Hepatobiliary Cancers - An Interdisciplinary Approach - An Interdisciplinary Approach (Jan 1, 2024)_(3031445279)_(Springer)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 367
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Interdisciplinary Approach in Hepatobiliary Cancers
1 Introduction
2 Epidemiology
3 Management of Hepatobiliary Cancers
3.1 Prevention and Screening
3.2 Diagnosis
3.3 Treatment of HCC
3.3.1 Novel Therapeutics
3.3.2 Supportive Care
3.4 Management of Cholangiocarcinoma
3.5 Response to Treatment and Monitoring
4 Importance and Rationale of a Multidisciplinary Approach
5 Suggested Models for Interdisciplinary Management
6 Clinical Outcomes of Multidisciplinary Management
7 Challenges of Multidisciplinary Care
8 Future Perspectives
9 Conclusions
References
Liver Cancer: Interdisciplinary Approach
1 Introduction
2 Risk Factors for Liver Cancer
2.1 HBV
2.2 HCV
2.3 Cirrhosis
2.4 NAFLD
2.5 Aflatoxin
2.6 Aristolochic Acid
2.7 Alcohol
2.8 Tobacco
2.9 Diabetes and Obesity
2.10 Gut Microbiota
3 Biomarkers in Liver Cancer
3.1 Genomics
3.1.1 HBV/HCV-Associated HCC
3.1.2 Aflatoxin-Associated HCC
3.1.3 Alcohol-Associated HCC
3.2 Transcriptomics
3.2.1 MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
3.2.2 Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)
3.2.3 Circular RNAs (circRNAs)
3.3 Epigenetics
3.3.1 DNA Methylation
3.3.2 RNA Methylation
3.3.3 Histone Modifications
3.4 Proteomics
3.5 Metabolomics
3.6 Microbiomics
3.7 Molecular Pathways in HCC
3.7.1 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Pathway
3.7.2 MAPK Pathway
3.7.3 JAK/STAT Pathway
3.7.4 mTOR Pathway
3.7.5 Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
3.7.6 Hippo Pathway
3.7.7 Hedgehog (Hh) Pathway
3.7.8 IGF Pathway
3.7.9 Notch Pathway
3.7.10 Telomere Shortening
4 Staging
5 Treatment
5.1 Surgical Intervention
5.1.1 Resection
5.1.2 Liver Transplantation
5.2 Locoregional Treatment
5.2.1 Ablation
5.2.2 Transarterial Therapy
5.2.3 Radiotherapy
5.3 Systemic Therapy
5.3.1 First-Line Treatment
5.3.2 Second-Line Treatment
6 Future Prospective
References
The Immune System in Liver Cancer: From Beginning to Progression
1 Introduction
2 The Function of the Immune System in HCC
2.1 Immune Cells in Hepatocarcinogenesis
3 Inflammation in HCC
3.1 Inflammation: Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Liver Cancer
4 Oncogenic Signaling Cascade in HCC
5 Liver Cancer and Immune System Surveillance
6 Mechanism of Immunotolerance in Liver Cancer
7 HCC and Immune System Evasion
8 Immunity and HCC Metastasis
9 Conclusion
References
The Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1 Introduction
2 The Microenvironment of Cancer
2.1 Cancer Immunity
2.1.1 Cancer Immunoediting
2.1.2 The Cancer Immunity Cycle
2.2 Tumor Angiogenesis
2.3 Cancer Energy Metabolism
2.4 Chronic Inflammation and Fibrosis
3 The Diversity and Peculiarity of the Liver Cancer Microenvironment
3.1 The Liver Tissue as an Immune System
3.2 Chronic Liver Injury and Immune Imbalance
3.3 The Immune Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
3.3.1 Similarities Between the Tumor and Fetal Liver Microenvironments
3.3.2 The Heterogeneous Nature of the Immune Microenvironment in Multiple Liver Cancers
3.3.3 The Characteristics of Immunocompetent Cells in Early Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma
3.3.4 NASH-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Immunotherapy
4 Clinical Application of the Hepatocarcinoma Microenvironment (Diagnosis)
4.1 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
4.2 Companion Diagnostics (PD-L1 Protein Immunostaining Test)
4.3 M2BPGi and CSF1R
5 The Clinical Application of the Hepatocarcinoma Microenvironment (Treatment)
5.1 Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
5.2 Lenvatinib
5.3 Sequential Therapy with Lenvatinib and TACE
5.4 Inhibition of the VEGF-VEGF Receptor (VEGFR) Pathway
5.5 Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
6 Immune Cycle and Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Liver Cancer
6.1 Hot Tumor and Cold Tumor
6.2 Converting Cold Tumors into Immunogenic Hot Tumors
7 The Tumor Microenvironment and Macroenvironment
7.1 Overnutrition and Chronic Inflammation
7.2 Organ-Specific Metastases and Metastatic Niches
7.3 Exosomes as Pre-metastatic Niches
8 Conclusion
References
Metabolic Alterations of Hepatocellular Cancer Stem Cells
1 Introduction
2 Origins and Biomarkers of Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells
3 Metabolic Phenotypes
3.1 Source of Energy
3.1.1 The `Warburg Effect´
3.1.2 Mitochondrial Respiration
3.1.3 Fatty Acid Oxidation
3.2 Lipid Biosynthesis
3.3 Iron Metabolism
4 Alternative Metabolic Routes in Harsh Conditions
5 The Metabolic Interplay Between HCSC and Tumour Microenvironment
6 Conclusions
References
The Role of Senescence in NASH-Related HCC
1 Introduction
2 NAFLD and Its Progression to NASH
3 Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of NASH-Related HCC
4 Senescence in NAFLD and NASH
5 The Involvement of Senescence in NASH-Associated HCC
6 Conclusions
References
Regulators of Genetic Risk for the Progression of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Reconstructio...
