Heterostructured Materials: Novel Materials with Unprecedented Mechanical Properties

✍ Scribed by Xiaolei Wu (editor), Yuntian Zhu (editor)

• Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 858
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Heterostructured (HS) materials represent an emerging class of materials that are expected to become a major research field for the communities of materials, mechanics, and physics in the next couple of decades. One of the biggest advantages of HS materials is that they can be produced by large-scale industrial facilities and technologies and therefore can be commercialized without the scaling up and high-cost barriers that are often encountered by other advanced materials. This book collects recent papers on the progress in the field of HS materials, especially their fundamental physics. The papers are arranged in a sequence of chapters that will help new researchers entering the field to have a quick and comprehensive understanding of HS materials, including the fundamentals and recent progress in their processing, characterization, and properties.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Perspective and Overview
Chapter 1: Heterogeneous Materials: A New Class of Materials with Unprecedented Mechanical Properties
1.1: Background
1.2: Definition of Heterostructured Materials
1.3: Deformation Behavior of Heterostructured Materials
1.4: HDI Strengthening and HDI Work Hardening
1.5: Microstructural Requirement for the Optimum Mechanical Properties
1.6: Future Perspective
Chapter 2: Perspective on Heterogeneous Deformation Induced (HDI) Strengthening and Work Hardening
2.1: Background
2.2: Brief History of Back Stress
2.3: Dislocation Models for Back Stress
2.4: Back Stress and Mechanical Properties
2.5: Issues with the Back Stress Concept
2.6: New Definition
2.7: Outstanding Issues
Chapter 3: Ductility and Plasticity of Nanostructured Metals: Differences and Issues
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Ductility
3.3: Plasticity
3.4: Relationship between Ductility and Plasticity
3.5: Confusions, Misconceptions and Clarifications
3.5.1: Misconception/Confusion 1: Tensile Ductility
3.5.2: Misconception/Confusion 2: Mobile Dislocations Lead to Good Ductility
3.5.3: Misconception/Confusion 3: Low Ductility Equals Low Plasticity
3.5.4: Misconception/Confusion 4: Cross-Area-Reduction as an Indicator of Ductility
3.6: Issues for Nanostructured Materials
3.6.1: Sample Size Effect
3.6.2: Approaches to Improve Ductility
3.7: Summary
Part II: Fundamentals of Heterostructured Materials
Chapter 4: Extraordinary Strain Hardening by Gradient Structure
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Microstructural Characterization of Gradient Structure
4.3: Unique Mechanical Responses under Uniaxial Tension
4.4: Discussion and Summary
Chapter 5: Heterostructured Lamella Structure Unites Ultrafine-Grain Strength with Coarse-Grain Ductility
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Microstructure of Heterogeneous Lamella Structure
5.3: Mechanical Properties and Strain Hardening of HL Structure
5.4: Bauschinger Effect and Back Stresses
5.5: Strain Partitioning
5.6: Materials and Methods
5.6.1: Materials
5.6.2: Asymmetrical Rolling (AsR) for Heterostructured Lamella (HL) Structured Ti
5.6.3: Tensile Test and Loading-Unloading-Reloading (LUR) Test
5.6.4: EBSD and TEM Observations
Chapter 6: Synergetic Strengthening by Gradient Structure
Chapter 7: Hetero-Deformation-Induced Strengthening and Strain Hardening in Gradient Structure
Chapter 8: Residual Stress Provides Significant Strengthening and Ductility in Gradient Structured Materials
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Results and Discussion
8.3: Conclusion
Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Copper/Bronze Laminates: Role of Boundaries
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Experimental Methods
9.3: Results
9.3.1: Microstructures
9.3.2: Heterogeneity Across Boundaries
9.3.3: Uniaxial Tensile Tests
9.3.4: Ex-situ EBSD Mapping and GND Characterization
9.4: Discussions
9.4.1: Dislocation Pile-Up Model for the GND Density Close to Boundaries
