanic Concentrations
Asian American Contrasts
Immigrant Gateways and Clusters
Quรฉbec
6.4 Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation
External Controls
Internal Controls
Shifting Ethnic Concentrations
Enclaves, Ghettos, and Ethnoburbs
Native-Born Dispersals
6.5 Cultural Transfer
6.6 The Ethnic Landscape
Ethnic Regionalism
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
SEVEN: CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND CULTURALLANDSCAPES: DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY
7.1 Cultural Identities
Folk Culture
Culture Hearths of the United States and Canada
Folk Culture Regions of the United States and Canada
Folk Food and Drink Preferences
Folk Music
Popular Culture and National Uniformities
Cultural Globalization
Popular Food and Drink
Popular Music and Dance
Reactions Against Globalized Popular Culture
Culture Regions
7.2 Cultural Landscapes
Land Survey Systems
Settlement Patterns
Houses
Hearths and Diffusion Streams
The Northern Hearths
The Middle Atlantic Hearths
The Southern Hearths
The Interior and Western Hearths
National Housing Styles
Building Styles Around the World
Landscapes of Consumption: The Shopping Mall
Heritage Landscapes
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
PART THREE: DYNAMIC PATTERNS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
EIGHT: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
8.1 The Classification of Economic Activity and Economies
Categories of Activity
Types of Economic Systems
8.2 Primary Activities: Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Systems
Urban Subsistence Farming
Expanding Crop Production
Intensification and the Green Revolution
Commercial Agriculture
Production Controls
A Model of Agricultural Location
Intensive Commercial Agriculture
Extensive Commercial Agriculture
Special Crops
Sustainable Agriculture
8.3 Primary Activities: Resource Exploitation
Resource Terminology
Fishing
Forestry
Mining and Quarrying
Metals
Nonmetallic Minerals
Fossil Fuels
8.4 Trade in Primary Products
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
NINE: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES
9.1 Components of the Space Economy
Basic Economic Concepts
9.2 Secondary Activities: Manufacturing
Locational Decisions in Manufacturing
Principles of Location
Raw Materials
Power Supply
Labor
Market
Transportation Modes
Transportation and Location
Industrial Location Theory
Least-Cost Theory
Modifications to Least-Cost Theory
Contemporary Industrial Location Considerations
Political Considerations
Agglomeration Economies
Just-in-Time and Flexible Production
Comparative Advantage, Offshoring, and the New International Division of Labor
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
9.3 High-Technology Manufacturing
9.4 World Manufacturing Patterns and Trends
9.5 Tertiary Activities
Types of Service Activities
Locational Interdependence Theory for Services
Consumer Services
Tourism
Gambling
Producer Services
9.6 Services in World Trade
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
TEN: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE
10.1 An Uneven World
10.2 Dividing the Continuum: Defining Development
10.3 Measures of Development
Gross National Income (GNI) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per Capita
Energy Consumption per Capita
Percentage of the Workforce Engaged in Agriculture
Food Security and Nutrition
Education
Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
Health
Technology
10.4 Explanations of Development and Underdevelopment
Physical Geography
The Slave Trade and Colonialism
Modernization Theory
The Core-Periphery Model
Dependency Theory
World Systems Theory
10.5 Strategies for Development
New Directions in Development
Development Prospects
Challenges and Opportunities Facing Developing Countries
Foreign Debt
Land Ownership
10.6 Gender Inequality
10.7 Alternative Measures of Development and Well-Being
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
PART FOUR: LANDSCAPES OF FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
ELEVEN: URBAN SYSTEMS AND URBAN STRUCTURES
11.1 An Urbanizing World
Merging Urban Regions
11.2 Settlement Roots
11.3 Origins and Evolution of Cities
The Nature of Cities
The Location of Urban Settlements
Transportation Epochs
The Economic Base
11.4 The Functions of Cities
Cities as Central Places
11.5 Systems of Cities
The Urban Hierarchy
World Cities
Rank-Size and Primacy
Network Cities
11.6 Inside the City
Defining the City Today
Classic Patterns of Urban Land Use
The Central Business District
Outside the CBD
Automobile-Based Patterns
Regional Differences
Models of Urban Form
11.7 Social Areas of Cities
Social Status
Family Status
Ethnicity
Institutional Controls
11.8 Changes in Urban Form
Suburbanization and Edge Cities
Central City Decline
Central City Renewal and Gentrification
11.9 World Urban Diversity
The West European City
Eastern European Cities
Rapidly Growing Cities of the Developing World
Influences of the Past
Urban Primacy and Rapid Growth
Squatter Settlements
Latin American City Model
Planned Cities
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
TWELVE: THE POLITICAL ORDERING OF SPACE
12.1 National Political Systems
States, Nations, and Nation-States
The Evolution of the Modern State
Challenges to the State
Spatial Characteristics of States
Size
Shape
Location
Cores and Capitals
Boundaries: The Limits of the State
Natural and Geometric Boundaries
Boundaries Classified by Settlement
Boundary Disputes
Centripetal Forces: Promoting State Cohesion
Nationalism
Unifying Institutions
Organization and Administration
Transportation and Communication
Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority
12.2 Cooperation Among States
Supranationalism
The United Nations and Its Agencies
Maritime Boundaries
An International Law of the Sea
UN Affiliates
Regional Alliances
Economic Alliances
Military and Political Alliances
12.3 Local and Regional Political Organization
The Geography of Representation: The Districting Problem
The Fragmentation of Political Power
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
PART FIVE: HUMAN ACTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
THIRTEEN: HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
13.1 Physical Environments and Human Impacts
Earth's Environmental Systems
Impacts on the Atmosphere
Air Pollution and Acid Precipitation
The Trouble with Ozone
Global Climate Change
13.2 Impacts on Land Cover
Tropical Deforestation
Desertification
Soil Erosion
13.3 Impacts on Water Resources
Water Availability
Water Use and Abuse
13.4 Wastes
Solid Wastes
Toxic Wastes
Radioactive Wastes
Exporting Wastes
13.5 Future Prospects and Perspectives
Summary
For Review
Key Concepts Review
Appendices
A: Map Projections
B: 2017 World Population Data
C: Canada, Mexico, and United States Reference Map
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
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