Hematology: Principles and Procedures

✍ Scribed by Barbara A. Brown

• Publisher: Lea & Febiger
• Year: 1993
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 496
• Edition: 6
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Tufts New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. New edition of a Brandon/Hill Allied Health List first -purchase selection. Textbook for medical technology students. Halftone illustrations and color plates. Previous edition 1988. DNLM: Hematologic Diseases - diagnosis laboratory manuals.

✦ Table of Contents

1. • Basic Laboratory Techniques
   COMPOSITION OF BLOOD 1
   UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS 1
   COLLECTION OF BLOOD 2
   Microsample Technique 3
   Venipuncture 7
   Isolation Techniques 11
   ANTICOAGULANTS 12
   THE MICROSCOPE 13
   Operating Procedures 15
   Phase Microscopy 17
   Electron Microscopy 18
   PHOTOMETER/SPECTROPHOTOMETER 18
   Optical Density vs. % Transmittance 20
   Determination of the Wavelength 20
   Preparation of a Curve 20
   CENTRIFUGATION 21
   STATISTICAL TOOLS USED TO EVALUATE LABORATORY TESTING 22
   Quality Control of Test Results 22
   Evaluation of Test Procedures 28
   Determination of Normal Range (Reference Interval) 32
2. • Hematopoiesis
   ORIGIN AND INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD CELLS 36
   CELL STRUCTURE 37
   NORMAL CELL MATURATION 39
   Cytoplasmic Maturation 39
   Nuclear Maturation 39
   Cell Size 39
   Identification of Cells 39
   RED BLOOD CELLS 40
   Erythropoiesis 41
   Hemoglobin Structure and Synthesis , 42
   Function of Hemoglobin 44
   Erythrocyte Membrane 46
   Metabolism of the Red Blood Cell 46
   Breakdown of the Red Blood Cell 47
   Megaloblastic Erythropoiesis 49
   Red Blood Cell Morphology 51
   WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS 57
   Granulocytes 57
   Monocytes 66
   Lymphocytes 70
   Megakaryocytes 77
   White Blood Cell and Platelet Morphology 81
3. • Routine Hematology Procedures
   COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT 83
   HEMOGLOBIN 83
   Cyanmethemoglobin Method 83
   Preparation of a Standard Hemoglobin Curve 84
   Abnormal Hemoglobin Pigments 84
   HEMATOCRIT 85
   Microhematocrit Method 86
   BLOOD CELL COUNTS 87
   Units of Reporting 87
   THE UNOPETTE SYSTEM 88
   WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT 89
   Manual White Blood Cell Count 90
   RED BLOOD CELL COUNT 95
   PREPARATION AND STAINING PROCEDURES FOR THE BLOOD SMEAR 97
   Cover Glass Smears 97
   Wedge Blood Smears 98
   Automated Spun Smear 99
   Buffy Coat Smear 99
   Thick Blood Film 99
   Staining Procedure for Blood Smears 100
   DIFFERENTIAL CELL COUNT 102
   Procedure for Examination of the Stained Blood Smear 102
   RED BLOOD CELL INDICES 105
   Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 106
   Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 106
   Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) 106
   Examples of Red Blood Cell Indices with Corresponding Red Blood Cell 107
   Morphology
   ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE 107
   Westergren Method 108
   Wintrobe and Landsberg Method 109
   RETICULOCYTE COUNT HI
   PLATELET COUNT 116
   EOSINOPHIL COUNT lig
   SICKLE CELL TESTS 121
   Sodium Metabisulfite Method 121
   Solubility Test 122
   Hemocard Hb A and S Procedure 124
4. • Special Hematology Procedures
   SPECIAL STAINING TECHNIQUES
   EXAMINATION OF THE BONE MARROW 127
   Preparation of the Bone Marrow for Study 127
