High Speed Problems of Aircraft and Experimental Methods

✍ Scribed by Allen F. Donovan (editor)

• Publisher: Princeton University Press
• Year: 2015
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1020
• Series: Princeton Legacy Library; 2421
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Volume VIII of the High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion series. This volume includes: performance calculation at high speed; stability and control of high speed aircraft; aeroelasticity and flutter; model testing; transonic wind tunnels; supersonic tunnels; hypersonic experimental facilities; low density wind tunnels; shock tube; wind tunnel measurements; instrumented models in free flight; piloted aircraft testing; free flight range methods.

Originally published in 1961.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

✦ Table of Contents

CONTENTS
PART 1. HIGH SPEED PROBLEMS OF AIRCRAFT
A. Methods of Performance Calculation at High Speed
1. Introduction
2. Basic Relations
3. Point Performance
4. Path Performance
5. Application of Path Performance Methods
6. Approximate Methods
7. Cited References and Bibliography
B. Stability and Control of High Speed Aircraft
1. Introduction
2. Elementary Concepts
3. Real Flows in Relation to Stability
4. Definitions of Stability Derivatives
5. Analytical Evaluation of Derivatives
6. Analytical and Experimental Trends
7. Controls
8. Equations of Motion for Small Disturbances
9. Longitudinal Motions
10. Lateral Motions
11. Small Amplitude Continuous Motions
12. Special Dynamic Problems of Missiles
13. Large Disturbance Cases
14. Automatic Stability and Guided Flight
15. Problems in Hypersonic Flight
16. Problems of Take-off and Landing
17. Cited References
C. Aeroelasticity and Flutter
1. Introduction
2. Early History
3. The Two-Dimensional Wing
4. Static Aeroelasticity—The Uniform Cantilever Wing
5. Strain Energy and the Principle of Virtual Work
6. Deformation Analysis of Structures
7. Steady Aerodynamic Forces
8. Algebraic Formulation of Aeroelastic Problems
9. Matrix Formulation of Aeroelastic Problems
10. Some Results from the Theory of Differential Equations
11. IntegralEquationsofAeroelasticity
12. The Nonuniform Unswept Wing of High Aspect Ratio. Strip Theory
13. Static Aeroelastic Theory for Straight Wings of High Aspect Ratio
14. Static Aeroelastic Problems of Swept and Low Aspect Ratio Wings
15. Aerodynamic Forces in Flutter
16. Flutter in One and Two Degrees of Freedom
17. General Theory of Flutter of Continuous Structures
18. Cited References
PART 2. WIND TUNNEL TECHNIQUES
D. Principles of Model Testing
1. Introduction
2. Dimensional Analysis
3. Application to Incompressible Frictionless Fluid with No Free Surfaces
4. Effects of Viscosity
5. Effects of Compressibility
6. Problems Peculiar to Tests at Very Large Mach Numbers
7. Problems Associated with Tests at Very Low Densities
8. Gravity Effects
9. Dynamic Model Testing
10. Static Aeroelastic Effects
11. Dynamic Aeroelastic Effects. Flutter
12. Convective Heat Transfer
13. Cited References
E. Introductory Discussion of High Speed Test Techniques
1. Transonic Wind Tunnels
2. Supersonic Wind Tunnels
3. Hypersonic Wind Tunnels
4. Low Density Wind Tunnels
5. The Shock Tube
F. Transonic Wind Tunnels
1. Introduction
2. Performance Requirements
3. Types of Throats
4. Conclusion
5. Cited References
G. Supersonic Tunnels
1. General Types and Operational Requirements
2. Supply-Section Design
3. Nozzle Design
4. Test-Section Design
5. Diffuser Design
6. Performance Calculations
7. Typical Model and Balance Installations
8. Cited References and Bibliography
H. Hypersonic Experimental Facilities
Chapter 1. Hypersonic Wind Tunnels
1. Introduction and Description of Several Tunnels
2. Flow Conditions in the Test Section
3. Condensation of the Working Medium
4. The Diffuser
5. Starting Problem in the Diffuser
6. Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Instrumentation
7. Methods of Designing Hypersonic Nozzles
Chapter 2. Intermittent Hypersonic Wind Tunnel with Compression Heater
8. Introduction
9. Convection and Compression Heaters
10. General Arrangement and Types of Aerodynamic Problems
Chapter 3. Hypersonic Helium Tunnel
11. Introduction
12. Operative Characteristics
13. General Arrangement