9.4.2: Role of Boundary in Deformation of Nanostructured Bronze
9.4.3: Effect of Boundary Spacing on HDI Hardening
9.5: Conclusion
Chapter 10: Hetero-Boundary-Affected Region (HBAR) for Optimal Strength and Ductility in Heterostructured Laminate
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Heterostructured Copper–Bronze Laminates
10.3: Hetero-Boundary-Affected Region (HBAR)
10.4: Theoretical Modeling of the Critical HBAR Width
10.5: Mechanical Behaviors Controlled by Interfacial Spacing
10.6: Discussion and Summary
10.7: Materials and Methods
10.7.1: Material Preparation
10.7.2: Microstructural Observations
10.7.3: DIC Characterization
10.7.4: Mechanical Testing
Chapter 11: In-situ Observation of Dislocation Dynamics Near Heterostructured Boundary
Chapter 12: Hetero-Deformation Induced (HDI) Hardening Does Not Increase Linearly with Strain Gradient
Chapter 13: Extra Strengthening in a Coarse/Ultrafine Grained Laminate: Role of Gradient Boundaries
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Experimental Methods
13.3: Results
13.3.1: Microstructural Heterogeneity and Gradient Boundary
13.3.2: Synergistic Strengthening and Strain Hardening
13.3.3: Height Profile and Strain Gradient Across Boundary
13.3.4: DIC and Strain Gradient Across Boundary
13.4: Discussion
13.4.1: Formation of Strain Gradient Across Gradient Boundary
13.4.2: GNDs Pile-Up Across Gradient Boundary
13.4.3: Extraordinary Strengthening Effects of Gradient Boundary
13.5: Conclusions
Chapter 14: Ductility by Shear Band Delocalization in the Nano-Layer of Gradient Structure
Chapter 15: Heterostructure Induced Dispersive Shear Bands in Heterostructured Cu
Chapter 16: Dense Dispersed Shear Bands in Gradient-Structured Ni
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Experimental Procedures
16.2.1: Materials and Processing
16.2.2: Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Tests
16.2.3: DIC Strain Characterization
16.3: Results
16.3.1: Surface Roughness of the Gradient Samples
16.3.2: Gradient Microstructure and Microhardness
16.3.3: Strength-Ductility Combination
16.3.4: Dense Dispersed Shear Bands in Nanostructured Layer
16.4: Discussion
16.4.1: Unique Characteristics of Dispersed Shear Bands
16.4.2: Nucleation of Dispersed Shear Bands
16.4.3: Stable Evolution of Dispersed Shear Bands
16.4.4: Microstructure Evolution in Shear Bands
16.4.5: Effects of Surface Roughness and Strength Heterogeneity on Shear Banding
16.5: Conclusions
Part III: Gradient Structure
Chapter 17: Combining Gradient Structure and TRIP Effect to Produce Austenite Stainless Steel with High Strength and Ductility
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Experimental Procedure
17.2.1: Materials and SMAT Process
17.2.2: Mechanical Property Tests
17.2.3: Microstructural Characterization
17.3: Results
17.3.1: Mechanical Behaviors
17.3.1.1: Tensile property and strain hardening
17.3.1.2: Microhardness evolution
17.3.1.3: Dislocation density evolution
17.3.2: Microstructural Evolution
17.3.2.1: Microstructure by SMAT processing
17.3.2.2: Change of α'-martensite fraction during tensile testing
17.3.2.3: Microstructural evolution during tensile testing
17.4: Discussion
17.4.1: Dynamic Strain Partitioning
17.4.2: Deformation-Induced Phase Transformation and TRIP Effect
17.5: Conclusions
Chapter 18: Gradient Structure Produces Superior Dynamic Shear Properties
Chapter 19: On Strain Hardening Mechanism in Gradient Nanostructures
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Constitutive Model for Gradient Structure
19.2.1: Flow Stress for Component Homogeneous Layers
19.2.2: Calculation of GNDs Density and HDI Stress
19.2.3: Overall Mechanical Response of Gradient Structure
19.3: Results and Discussion
19.3.1: Stress-Strain Curves of Homogeneous IF Steels
19.3.2: Lateral Surface Non-uniform Deformation in Gradient IF Steels
19.3.3: Strain Hardening in Gradient IF Steels
19.3.4: Strength-Ductility Map for Gradient IF Steels
19.4: Conclusions
Chapter 20: Extraordinary Bauschinger Effect in Gradient Structured Copper
Chapter 21: Atomistic Tensile Deformation Mechanisms of Fe with Gradient Nano-Grained Structure
