Human And Machines: Philosophical Thinking Of Artificial Intelligence

✍ Scribed by Jun Gu, Yike Guo; Hongyan Lv, Wenqin Dai, Jiajun Xu | Translators

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 241
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book shares Chinese scholars’ philosophical views on artificial intelligence. The discussions range from the foundations of AI—the Turing test and creation of machine intelligence—to recent applications of AI, including decisions in games, natural languages, pattern recognition, prediction in economic contexts, autonomous behaviors, and collaborative intelligence, with the examples of AlphaGo, Microsoft’s Xiao Bing, medical robots, etc. The book’s closing chapter focuses on Chinese machines and explores questions on the cultural background of artificial intelligence. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for all members of the general public who are interested in the future development of artificial intelligence, especially from the perspective of respected Chinese scholars.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
1 Man and Machine: Philosophical Thinking of Artificial Intelligence
1.1 What Is the Metaphysical Significance of Artificial Intelligence?
1.1.1 Is Artificial Intelligence Körper or Verwendung?
1.1.2 Is Artificial Intelligence the Tao or the Vessel?
1.1.3 Is Artificial Intelligence “Heaven” or “Human”?
1.2 Do the Subverted Have the Ability to Anticipate the Subverter?
1.3 Will Artificial Intelligence Stop at Simulating Human Intelligence?
1.4 Can the “Monofunctional” Surpass the “All-Rounder”?
1.5 Is the Absence of Non-rationality Components a Disadvantage of Artificial Intelligence?
1.6 Does Artificial Intelligence Need Self Consciousness?
1.7 Artificial Intelligence or Inorganic Intelligence?
1.8 Is the Algorithm an “Incarnation of the Tao of Heaven”?
1.9 Is “Zero Growth” Possible?
2 Does the Turing Test Work?
2.1 Why Is Turing Mentioned Every Time Artificial Intelligence Is Talked About?
2.2 What’s the Common Ground Between Turing Machine and Turing Test?
2.3 Does Turing Test Have Any Flaw?
2.4 Where is the Origin of the Human Logical System?
2.5 Presuppositions: What Is the Flaw of the Turing Test?
2.6 Shouldn’t Human Beings Be Proud of Their Own Intelligence?
2.7 Discard Anthropocentrism: Is Parallel Intelligence Possible?
2.8 How to “Patch Up the Defect” of the Turing Test?
2.9 Why Does the Flawed Turing Test Still Work?
2.10 Surpass in Ideas: How Does Science Develop?
3 How Does Machine Intelligence Emerge?
3.1 How Did Machine Intelligence Evolve?
3.2 In the Age of ABC, Will Machine Intelligence Surpass Man?
3.3 What Are the Main Connotation Modules of Machine Intelligence?
3.4 Cognitive Basis of Brain
3.5 Machine Perception and Pattern Recognition
3.6 Natural Language Processing and Understanding
3.7 Knowledge Engineering
3.8 How Can Machine Get AI?
3.8.1 Artifact and Spirit: The Two Components of Intelligence
3.8.2 Logic and Image: The Two Components of Human Thinking Intelligence
3.8.3 Generation of Behavioral Intelligence
3.8.4 Intelligence Generation Based on Statistics/Data
3.8.5 Creation of Multi-Modal Intelligence
3.9 Do People Need to Learn from Intelligent Robots?
3.10 What Does Machine Intelligence Simulate?
4 By Wining at Go, Can Machines Really Surpass Human Beings?
4.1 Why Go?
4.2 How Difficult is Go?
4.3 How Did the Fifth Generation AlphaGo Beat All the Go Masters?
4.4 How Does AlphaGo Work?
4.5 To Construct Evaluation Function by Establishing Deep Neural Network
4.6 To Build a Game Tree by Using the Monte Carlo Method
4.7 Reinforcement Learning as a Basic Learning Model
4.8 Man–Machine Distinction: Certainty or Uncertainty?
4.9 Is the World Definitive?
4.10 Is There a Boundary of the Development of Machine Intelligence?
4.11 Is Man–Machine Communication Possible?
5 What Makes Robot Xiaobing’s Works Poetic?
5.1 Why Poetry Reflects a Part of Human Civilization?
5.2 Are Robots Really Better at Writing Poetry Than Humans?
5.3 What Is the Beauty in Xiaobing’s Poems?
5.4 How Does a Robot Poet Write Poetry?
5.5 How Does a Robot Compose Poems by Looking at Pictures?
5.6 Can Robot Really Do Creative Work?
5.7 Where Does the Poetic Quality of the Works of Robot Poets Come from?
5.8 Can Man–Robot Integration Enhance Artistic Creation?
5.9 What Is the Point in Making Xiaobing Write Poems?
6 Will Diagnosing Robot Make Real Doctors Out of Work?
