Cover
......Page 1
Hughes Electrical and Electronic Technology, 10th edition......Page 4
ISBN: 9780132060110......Page 5
Short contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface to the Tenth Edition......Page 18
Preface to the First Edition......Page 19
Publisher’s acknowledgements......Page 20
Electrical Principles......Page 22
International System of Measurement......Page 24
The International System......Page 25
SI derived units......Page 26
Unit of turning moment or torque......Page 27
Unit of work or energy......Page 28
Unit of power......Page 29
Efficienc......Page 30
Summary of important formulae......Page 31
Exercises 1 Terms and concepts......Page 32
Introduction to Electrical Systems......Page 33
An electrical system......Page 34
Movement of electrons......Page 36
Electromotive force and potential difference......Page 37
Electrical units......Page 38
Ohm’s law......Page 41
Resistors......Page 43
Resistor coding......Page 44
Conductors and insulators......Page 46
The electric circuit in practice......Page 47
Summary of important formulae......Page 48
Terms and concepts......Page 49
Exercises 2 continued......Page 50
Simple DC Circuits......Page 51
Series circuits......Page 52
Parallel networks......Page 57
Series circuits versus parallel networks......Page 62
Kirchhoff’s laws......Page 63
Power and energy......Page 70
Resistivity......Page 73
Temperature coefficient o resistance......Page 75
Temperature rise......Page 77
Summary of important formulae......Page 78
Exercises 3 Terms and concepts......Page 79
Exercises 3 continued......Page 80
Exercises 3 continued......Page 81
Network Theorems......Page 82
Kirchhoff’s laws and network solution......Page 83
Mesh analysis......Page 91
Nodal analysis......Page 93
Superposition theorem......Page 96
Thévenin’s theorem......Page 98
The constantcurrent generator......Page 102
Norton’s theorem......Page 105
Delta–star transformation......Page 107
Star–delta transformation......Page 108
Maximum power transfer......Page 109
Terms and concepts......Page 110
Exercises 4......Page 111
Exercises 4 continued......Page 112
Capacitance and Capacitors......Page 113
Capacitors......Page 114
Hydraulic analogy......Page 115
Capacitance......Page 116
Capacitors in series......Page 117
Distribution of voltage across capacitors in series......Page 118
Capacitance and the capacitor......Page 119
Electric field strength and electric flux densit......Page 120
Relative permittivity......Page 122
Capacitance of a multi-plate capacitor......Page 123
Compositedielectric capacitors......Page 124
Charging and discharging currents......Page 127
Growth and decay......Page 128
Analysis of growth and decay......Page 130
Discharge of a capacitor through a resistor......Page 133
networks......Page 135
Energy stored in a charged capacitor......Page 140
Force of attraction between oppositely charged plates......Page 141
Dielectric strength......Page 142
Leakage and conduction currents in capacitors......Page 143
Types of capacitor and capacitance......Page 144
Summary of important formulae......Page 147
Summary of important formulae continued Terms and concepts......Page 148
Exercises 5......Page 149
Exercises 5 continued......Page 150
Exercises 5 continued......Page 151
Exercises 5 continued......Page 152
Electromagnetism......Page 153
Characteristics of lines of magnetic flu......Page 154
Magnetic field due to an electric current......Page 155
Magnetic field of a solenoid......Page 156
Force on a current-carrying conductor......Page 157
Force determination......Page 159
Direction of induced e.m.f.......Page 161
Magnitude of the generated or induced e.m.f.......Page 162
Magnitude of e.m.f. induced in a coil......Page 164
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 166
Exercises 6 continued......Page 167
Simple Magnetic Circuits......Page 168
Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength......Page 169
Permeability of free space or magnetic constant......Page 170
Relative permeability......Page 172
‘Ohm’s law for a magnetic circuit’......Page 174
Determination of the B/H Characteristic......Page 177
Comparison of electromagnetic and electrostatic terms......Page 179
Exercises 7......Page 180
Exercises 7 continued......Page 181
Exercises 7 continued......Page 182
