HIGHER EDUCATION AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOBILITYIN THE GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Illustrations......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 16
1.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 20
1.2.1. The Industrial Society......Page 22
1.2.2. Transformation to the Knowledge Society and the Global Knowledge Economy......Page 24
1.3. THE GLOBAL HIGHER EDUCATION AGENDA......Page 33
2.1. INCREASING DEMAND......Page 40
2.2. DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFT AND NONTRADITIONAL STUDENTS......Page 50
2.3. INCREASING DEMAND AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOBILITY......Page 53
3.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 54
3.2. PUBLIC SPENDING AND TUITION FEES......Page 56
3.3. PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS......Page 63
3.4.1. Historical Background......Page 71
3.4.2. The State, the Academia, and the Society as Actorsin Governance......Page 75
3.4.3. Transformation from the Regulatory to the Evaluative State......Page 77
3.4.4. Spread of Lay Governance, Strengthened Institutional Leadership, and a Redefinition of Autonomy......Page 86
3.5. THE RISE OF MARKET FORCES INRELATION TO INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOBILITY......Page 96
4.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 98
4.2. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY......Page 99
4.3.1. Distributed Learning......Page 102
4.3.2. Virtual Arms and Unbundling of Services in Traditional Institutions......Page 105
4.4.1. Consortia and Networks......Page 110
4.4.2. For-Profit Higher Education......Page 112
4.4.3. Virtual Universities......Page 118
4.4.4. Corporate Universities......Page 119
4.4.5. Certificate Programs......Page 121
4.4.7. Academic Brokers......Page 122
4.4.8. Franchises and Branch Campuses......Page 124
5.1.1. International Academic Mobility in the Greco-Roman and the Muslim Worlds......Page 136
5.1.2. International Academic Mobility in Medieval Times......Page 139
5.1.3. International Academic Mobility: 1500โ1800......Page 142
5.1.4. The Birth of the Napoleonic University and the German Research University......Page 146
5.1.5. International Academic Mobility in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries......Page 148
5.1.6. The Emergence of the Modern American University......Page 151
5.2. GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION SINCE 1950......Page 154
5.3.1. Globalization and Internationalization......Page 157
5.3.2. Rationales for Internationalization of Higher Education......Page 159
5.4.1. Chronological Background......Page 163
5.4.2. An Evaluation of the Bologna Process......Page 165
5.5. GATS: A โCOMMERCIAL/ANGLO-SAXON RESPONSEโ......Page 168
5.6. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN TRANSNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION: โMULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSESโ......Page 173
5.7. THE GLOBAL HIGHER EDUCATION AGENDA AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOBILITY......Page 177
6.1. THE GLOBAL PICTURE TODAY......Page 180
6.2.1.1. ENROLLMENT STATISTICS......Page 189
6.2.1.2. AN EVALUATION OF INTERNATIONALIZATION POLICIES OF THE UNITED STATES......Page 205
6.2.2. The United Kingdom......Page 210
6.2.3. Germany......Page 214
6.2.4. France......Page 217
6.2.5. Australia......Page 220
6.2.6.1. JAPAN......Page 223
6.2.6.2. RUSSIA......Page 226
6.2.6.3. CANADA......Page 227
6.2.6.4. NEW ZEALAND......Page 229
6.3.1. China: A Major Source Country and an Emerging Major Host Country......Page 232
6.3.2. India......Page 235
6.3.3. Other Major Countries of Origin......Page 237
6.4. REGIONAL BREAKDOWN OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOBILITY......Page 248
6.5. INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOBILITY AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION......Page 251
Concluding Remarks......Page 256
Appendix A: Data on Enrollment and Expenditures in National Systems and International Student Mobility......Page 264
Appendix B: Definition of Terms Used by the Quality Assurance Agency (UK)......Page 277
Appendix C: The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System and the Diploma Supplement......Page 278
Appendix D: Recognition of Qualifications in Europe (Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications Concerning Higher Education in the European Region, Lisbon, April 11, 1997)......Page 282
Appendix E: Education, Training, and Youth Programs of the European Union......Page 286
Appendix F: Definitions of Foreign Students......Page 290
Appendix G: General Agreement on Trade in Services......Page 294
Notes......Page 300
Bibliography......Page 314
A......Page 336
B......Page 337
C......Page 338
E......Page 340
G......Page 341
I......Page 343
J......Page 345
L......Page 346
M......Page 347
N......Page 348
P......Page 349
S......Page 350
T......Page 352
U......Page 353
Z......Page 354