6.1 Why Do Doctors Need to Read Medical Images?
6.2 What Preparation Does a Doctor Need to Make for Reading Images?
6.3 How Does a Doctor Read Images?
6.4 Can Misdiagnosis on Image Reading Be Avoided?
6.5 What Is the Cognitive Significance of Image Reading?
6.6 How Does the Robot Read the Image?
6.7 Does the Level of Robot Image Reading Surpass that of Doctors?
6.8 What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of Robot Image-Reading?
6.9 How Will Robot Image-Reading Develop?
6.10 How Will Doctors and Computers Work Together to Benefit Mankind in the Future?
7 Will the Robot’s Dominance of the Stock Market Disrupt the Market Order?
7.1 As a Risk Game, How Does the Stock Market Develop All the Way?
7.2 How Do People Operate in the Risk-Intensive Stock Market?
7.3 How Does the Robot Do Stock Trading?
7.4 How Is Automatic Trading Constituted?
7.5 Compared with People, What Are the Advantages of Robots in Stock Trading?
7.6 What Are the Achievements of Robot-Controlled Automatic Operation of Stock Trading?
7.7 Will Robot Dominance of the Stock Market Cause “Walking in Unison”?
7.8 Will Price Discovery Mechanism of the Stock Market Be Replaced by Algorithms?
7.9 What Is Price Prediction Based on Robotic Stock Trading?
7.10 Can Machines Bring the Planned Economy Back into Mainstream?
7.11 Will the Collective Intelligence of Human Beings in the Economic Life Be Surpassed with the Emergence of AI?
8 How Can AI and Robots Go Hand in Hand?
8.1 How Have Robots Developed All Along?
8.2 Which is Easier to Imitate, Manual Labor or Mental Labor?
8.3 Why is It Difficult for Robots to Be as “Flexible” as Humans?
8.4 What is the Difference Between Mechanical Intelligence and Machine Intelligence?
8.5 Why is It Difficult for a Robot to Walk Alternatively on Two Legs?
8.6 What Else Can Artificial Intelligence Bring to Robots Besides Movement?
8.7 How Does Robot Rraining Work?
8.8 Are Intelligent Dog and Dog Intelligence Parallel?
9 Is There Ethical Relationships Among Robots?
9.1 Does Intelligence Only Exist in Individuals?
9.2 How Many Forms Does the Swarm Intelligence Have in the World?
9.3 Why Do We Empower Robots Swarm Intelligence?
9.4 Has the Intelligent Unmanned System Had Swarm Intelligence?
9.5 Will Robots also Encounter a “Prisoner's Dilemma”?
9.6 How Can Ethical Imperatives Get Groups Out of the “Prisoner's Dilemma”?
9.7 How Can Low-Intelligence Beings Meet Ethical Requirements?
9.8 How Does Human Society Implement Ethical Requirements?
9.9 How Can Ethical Arrangements Be Embedded in Intelligent Unmanned Systems?
9.10 How Will Individual Robots Fulfill Ethical Requirements?
9.11 Is There a Boundary for Swarm Intelligence of Intelligent Unmanned Systems?
10 When Will China-Made Intelligent Robots Become Chinese Intelligent Robot?
10.1 What is the Essence of Bionics?
10.2 How Will the Simulation Target of Human Intelligence Transfer from Natural Man to Cultural Man?
10.3 What is Human Culture?
10.4 What is the Basic Method of Current Artificial Intelligence Studies?
10.5 How Does the Algorithm of Artificial Intelligence Work?
10.6 What Are the Advantages of Western Thinking in the Development of Science and Technology?
10.7 What is the Risk in Western Thinking Dominating the World?
10.8 What Can Future AI Study Learn from Chinese Culture?
10.9 Can a Binary Algorithm Interact with the Eight Diagrams?
10.10 Can the Algorithm Following Formal Logic Integrate with the Chinese Epiphany Thinking?
10.11 Can Knowledge-Oriented Artificial Intelligence Integrate with Chinese Principles of Truth Discovery?
10.12 Can Artificial Intelligence, Which Focuses on Processing Phenomena, Integrate with the Chinese Thinking, Which Emphasizes Seeing Through Manifestations?
10.13 Can the Turing Machine, the Cornerstone of Artificial Intelligence, Be Equivalent to the “Discovery Logic” of Chinese Culture?
11 Conclusion: When Will the Era of “Quantum Supremacy” in Artificial Intelligence Come?
11.1 How Did Quantum Computer Emerge?
11.2 Why is Quantum Mechanics Both Intriguing and Puzzling?
11.3 What is the Historical Significance of Quantum Computers?
11.4 Will Quantum Computing Revolutionize Artificial Intelligence?
11.5 What is the Primary Goal of Quantum AI?
11.6 In Quantum Supremacy, Who Should be the King and the Queen?
Postscript

✦ Subjects

Artificial Intelligence; History Of Technology; Philosophy Of Technology; Computers And Society; Computational Intelligence