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Microarray Data Acquisition
2.2 Hierarchical Clustering Analysis
2.3 Transcriptional Network Inference Derived from Gene Expression Profiles
2.4 Master Regulators and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
2.5 Two-Tailed GSEA and Master Regulator´s Mode of Action
2.6 Flux Metabolic Analysis Using Recon v2.2
2.7 Enrichment Analysis for Genes and Enzymes Altered NALFD-Related HCC
3 Results
3.1 Transcription Factors Identified as Shared Master Regulators in NAFLD, NASH, and HCC Expression Profiles by Array
3.2 Consensus Master Regulators Between Human and Mouse Expression Profiles by Array
3.3 NAFLD-Related HCC Master Regulator´s Mode of Action
3.4 Metabolic Flux Differences Between NAFLD-Related HCC and Normal Models
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Mechanisms and Tumor Microenvironment
2.1 Molecular Mechanisms
2.2 Tumor Microenvironment
2.3 Noncellular Components of Tumor Microenvironment
2.4 Cellular Components of Tumor Microenvironment
2.4.1 Fibroblasts
2.4.2 Tumor-Associated Macrophages
2.4.3 Dendritic Cells
2.4.4 T Lymphocyte
2.4.5 B Lymphocyte
2.5 Therapeutically Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment
3 Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers
3.1 Single-Agent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment
3.2 Combination Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment
4 Biomarker
4.1 dMMR/MSI-H
4.2 PD-L1
4.3 Tumor Mutational Burden
4.4 Other Types of Immunotherapy
5 Conclusions
References
Fibrosis and Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1 Introduction
2 Fibrosis Is a Major Risk Factor
2.1 Key Molecules and Mechanism of Liver Fibrosis Leading to HCC
3 Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
3.1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Novel Immunotherapy Targets
3.2 Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy
3.3 Liver-Directed Therapies in Combination Therapy
4 Conclusion
References
Liver Cancer and the Curative Potential of Nanomedicine
1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1.1 Prevalence and Initiation of HCC
1.2 Treatment of HCC
1.2.1 Immunotherapy for Treatment of Liver Cancer
2 Nanomedicines for Treatment of Liver Cancer
2.1 Viral and Nonviral Systems for Delivery of Nucleic Acids
2.2 Lipid-Based Delivery Systems
2.2.1 Cationic Lipid Nanoparticles
2.2.2 Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery
2.2.3 Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery
2.2.4 Combination of Nucleic Acid Gene Therapy with Small Molecules
2.3 Immunomodulatory Gene Therapy with LNP
3 Approved Nanomedicines and Those at Clinical Trials
4 Conclusion
References
Locoregional Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1 Introduction
2 Classification Systems in HCC
3 Transarterial Embolization (TAE)
4 Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
5 Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE)
6 Ablation
7 Future Directions
8 Conclusions
References
Drug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1 Introduction
2 Classical Pathways and Proteins Involved in HCC Drug Resistance
3 Noncoding RNAs Associated with HCC Drug Resistance
3.1 MicroRNAs Associated with HCC Drug Resistance
3.2 LncRNA Associated with HCC Drug Resistance
3.2.1 LncRNA Associated with HCC Drug Resistance Through ceRNA Mechanism
3.2.2 LncRNAs in HCC Drug Resistance Through Other Mechanisms
3.3 circRNA Associated with HCC Drug Resistance
4 Epigenetics
5 Autophagy
6 Other Mechanisms in HCC Drug Resistance
7 Conclusion
References
Liver Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)
1 Introduction
1.1 General Functions and Blood Flow of the Liver
1.2 Liver Histology and Cell Composition
1.3 Mechanisms That May Explain Immunotherapy Failure in the Liver
2 Data of Immunotherapy Failure in Patients with Liver Metastasis
3 Role of Liver SBRT
4 Data on the Benefit of Adding Liver SBRT to ICI Treatment
5 Conclusions
References
Index