   Examination of Marrow Slides 129
   IRON STAIN (PRUSSIAN BLUE REACTION) 130
   LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE STAIN 132
   PEROXIDASE STAIN 133
   PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF (PAS) REACTION 135
   SUDAN BLACK B STAIN 136
   ACID PHOSPHATASE STAIN (WITH TARTRATE RESISTANCE) 137
   NONSPECIFIC ESTERASE STAIN (WITH FLUORIDE INHIBITION) 139
   CHLOROACETATE ESTERASE STAIN 140
   NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM (NBT) NEUTROPHIL REDUCTION TEST 141
   HEINZ BODY PREPARATION 143
   Stain for Heinz Bodies 144
   Heinz Body Preparation with Acetylphenylhydrazine 144
   BLOOD SMEAR PREPARATION AND EXAMINATION FOR PARASITES 145
   Blood Smear Preparation and Stain 146
   Examination of the Smear for Parasites 148
   HEMOGLOBIN TESTS
   RED CELL ZINC PROTOPORPHYRIN 149
   DETECTION/IDENTIFICATION OF HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES 152
   HEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS BY CELLULOSE ACETATE 153
   CITRATE AGAR GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 157
   HEMOGLOBIN A2 160
   QUANTITATION OF HEMOGLOBIN F 163
   Betke Method of Alkali Denaturation 163
   Singer Method of Alkali Denaturation 164
   Radial Immunodiffusion Procedure for Hemoglobin F 166
   ACID ELUTION TEST 168
   HEMOGLOBIN H PREPARATION 170
   HEAT PRECIPITATION TEST 171
   ISOPROPANOL PRECIPITATION TEST 172
   TESTS FOR HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, RED BLOOD CELL ENZYME DEFICIENCIES
   OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST 174
   OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST WITH INCUBATION 177
   AUTOHEMOLYSIS TEST 179
   ASCORBATE-CYANIDE SCREENING TEST 180
   Jacob and Jandl Method 181
   GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE TEST 182
   PYRUVATE KINASE TEST 184
   GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE TEST 186
   QUANTITATION OF METHEMOGLOBIN 187
   SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN TEST 188
   TESTS FOR PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
   SUGAR WATER SCREENING TEST 192
   SUCROSE HEMOLYSIS TEST 193
   ACID SERUM TEST 195
   Ham Method 195
   MISCELLANEOUS TESTS
   LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (L.E.) PREPARATION 197
   L.E. Cell Technique Using Heparinized Blood 198
   L.E. Cell Technique Using Clotted Blood 199
   SERUM VISCOSITY TEST 199
   REAGENTS 201
5. • CoagoSafion
   HEMOSTASIS AND FIBRINOLYSIS 203
   Outline of Section 203
   Introduction 203
   Coagulation Mechanism 203
   The Coagulation Factors 206
   Fibrinolysis 208
   Limiting Mechanisms of Hemostasis 209
   Primary Hemostasis 210
   COAGULATION SCREENING PROCEDURES 212
   COAGULATION TESTING REQUIREMENTS 212
   SCREENING TESTS
   COAGULATION TIME OF WHOLE BLOOD 215
   Lee and White Method 215
   PROTHROMBIN TIME 216
   ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME 218
   PLASMA RECALCIFICATION TIME 220
   STYPVEN TIME 220
   REPTILASE TIME ' 221
   THROMBIN TIME 222
   PREKALUKREIN (FLETCHER FACTOR) SCREENING TEST 223
   FACTOR XIII SCREENING TEST 224
   FACTOR IDENTIFICATION (PT AND APTT SUBSTITUTION TEST) 225
   ASSAYS
   QUANTITATIVE FIBRINOGEN 226
   FACTOR V (II, VII, X) ASSAY 229
   FACTOR VIII (VIII:C, IX, XI, XII) ASSAY 232
   VONWILLEBRAND FACTOR ANTIGEN 234
   RISTOCETIN COFACTOR ASSAY 237
   HEPARIN (ANTI-XA) ASSAY 239
   TESTS FOR DIC/FIBRINOLYSIS
   FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS 240
   Thrombo-Wellcotest Procedure 241