Inductance in a DC Circuit......Page 183
Inductive and non-inductive circuits......Page 184
Unit of inductance......Page 185
Inductance in terms of flux linkages per ampere......Page 187
Factors determining the inductance of a coil......Page 190
Ferromagneticcored inductor in a d.c. circuit......Page 192
Growth in an inductive circuit......Page 193
Analysis of growth......Page 196
Analysis of decay......Page 198
networks......Page 200
Energy stored in an inductor......Page 203
Mutual inductance......Page 206
Coupling coefficien......Page 209
Coils connected in series......Page 210
Types of inductor and inductance......Page 212
Summary of important formulae......Page 213
Terms and concepts......Page 214
Exercises 8......Page 215
Exercises 8 continued......Page 216
Exercises 8 continued......Page 217
Alternating Voltage and Current......Page 218
Generation of an alternating e.m.f.......Page 219
Waveform terms and definition......Page 223
Average and r.m.s. values of an alternating current......Page 225
Average and r.m.s. values of sinusoidal currents and voltages......Page 227
Average and r.m.s. values of non-sinusoidal currents and voltages......Page 232
Representation of an alternating quantity by a phasor......Page 233
Addition and subtraction of sinusoidal alternating quantities......Page 235
Phasor diagrams drawn with r.m.s. values instead of maximum values......Page 237
Alternating system frequencies in practice......Page 238
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 239
Exercises 9 Terms and concepts continued......Page 240
Exercises 9 continued......Page 241
Exercises 9 continued......Page 242
Single-phase Series Circuits......Page 243
Alternating current in a resistive circuit......Page 244
Alternating current in an inductive circuit......Page 245
Current and voltage in an inductive circuit......Page 247
Mechanical analogy of an inductive circuit......Page 249
Resistance and inductance in series......Page 250
Alternating current in a capacitive circuit......Page 253
Current and voltage in a capacitive circuit......Page 254
Resistance and capacitance in series......Page 255
Alternating current in an RLC circuit......Page 257
Summary of important formulae......Page 261
Terms and concepts......Page 262
Exercises 10 continued......Page 263
Single-phase Parallel Networks......Page 264
Simple parallel circuits......Page 265
Parallel impedance circuits......Page 269
Polar impedances......Page 273
Polar admittances......Page 276
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 278
Exercises 11......Page 279
Power in AC Circuits......Page 280
Power in a resistive circuit......Page 281
Power in a purely inductive circuit......Page 282
Power in a purely capacitive circuit......Page 284
Power in a circuit with resistance and reactance......Page 285
Power factor......Page 287
Active and reactive currents......Page 289
The practical importance of power factor......Page 291
Terms and concepts......Page 292
Exercises 12......Page 293
Complex Notation......Page 294
The j operator......Page 295
Addition and subtraction of phasors......Page 296
Voltage, current and impedance......Page 297
Admittance, conductance and susceptance......Page 300
series circuit admittance......Page 301
Parallel admittance......Page 302
Calculation of power using complex notation......Page 306
Power and voltamperes......Page 307
Complex power......Page 308
Power factor improvement or correction......Page 312
Parallel loads......Page 313
Summary of important formulae......Page 315
Summary of important formulae continued Terms and concepts......Page 316
Terms and concepts continued......Page 317
Exercises 13 continued......Page 318
Resonance in AC Circuits......Page 319
Frequency variation in a series RLC circuit......Page 320
Voltages in a series RLC circuit......Page 323
Quality factor......Page 324
Oscillation of energy at resonance......Page 326
Series resonance using complex notation......Page 327
Bandwidth......Page 328
Selectivity......Page 330
Parallel resonance......Page 333
Current magnificatio......Page 334
Parallel and series equivalents......Page 335
The two-branch parallel resonant circuit......Page 336
Terms and concepts......Page 339
Exercises 14 Terms and concepts continued......Page 340