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Simulation Techniques
21.3: Results and Discussions
21.4: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 22: Strain Hardening Behaviors and Strain Rate Sensitivity of Gradient-Grained Fe under Compression over a Wide Range of Strain Rates
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Experimental Procedures
22.3: Experimental Results and Discussions
22.4: Conclusions
Chapter 23: Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanism of Mg-Al-Zn Alloy with Gradient Microstructure in Grain Size and Orientation
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Experimental Procedures
23.3: Results
23.3.1: Gradient Structure in Grain Size and Texture
23.3.2: Mechanical Properties
23.3.3: Repeated Stress Relaxation Tests
23.3.4: Microstructure and Texture
23.3.4.1: Gradient microstructure after SMAT
23.3.4.2: Texture change during tensile deformation
23.3.4.3: Non-basal dislocation observation
23.4: Discussion
23.4.1: Formation of Dual Gradient Microstructure
23.4.2: Influence of Grain Size on Deformation Mechanism
23.4.3: Influence of Orientation and Its Gradient on Deformation Mechanism
23.4.4: Coupling between Size Gradient and Orientation Gradient
23.5: Conclusions
Chapter 24: The Evolution of Strain Gradient and Anisotropy in Gradient-Structured Metal
24.1: Introduction
24.2: Materials and Experimental Procedures
24.2.1: Materials
24.2.2: Microstructural Characterization
24.2.3: Quasi-Static Uniaxial Tensile Tests Coupled with Digital Image Correlation
24.3: Experimental Results and Discussions
24.3.1: Microstructural Characterization and Tensile Properties
24.3.2: Strain Contours and Strain Distributions along the Depth
24.3.3: Evolutions of Strain Gradient and Anisotropy
24.3.4: HDI Hardening
24.4: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 25: Influence of Gradient Structure Volume Fraction on the Mechanical Properties of Pure Copper
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Experimental
25.3: Results
25.3.1: Microstructure
25.3.2: Vickers Hardness
25.3.3: Mechanical Behaviors
25.3.4: In-situ SEM Observation
25.4: Discussion
25.4.1: Synergetic Strengthening and Extra Strain Hardening
25.4.2: Optimum GS Volume Fraction for Extra Strain Hardening
25.4.3: Strength-Ductility Combinations
25.5: Conclusions
Chapter 26: The Role of Shear Strain on Texture and Microstructural Gradients in Low Carbon Steel Processed by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment
Chapter 27: Bauschinger Effect and Hetero-Deformation Induced (HDI) Stress in Gradient Cu-Ge Alloy
27.1: Introduction
27.2: Experiment
27.3: Results and Discussion
27.4: Summary
Chapter 28: Gradient Structured Copper Induced by Rotationally Accelerated Shot Peening
28.1: Introduction
28.2: Experimental
28.3: Results and Discussion
28.4: Conclusion
Chapter 29: Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of 5052: Alloy with Gradient Structures
29.1: Introduction
29.2: Experimental
29.3: Results and Discussion
29.3.1: OM/EBSD Observations
29.3.2: TEM Characterization
29.3.2.1: Grain refinement via dislocation activities (depth >40 μm)
29.3.2.2: Grain refinement via DRX (depth <40 μm)
29.3.3: Mechanical Properties
29.4: Conclusions
Chapter 30: Quantifying the Synergetic Strengthening in Gradient Material
Chapter 31: Achieving Gradient Martensite Structure and Enhanced Mechanical Properties in a Metastable β Titanium Alloy
31.1: Introduction
31.2: Materials and Methods
31.2.1: Sample Preparation
31.2.2: Sample Processing and Mechanical Testing
31.2.3: Microstructure Characterization
31.3: Results
31.3.1: Martensitic Transformation during Torsion Processing and Subsequent Tensile Deformation
31.3.2: Mechanical Behavior of the Torsion-Processed Sample
31.3.3: Gradient Microstructure and Fracture Behavior
31.4: Discussion
31.4.1: Nucleation Mechanism of Gradient α" Martensite
31.4.2: Evolution of β Phase and α'' Martensite
31.4.3: The Effect of Gradient α'' Martensite Structure on Strain Hardening
31.5: Conclusions
Part IV: Heterogeneous Grain Structure