Chapter 4. Hypersonic Shock Tunnel
14. Introduction
15. Components of a Hypersonic Shock Tunnel
16. Instrumentation for the Shock Tunnel
17. Investigations in the Hypersonic Shock Tunnel
18. Cited References
I. Low Density Wind Tunnels
1. Introduction
2. Types of Low Density Wind Tunnel
3. Available Drive Equipment
4. Tunnel Element Selection
5. Instrumentation
6. Mechanical Design
7. Other Low Density Flow Equipment
8. Cited References
J. The Shock Tube
1. Introduction
2. Elementary Theory
3. Construction and Technique of Operation
4. Comparison of Performance with Theory
5. Examples of Uses of Shock Tubes
6. Cited References and Bibliography
K. Wmd Tunnel Measurements
Chapter 1. Test-Section Flow Uniformity
1. Introduction
2. Effects of Flow Nonuniformity
3. Effects of Wall Interference
4. Equations of Subsonic Wall Interference
5. Boundary Conditions
6. Blockage and Lift Interference in a Circular Tunnel
7. Discussion of Slotted and Porous Boundaries
8. Theory of Supersonic Wall Interference
Chapter 2. Methods of Model Support
9. Introduction
10. Wall Support Methods
11. Strut and Sting Support Methods
Chapter 3. Static Force Measurements
12. Introduction
13. The Electric Straingauge
14. Electrical Circuits
15. The Internal Spring Balance
16. Calibration of Balances
Chapter 4. Dynamic Force Measurements
17. Measurement of Dynamic Forces
Chapter 5. Convective Heat Transfer Measurements
18. Introduction
19. Simulation
20. Methods of Measurement
21. Summary
22. Cited References
PART 3. FREE FLIGHT TECHNIQUES
L. Objectives of Free Flight Research
M. Instrumented Models in Free Flight
1. Introduction
2. Propulsion
3. Launching and Boosting
4. Required Physical Measurements
5. Free Flight Model Instrumentation
6. Simple Drag Testing
7. Simple Control Measurements
8. Measurement of Damping in Roll
9. Complete Model Testing
10. Tests of Flutter and Other Aeroelastic Effects
11. Aerodynamic Heating and Friction Drag
12. Propulsive System Testing
13. Cited References
N. Piloted Aircraft Testing
Chapter 1. Basic Flight Measurements
1. Measurement of Air Speed
2. Measurement of Air Temperature
3. Measurement of Altitude
4. Measurement of Lift Coefficient
5. Angle-of-Attack Measurement
6. Measurement of Thrust
7. Measurement of Drag
8. Boundary Layer and Wake Characteristics
Chapter 2. Flight Measurements of Stability and Controllability of Airplanes
9. Objectives of Stability Measurements
HANDLING QUALITIES INVESTIGATIONS
10. Introduction
11. Instrumentation
12. Longitudinal Stability and Control
13. Lateral Stability and Control
14. Stalling Characteristics
DYNAMIC STABILITY INVESTIGATIONS
15. Introduction
16. Instrumentation
17. Dynamic Stability Characteristics of an Automatically Controlled Airplane
18. Determination of Stability Derivatives from Flight Tests
Chapter 3. Flight Measurements of the Loads on Airplanes
ACCELEROMETER MEASUREMENTS
19. Application of Accelerometers to Loads Research
STRAINGAUGE MEASUREMENTS
20. Application of Straingauges to Loads Research
21. Calibration Procedure
22. Evaluation of Flight Data
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
23. Pressure CoeiScients
24. Measurements of Pressure
ELASTIC DEFORMATION MEASUREMENTS
25. Methods of Measuring Elastic Deformation
26. Cited References
O. Free Flight Range Methods
Chapter 1. The Free Flight Range
1. Introduction
2. The Range as a Flight Test Facility
3. Current Status of Free Flight Range Facilities
4. Experimental Procedure
5. Model Measurement and Launching Techniques
6. Spark Photography Apparatus
7. Chronographs
Chapter 2. Theory of Motion
8. Fundamental Considerations
9. Geometry
10. Conditions of Testing
11. Differential Equations for Rotation
12. Differential Equations for Translation
13. Differential Equations for Rotation and Translation in Terms of Complex Angles and Displacements
14. Integrated Equations of Motion
Chapter 8. Reduction of Flight Data
15. Determination of Parameters of Motion
16. Determination of Aerodynamic Coefficients from Parameters of Motion
17. Accuracy of Experimental Data
18. Reduction of Data for Missiles with Aerodynamic Asymmetries and Nonlinearities
19. Illustrative Example: Reduction of Data from BRL Aerodynamics Range Round 2594
20. Definition of Symbols
21. Cited References
Index