Exercises 14 continued......Page 341
Network Theorems Applied to AC Networks......Page 342
Kirchhoff’s laws and network solution......Page 343
Superposition theorem......Page 350
Thévenin’s theorem......Page 352
Norton’s theorem......Page 357
Star–delta transformation......Page 361
Delta–star transformation......Page 362
Maximum power transfer......Page 364
Terms and concepts......Page 365
Exercises 15......Page 366
Exercises 15 continued......Page 367
Exercises 15 continued......Page 368
Electronic Engineering......Page 370
Electronic Systems......Page 372
Introduction to systems......Page 373
Basic amplifier......Page 374
Basic attenuators......Page 377
Terms and concepts......Page 378
Passive Filters......Page 379
Types of filte......Page 380
Logarithms......Page 382
Log scales......Page 385
The decibel (dB)......Page 386
The low-pass or lag circuit......Page 389
The high-pass or lead circuit......Page 393
Passband (or bandpass) filte......Page 396
Stopband (or bandstop) filter Bode plots......Page 399
Summary of important formulae......Page 405
Exercises 17 Terms and concepts......Page 406
Exercises 17 continued......Page 407
Amplifier Equivalent Network......Page 408
Amplifier constant-voltage equivalent networks......Page 409
Amplifier constant-current equivalent networks......Page 411
Logarithmic units......Page 413
Frequency response......Page 416
Feedback......Page 418
Effect of feedback on input and output resistances......Page 422
Distortion......Page 424
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 425
Exercises 18......Page 426
Exercises 18 continued......Page 427
Semiconductor Materials......Page 428
Atomic structure......Page 429
Covalent bonds......Page 430
An n-type semiconductor......Page 432
A p-type semiconductor......Page 433
Junction diode......Page 434
Construction and static characteristics of a junction diode......Page 437
Exercises 19 Terms and concepts......Page 439
Rectifier......Page 440
Half-wave rectifie......Page 441
Full-wave rectifier networ......Page 444
Bridge rectifie network......Page 445
Smoothing......Page 448
Zener diode......Page 450
Summary of important formulae......Page 451
Exercises 20 Terms and concepts......Page 452
Exercises 20 continued......Page 453
Junction Transistor Amplifier......Page 454
Bipolar junction transistor......Page 455
Construction of a bipolar transistor......Page 456
Static characteristics for a common-base circuit......Page 457
Static characteristics for a commonemitter circuit......Page 458
and......Page 459
Load line for a transistor......Page 460
Transistor as an amplifie......Page 462
Circuit component selection......Page 468
Equivalent circuits of a transistor......Page 469
Hybrid parameters......Page 473
Limitations to the bipolar junction transistor......Page 474
Stabilizing voltage supplies......Page 475
Transistor as a switch......Page 479
Terms and concepts......Page 480
Exercises 21 continued......Page 481
Exercises 21 continued......Page 482
Exercises 21 continued......Page 483
Exercises 21 continued......Page 484
FET Amplifier......Page 485
JUGFET......Page 486
IGFET......Page 488
Equivalent circuit of a FET......Page 490
The FET as a switch......Page 492
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 493
Exercises 22......Page 494
Further Semiconductor Amplifier......Page 495
Cascaded amplifier......Page 496
Integrated circuits......Page 500
Operational amplifier......Page 501
The inverting operational amplifie......Page 502
The summing amplifie......Page 503
The noninverting amplifie......Page 505
Differential amplifier......Page 506
Common-mode rejection ratio......Page 507
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 508
Exercises 23......Page 509
Exercises 23 continued......Page 510
Interfacing Digital and Analogue Systems......Page 511
Digital-toanalogue conversion......Page 512
D/A converter hardware......Page 515
D/A converters in practice......Page 517
ladder D/A converter......Page 519
Analogue-todigital conversion......Page 520
Simple comparator......Page 522
A/D converters......Page 523
Converters in action......Page 525
Terms and concepts......Page 526
Exercises 24......Page 527
Exercises 24 continued......Page 528
Digital Numbers......Page 529
Binary numbers......Page 530