Chapter 32: Dynamically Reinforced Heterogeneous Grain Structure Prolongs Ductility in a Medium-Entropy Alloy with Gigapascal Yield Strength
32.1: Introduction
32.2: Manuscript Text
32.3: Materials and Methods
32.3.1: Material Fabrication and Sample Preparation
32.3.2: Mechanical Property Testing
32.3.3: Microstructural Characterization
Chapter 33: Dynamic Shear Deformation of a CrCoNi Medium-Entropy Alloy with Heterogeneous Grain Structures
33.1: Introduction
33.2: Materials and Experimental Procedures
33.3: Results and Discussions
33.3.1: Microstructural Characterization Before Dynamic Shear Tests
33.3.2: Dynamic Shear Properties
33.3.3: Microstructure Evolution during the Homogeneous Dynamic Shear Deformation
33.3.4: Temperature Rise during the Homogeneous Dynamic Shear Deformation
33.3.5: Characteristics of ASB
33.4: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 34: Superior Strength and Ductility of 316L Stainless Steel with Heterostructured Lamella Structure
34.1: Introduction
34.2: Experimental
34.2.1: Characterization of the As-Received Sample
34.2.2: Preparation of HLS
34.2.3: Microstructure Analysis
34.2.4: Mechanical Property Tests
34.3: Results
34.3.1: Microstructures
34.3.1.1: XRD analysis
34.3.1.2: Microstructural evolution characterized by EBSD
34.3.1.3: Microstructure observation by TEM
34.3.2: Mechanical Properties
34.3.2.1: Microhardness
34.3.2.2: Tensile behaviors
34.4: Discussion
34.4.1: Formation and Evolution Mechanisms of HLS
34.4.2: Enhanced Strength and Ductility
34.5: Conclusions
Part V: Laminate Materials
Chapter 35: Strain Hardening and Ductility in a Coarse-Grain/Nanostructure Laminate Material
Chapter 36: Effect of Strain Rate on Mechanical Properties of Cu/Ni Multilayered Composites Processed by Electrodeposition
36.1: Introduction
36.2: Experimental Procedure
36.3: Results
36.4: Discussions
36.5: Conclusions
Part VI: Dual-Phase Structure
Chapter 37: Simultaneous Improvement of Tensile Strength and Ductility in Micro-Duplex Structure Consisting of Austenite and Ferrite
37.1: Introduction
37.2: Experimental Procedures
37.3: Results
37.3.1: Mechanical Property
37.3.2: Microstructure Observation
37.4: Discussion
37.4.1: Strengthening Mechanism of Dual Phase Microstructure
37.4.2: Effect of Phase Interaction on Strain Hardening Rate
37.5: Conclusion
Chapter 38: Strain Hardening in Fe–16Mn–10Al–0.86C–5Ni High Specific Strength Steel
38.1: Introduction
38.2: Materials and Experimental Procedures
38.2.1: Materials
38.2.2: Mechanical Property Tests
38.2.3: Synchrotron Based High Energy X-Ray Diffraction
38.2.4: Microstructural Characterization
38.3: Experimental Results
38.3.1: Microstructural Characterization
38.3.2: Tensile Properties
38.3.3: Strain Hardening due to HDI Stress
38.3.4: Load Transfer and Strain Partitioning
38.3.4.1: Load transfer revealed by in situ diffraction measurements
38.3.4.2: Strain partitioning from aspect ratio measurements
38.4: Discussion
38.4.1: Plastic Deformation in HSSS
38.4.2: Strain Hardening
38.4.3: Unloading Yield Effect
38.5: Conclusions
Chapter 39: Deformation Mechanisms for Superplastic Behaviors in a Dual-Phase High Specific Strength Steel with Ultrafine Grains
39.1: Introduction
39.2: Materials and Experimental Procedures
39.3: Results and Discussions
39.4: Conclusions
Chapter 40: Plastic Deformation Mechanisms in a Severely Deformed Fe-Ni-Al-C Alloy with Superior Tensile Properties
40.1: Introduction
40.2: Results
40.2.1: Microstructures before Tensile Tests and Quasi-Static Uniaxial Tensile Properties
40.2.2: Deformation Mechanisms during Tensile Deformation for Solution Treated and CR Samples
40.3: Discussions
40.4: Materials and Experimental Procedures
40.4.1: Materials
40.4.2: Microstructure Characterizations
40.4.3: Mechanical Testing
Chapter 41: Hetero-Deformation Induced (HDI) Strengthening and Strain Hardening in Dual-Phase Steel
41.1: Introduction
41.2: Materials and Experimental Methods
41.3: Experimental Results
41.3.1: Microstructural Characterization
41.3.2: Yield-Point Phenomenon
41.3.3: HDI Stress during Tensile Deformation
41.3.4: Evolution of Schmid Factor and KAM Value
41.4: Modeling HDI Stress in Dual-Phase Microstructure
41.5: Discussions
41.6: Conclusions
Index