   D-DIMER TEST FOR FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS 242
   F.S. TEST FOR SOLUBLE FIBRIN MONOMER COMPLEXES 244
   ETHANOL GELATION TEST 246
   PROTAMINE SULFATE 247
   CLOT LYSIS 249
   EUGLOBULIN CLOT LYSIS TIME 249
   TESTS FOR INHIBITORS/ANTICOAGULANTS
   CIRCULATING ANTICOAGULANTS (INHIBITORS) 251
   PLATELET NEUTRALIZATION PROCEDURE 253
   DILUTE RUSSELL VIPER VENOM TEST 254
   INHIBITOR ASSAY 256
   Factor VIII Inhibitor Assay (Bethesda Method) 256
   TESTS FOR THROMBOTIC DISORDERS
   ANTITHROMBIN III 258
   PLASMINOGEN ASSAY 260
   PROTEIN C 261
   Protein C Chromagenic Method 261
   Protein C Clotting Assay 263
   PROTEIN S 264
   ELISA Method 264
   Free Protein S 266
   Protein S Clotting Assay 266
   PLATELET PROCEDURES
   BLEEDING TIME 267
   TOURNIQUET TEST (CAPILLARY FRAGILITY TEST) 270
   CLOT RETRACTION 271
   PLATELET AGGREGATION 271
   PLATELET ADHESIVENESS TEST 274
   Salzman Method 275
   HEPARIN ASSOCIATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA TEST (HATT TEST) 276
   REAGENTS 278
6. • Diseases
   RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS 279
   Introduction to the Anemias 279
   Morphologic Classification of Anemias 281
   Classification of Anemias According to Cause 281
   Disorders Related to Iron and Heme Metabolism 282
   Aplastic Anemia 286
   Pure Red Blood Cell Aplasia 287
   Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias 288
   Megaloblastic Anemias 288
   ANEMIAS RELATED TO OTHER (PRIMARY) DISORDERS 291
   Hemolytic Anemias 293
   WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS 309
   Neutrophil Disorders 309
   The Leukemias 310
   The Myeloproliferative Disorders 317
   The Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) 320
   Infectious Mononucleosis 321
   Malignant Lymphomas 322
   Plasma Cell Disorders 325
   Storage Diseases 328
   Histiocytosis X 328
   PLATELET DISORDERS 329
   Quantitative Disorders 329
   Qualitative Platelet Disorders 332
   VASCULAR DISORDERS 334
   COAGULATION DISORDERS 335
   Coagulation Factor Deficiencies 335
   Circulating Anticoagulants and Inhibitors 340
   Liver Disease 341
   Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 342
   Fibrinolysis 343
   Hypercoagulable States 343
7. • Automation
   CELL COUNTERS 345
   Sysmex™ E-5000 345
   Sysmex™ NE-8000 34g
   Sysmex™ Total Hematology System (HS) 355
   Coulter Counter Analyzers 355
   Technicon H™ Systems 3gg
   Cell-Dyn 3000/3000 SL 375
   BLOOD SMEAR PREPARATION AND STAINING 379
   Miniprep® Automatic Blood Smearing Instrument 379
   Hemaspinner Automatic Blood Cell Spinner 381
   Hemastainer Automatic Slide Stainer 381
   Hema-Tek 1000 Slide Stainer 383
   Hema-Tek 2000 Slide Stainer 384
   RETICULOCYTE TESTING 386
   Sysmex R-1000 386
   ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION TESTING 390
   Automated ESR System 3g0
   COULTER Zetafuge™ 3gi
   COAGULATION TESTING 393
   Fibrosystem® (Fibrometer®) 393
   Coag-A-Mate XC 396
   Coag-A-Mate XM 398
   Coag-A-Mate 2001 401
   Coag-A-Mate Dual Channel Analyzer 401
   Coag-A-Mate X2 404
   MDA-180 406
   MLA Electra® 750 408
   MLA Electra® 800 408
   MLA Electra® 900/900C 411
   MLA Electra® 1000C 413
   KoaguLab 40-A Automated Coagulation System 414
   KoaguLab 16-S Coagulation System 416
   Ortho KoaguLab 60 S 417
   ACL 3000 419
   PLATELET AGGREGOMETRY AND CHROMOGENIC TESTING 422
   Bio/Data Platelet Aggregation Profiler Model PAP-4 422
   Bio/Data Platelet Aggregation Profiler PAP-4C 424
   Bibliography 427
   Index 435