Decimal to binary conversion......Page 531
Binary addition......Page 532
Binary multiplication......Page 533
Binary division......Page 534
Negative binary numbers......Page 536
Signed binary addition......Page 537
Signed binary subtraction......Page 538
Signed binary multiplication......Page 539
Signed binary division......Page 540
The octal system......Page 541
Hexadecimal numbers......Page 542
Exercises 25 Terms and concepts......Page 543
Digital Systems......Page 544
The OR function......Page 545
The EXCLUSIVEOR function......Page 546
Logic gates......Page 547
The NAND function......Page 548
Logic networks......Page 549
Combinational logic......Page 550
Gate standardization......Page 553
Karnaugh maps for simplifying combinational logic......Page 556
Timing diagrams......Page 563
Synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits......Page 564
Basic storage elements......Page 565
Integrated circuit logic gates......Page 573
Summary of important formulae......Page 574
Exercises 26 Terms and concepts......Page 575
Exercises 26 continued......Page 576
Exercises 26 continued......Page 577
Exercises 26 continued......Page 578
Microprocessors and Programs......Page 579
Microprocessor operation......Page 580
Microprocessor control......Page 583
Programs......Page 587
Simple programs......Page 590
Control programs......Page 592
Programming in hexadecimal representation......Page 594
The programmable logic controller......Page 597
Flexibility of PLCs......Page 598
Inside a PLC......Page 599
The PLC program......Page 600
Input devices......Page 602
A practical application......Page 603
Exercises 27 Terms and concepts......Page 608
Exercises 27 continued......Page 609
Exercises 27 continued......Page 610
Control Systems......Page 611
Introduction......Page 612
Open-loop and closed-loop systems......Page 613
Components of a control system......Page 614
Transfer function......Page 615
Regulators and servomechanisms......Page 616
In transient periods......Page 618
Damping......Page 619
Terms and concepts......Page 622
Exercises 28......Page 623
Signals......Page 624
Classification of signals......Page 625
Representation of a signal by a continuum of impulses......Page 631
Convolution sum for discretetime systems......Page 633
Convolution integral for continuous-time systems......Page 636
Deconvolution......Page 637
Relation between impulse response and unit step response......Page 638
Step and impulse responses of discretetime systems......Page 639
Summary of important formulae......Page 640
Terms and concepts......Page 641
Exercises 29 continued......Page 642
Data Transmission and Signals......Page 643
Analogue signals......Page 644
Digital signals......Page 645
Bandwidth......Page 647
Modulation......Page 648
Filters......Page 650
Demodulation......Page 651
Amplifying signals......Page 652
Digital or analogue?......Page 653
Exercises 30 Terms and concepts......Page 654
Communications......Page 655
Basic concepts......Page 656
Information theory for source coding......Page 658
Data communications systems......Page 660
Coding for efficient transmission......Page 661
Source coding......Page 664
Terms and concepts......Page 666
Exercises 31......Page 667
Fibreoptics......Page 668
Fibre loss......Page 669
Refraction......Page 670
Light acceptance......Page 672
Bandwidth......Page 673
Modulation......Page 674
Optical fibre systems......Page 675
Summary of important formulae......Page 676
Terms and concepts......Page 677
Power Engineering......Page 678
Multiphase Systems......Page 680
Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s......Page 681
Delta connection of three-phase windings......Page 682
Star connection of three-phase windings......Page 683
Voltages and currents in a star-connected system......Page 686
Voltages and currents in a delta-connected system......Page 687
Power in a three-phase system with a balanced load......Page 690
Measurement of active power in a three-phase, three-wire system......Page 691
Power factor measurement by means of two wattmeters......Page 693
Two-phase systems......Page 696
Summary of important formulae......Page 697
Exercises 33 Terms and concepts......Page 698
Exercises 33 continued......Page 699
Exercises 33 continued......Page 700
Transformers......Page 701
