Contents
Introduction
What is geography?
Thinking geographically
Geography in action
1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
What is physical geography?
Earthβs history and geological time
Earthβs structure
Moving plates and boundaries
Shifting continents
Earthquakes and tsunamis
Mountain building
Volcanoes and hot springs
Physical map of the world
Rocks and minerals
Igneous rocks
Weathering and erosion
Sedimentary rocks and fossils
Metamorphic rocks
The rock cycle
Soil
Mountain streams
Rivers
Ice ages
Glacial erosion
Glacial deposition
Coastal erosion
Coastal deposition
Erosion in deserts
The atmosphere
Seasons
Climate zones
The hydrological cycle
Global winds
Ocean currents
Weather systems
Weather forecasting
Cloud and fog
Precipitation
Hurricanes and tornadoes
Biomes
Distribution of species
Ecosystems
Tropical grasslands and rain forests
Deserts
Temperate forests and grasslands
Boreal forests and tundra
Oceans and seas map
Oceans, seas, and lakes
2 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
What is human geography?
Where people live
Demography
Migration
Population change
Human settlements
Cities
Megacities
Rural settlements
Urbanization
The spread of cultures
Health
Economic activity
Food and farming
Extracting fossil fuels
Manufacturing industry
The service industry
Tourism
Transportation and distribution
Technology
Uneven development
Globalization
Urban housing
Human impact
Pollution
The changing landscape
Deforestation
Climate change
Preservation and conservation
Managing natural hazards
Sources of energy
Sustainability
Plastic pollution
Big geographical issues
Global and local interdependence
Food security
Water security
Conflict and resolution
3 PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY
What is practical geography?
Continents and oceans
Countries and nations
Political map of the world
Capitals and major cities
Hemispheres and latitude
Longitude, time zones, and coordinates
Distance and relative distance
Geopolitics
Types of maps
How a map works
Globes
Topographic maps
Atlases
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Fieldwork
Quantitative data
Qualitative data
Graphicacy
Using photography
Geographical inquiry
Glossary
Index
Acknowledgments