Human adaptability : an introduction to ecological anthropology.

✍ Scribed by Emilio F. Moran

• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 461
• Edition: Fourth
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Endorsement
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Illustrations
Preface to the Fourth Edition
About the New Edition
Part I Environmental Anthropology: History, Theory, and Method
1 People in Ecosystems
Introduction
Human Adaptability as a Response to Constraints
Adaptation and Adjustment
The Ecosystem Concept
Modeling
Boundaries: Closed and Open Systems
Advantages of Modeling
Energy
Matter
Information
Ecosystems and Global Change
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
Note
2 Theories of Human–Habitat Interaction
Introduction
Environmental Determinism
Greek, Roman, and Arab Theories
Theories of the Renaissance and the Eighteenth Century
Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Theories
Cultural Determinism: Nature as a Limiting Factor
Human Adaptation to Environment
The Humoral Doctrine
Evolutionary Sequences: Eighteenth-Century Views
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Modern Evolutionary Theory
Cultural Ecology: Comparison in Human-Environment Research
Applications of the Cultural Ecological Method
Hunter-Gatherers
Preindustrial Cultivators
Pastoralists
Modern Farmers
Ecological Anthropology
Ethnoecological and Cognitive Approaches
Historical Ecology
Political Ecology
Political Economy and Human Adaptability
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
Notes
3 Fundamental Concepts and Methods
Introduction
Ecosystem Relationships
Population and Environment
Soils and Plant Productivity
Physiological Responses
Human Thermoregulation
Circadian Rhythms
Work Capacity
Work and Diet
Sociocultural Regulatory Adjustments
Health and Gender
Information and Decisions: Toward Actor-Based Approaches
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
Note
4 Environmental Change and Spatial Analysis
Introduction
The Challenge of Scale and Levels of Analysis
Human Adaptability to Global Environmental Change
The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Social Sciences
Household/Farm Or Local Level of Analysis
Landscape and Regional Level of Analysis
Global Level of Analysis
Experimental Approaches and the Study of Institutions
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
Part II Studies of Human Adaptability
5 Human Adaptability to Arctic Zones
Introduction
The Arctic Ecosystem
Adaptation to Cold Stress
Cultural Regulatory Adjustments
Physiological Adjustments
Coping With Snow and Sea Ice
Adaptation to Prolonged Light and Darkness
Physiological Disturbances
Religion as a Regulatory Adjustment
Changes in Regimentation and Diet
Coping With Low Biological Productivity
Social Adjustments
Diet
Change in the Arctic
Technological Adjustments
Tradition, Modernization, and Changing Gender Roles and Participation
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
6 Human Adaptability to High Altitudes
Introduction
Mountain Ecosystems
Vertical Zonation
Geoclimatic Characteristics
Plant Productivity
Adaptation to Hypoxia
Physiological Adjustments
Work Capacity and Diet
Reproduction and Maturation
Maladaptations
Adaptability to Cold Stress in the Andes
Physiological Adjustments
Cultural Adjustments
Aridity and Low Productivity
Types of Subsistence Strategies
Animals and Exchange
Agricultural Practices
Climate Change and Highland Ecosystems
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
Notes
7 Human Adaptability to Arid Lands
Introduction
Desert Ecosystems
Desert Plants
Desert Animals
Soil Conditions
Adjustments to Dry Heat
Physiological Adjustments
Cultural Adjustments
Utilization of Resources
Utilization of Surface Water
Utilization of Groundwater
Utilization of Plants and Animals
Effects of Social and Cultural Practices
Irrigation
Water Distribution
Access to Water
Investments in Irrigation
Nile River Irrigation
Harnessing Runoff for Agriculture
Change in Desert Ecosystems
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
8 Human Adaptability to Grasslands
Introduction
Grasslands Ecosystems
Climatic and Vegetation Features
Soil Conditions
Formation and Development of Grasslands
Fire Management
Herd Management
Gaining Access to Water and Pasture
Herd Size and Composition
Disease
Diversification and Specialization
Resource Partitioning
Adaptive Strategies in the Northern Plains
Exploitation of Wild Flora and Fauna
Farming Versus Ranching
Farming With Ranching
Global Change and the Future of Grasslands and Pastoralism
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
9 Human Adaptability to the Humid Tropics
Introduction
Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems
Climate and Productivity
Soils of the Humid Tropics
Rain Forest Flora
Rain Forest Fauna
Coping With Ecosystem Complexity
Hunting and Gathering Strategies
Fishing Strategies
Farming Strategies
Animal Husbandry
Adaptability to Humid Heat
Global Change Processes and Alternatives to Deforestation
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
Notes
Part III Urban Sustainability and New Directions in Human Adaptability
10 Urban Ecology and Urban Sustainability
Introduction
The History of Cities
The Ecology of Cities
Spatial Aspects of the City: Compact Versus Sprawl Patterns
Reducing Dependence On the Automobile
Cities and the Upcoming Water Crisis
An Integrative View of the Urban Ecosystem
The Urban LTERs
Final Remarks
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
11 New Directions in Human Adaptability Research
Introduction
Global Change and Human Adaptability
Human Adaptability to Extreme Events and Hazards
Decarbonizing the Economy and Moving Away From a Fossil Fuel-Driven Economy
Agroecological Sustainability
Infectious and Emergent Diseases as a Disruptive Force
Gendered Research
Environmental Justice: Bringing Justice and Equity to Adaptability Research
The Future of Human Adaptability Studies
Suggested Readings and Useful Websites
Glossary
Bibliography
Index