Core factors......Page 702
Principle of action of a transformer......Page 703
EMF equation of a transformer......Page 704
Phasor diagram for a transformer on no load......Page 706
Phasor diagram for an ideal loaded transformer......Page 708
Useful and leakage flues in a transformer......Page 710
Methods of reducing leakage flu......Page 712
Equivalent circuit of a transformer......Page 713
Phasor diagram for a transformer on load......Page 714
Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer......Page 715
Simplificatio of the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer......Page 716
Voltage regulation of a transformer......Page 717
Efficiency of transformer......Page 721
Condition for maximum efficiency of transformer......Page 722
Open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a transformer......Page 724
Calculation of the voltage regulation from the short-circuit test......Page 725
Autotransformers......Page 727
Current transformers......Page 728
Waveform of the magnetizing current of a transformer......Page 729
Air-cored transformer......Page 730
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 731
Exercises 34......Page 732
Exercises 34 continued......Page 733
Exercises 34 continued......Page 734
Introduction to Machine Theory......Page 735
Conversion process in a machine......Page 736
Methods of analysis of machine performance......Page 738
Magnetic field energ......Page 739
Simple analysis of force of alignment......Page 740
Energy balance......Page 741
Division of converted energy and power......Page 744
Force of alignment between parallel magnetized surfaces......Page 745
Rotary motion......Page 748
Reluctance motor......Page 749
Doubly excited rotating machines......Page 751
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 753
Exercises 35......Page 754
Exercises 35 continued......Page 755
Exercises 35 continued......Page 756
AC Synchronous Machine Windings......Page 757
Types of rotor construction......Page 758
Stator windings......Page 760
Production of rotating magnetic flux by three-phase currents......Page 763
Analysis of the resultant flux due to three-phase currents......Page 765
Reversal of direction of rotation of the magnetic flu......Page 767
Terms and concepts......Page 768
Exercises 36 continued......Page 769
Characteristics of AC Synchronous Machines......Page 770
Armature reaction in a three-phase synchronous generator......Page 771
Voltage regulation of a synchronous generator......Page 772
Synchronous impedance......Page 773
Parallel operation of synchronous generators......Page 776
Advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous motor......Page 778
Exercises 37 Terms and concepts......Page 779
Exercises 37 continued......Page 780
Induction Motors......Page 781
Principle of action......Page 782
Frequency of rotor e.m.f. and current......Page 783
The equivalent circuit of the three-phase induction motor......Page 784
Mechanical power and torque......Page 790
The torque/ speed curve and effect of rotor resistance......Page 794
Experimental tests to obtain motor equivalent circuit parameters......Page 796
Starting torque......Page 801
Starting of a three-phase induction motor fitted with a cage rotor......Page 802
Braking......Page 803
Single-phase induction motors......Page 804
Capacitor-run induction motors......Page 806
Shaded-pole motors......Page 807
Variable speed operation of induction motors......Page 808
Terms and concepts......Page 809
Exercises 38 Terms and concepts continued......Page 810
Exercises 38 continued......Page 811
Electrical Energy Systems......Page 812
Forms of energy......Page 813
Energy conversion and quality of energy......Page 814
Demand for electricity and the National Grid......Page 817
Generating plant......Page 822
Nuclear power......Page 826
Renewable energy......Page 828
Distributed/ Embedded generation......Page 850
The cost of generating electricity......Page 851
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 853
Terms and concepts continued Exercises 39......Page 854
Exercises 39 continued......Page 855
Power Systems......Page 856
System representation......Page 857
Power system analysis......Page 858
Voltage-drop calculations......Page 859
The per-unit method......Page 862
Per-unit impedance......Page 863
or MV A......Page 865
Faults in a power system......Page 868
Representation of a grid connection......Page 871
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 873
Exercises 40 Terms and concepts continued......Page 874
Exercises 40 continued......Page 875
Direct-current Machines......Page 876
General arrangement of a d.c. machine......Page 877
Double-layer drum windings......Page 878
Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature winding......Page 881
Armature reaction......Page 882
Armature reaction in a d.c. motor......Page 885
Commutation......Page 886
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 888
Exercises 41 continued......Page 889
Direct-current Motors......Page 890
A d.c. machine as generator or motor......Page 891
Speed of a motor......Page 893
Torque of an electric motor......Page 894
Speed characteristics of electric motors......Page 896
Torque characteristics of electric motors......Page 897
Speed control of d.c. motors......Page 898
Summary of important formulae Terms and concepts......Page 904
Exercises 42 continued......Page 905
Exercises 42 continued......Page 906
Control System Motors......Page 907
Motors for regulators......Page 908
RPC system requirements......Page 909
The stepping (or stepper) motor......Page 910
The variablereluctance motor......Page 911
The hybrid stepping motor......Page 912
Drive circuits......Page 914
Terms and concepts......Page 915
Exercises 43 continued......Page 916
Motor Selection and Efficienc......Page 917
Speed......Page 918
Power rating and duty cycles......Page 919
Load torques......Page 920
The motor and its environment......Page 921
Machine efficienc......Page 922
Current-ring theory of magnetism......Page 923
Hysteresis loss......Page 925
Losses in motors and generators......Page 928
Efficiency of a d.c. motor......Page 930
Determination of efficienc......Page 931
Terms and concepts......Page 934
Exercises 44 continued......Page 935
Power Electronics......Page 936
Thyristor......Page 937
Some thyristor circuits......Page 939
The fully controlled a.c./d.c. converter......Page 941
AC/DC inversion......Page 942
Switching devices in inverters......Page 945
Three-phase rectifier networks......Page 946
Inverter-fed induction motors......Page 948
Soft-starting induction motors......Page 949
DC to d.c. conversion switched-mode power supplies......Page 950
Summary of important formulae......Page 952
Terms and concepts......Page 953
Measurements......Page 954
Electronic Measuring Instruments......Page 956
Introduction to analogue and electronic instruments......Page 957
Digital electronic voltmeters......Page 958
Graphical display devices......Page 960
The two-electrode vacuum device......Page 961
Cathode-ray tube......Page 962
Deflecting systems of a cathode-ray tube......Page 963
Cathode-ray oscilloscope......Page 964
Use of the cathode-ray oscilloscope in waveform measurement......Page 968
Terms and concepts Digital oscilloscope......Page 974
Exercises 46......Page 975
Analogue Measuring Instruments......Page 976
Electrical analogue indicating instruments......Page 977
Damping devices......Page 978
Permanentmagnet movingcoil ammeters and voltmeters......Page 979
Electrodynamic (or dynamometer) instruments......Page 983
Rectifier ammeters and voltmeters......Page 985
Measurement of resistance by the Wheatstone bridge......Page 986
The potentiometer......Page 987
A commercial form of potentiometer......Page 988
Calibration accuracy and errors......Page 989
Determination of error due to instrument errors......Page 992
Exercises 47 Terms and concepts......Page 997
Exercises 47 continued......Page 998
Exercises 47 continued......Page 999
Symbols, Abbreviations, Definitions and Diagrammatic Symbols......Page 1000
Units of length, mass, volume and time......Page 1001
Electricity and magnetism......Page 1002
Light......Page 1003
Selection of graphical symbols from BS 3939......Page 1004
Exercises 3......Page 1005
Exercises 5......Page 1006
Exercises 8......Page 1007
Exercises 12......Page 1008
Exercises 17......Page 1009
Exercises 22......Page 1010
Exercises 27......Page 1011
Exercises 33......Page 1012
Exercises 38......Page 1013
Exercises 44......Page 1014
Exercises 47......Page 1015
Index......Page 1016