Heat and Thermodynamics

✍ Scribed by M. W. Zemansky, Richard H. Dittman

• Publisher: McGraw-Hill College
• Year: 1996
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 510
• Edition: 7
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This respected text deals with large-scale, easily known thermal phenomena and then proceeds to small-scale, less accessible phenomena. The wide range of mathematics used in Dittman and Zemansky's text simultaneously challenges students who have completed a course in impartial differential calculus without alienating those students who have only taken a calculus-based general physics course. Examples of calculations are presented shortly after important formulas are derived. Students see the solutions of problems related to the formulas. Actual thermodynamic experiments are explained in detail. The student sees the applicability of abstract thermodynamic concepts and formulas to real situations.

✦ Table of Contents

Front cover
Title page
Date-line
Dedication
About the authors
CONTENTS
Preface
Notation
Part I Fundamental Concepts
1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1.1 Macroscopic Point of View
1.2 Microscopic Point of View
1.3 Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Points of View
1.4 Scope of Thermodynamics
1.5 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law
1.6 Concept of Temperature
1.7 Thermometers and Measurement of Temperature
1.8 Comparison of Thermometers
1.9 Gas Thermometer
1.10 Ideal-Gas Temperature
1.11 Celsius Temperature Scale
1.12 Platinum Resistance Thermometry
1.13 Radiation Thermometry
1.14 Vapor Pressure Thermometry
1.15 Thermocouple
1.16 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
1.17 Rankine and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales
2 Simple Thermodynamic Systems
2.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
2.2 Equation of State
2.3 Hydrostatic Systems
2.4 Mathematical Theorems
2.5 Stretched Wire
2.6 Surfaces
2.7 Electrochemical Cell
2.8 Dielectric Slab
2.9 Paramagnetic Rod
2.10 Intensive and Extensive Coordinates
3 Work
3.1 Work
3.2 Quasi-Static Process
3.3 Work in Changing the Volume of a Hydrostatic System
3.4 $PV$ Diagram
3.5 Hydrostatic Work Depends on the Path
3.6 Calculation of $int P dV$ for Quasi-Static Processes
3.7 Work in Changing the Length of a Wire
3.8 Work in Changing the Area of a Surface Film
3.9 Work in Moving Charge with an Electrochemical Cell
3.10 Work in Changing the Total Polarization of a Dielectric Solid
3.11 Work in Changing the Total Magnetization of a Paramagnetic Solid
3.12 Generalized Work
3.13 Composite Systems
4 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics
4.1 Work and Heat
4.2 Adiabatic Work
4.3 Internal-Energy Function
4.4 Mathematical Formulation of the First Law
4.5 Concept of Heat
4.6 Differential Form of the First Law
4.7 Heat Capacity and its Measurement
4.8 Specific Heat of Water; the Calorie
4.9 Equations for a Hydrostatic System
4.10 Quasi-Static Flow of Heat; Heat Reservoir
4.11 Heat Conduction
4.12 Thermal Conductivity and its Measurement
4.13 Heat Convection
4.14 Thermal Radiation; Blackbody
4.15 Kirchhoff's Law; Radiated Heat
4.16 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
5 Ideal Gas
5.1 Equation of State of a Gas
5.2 Internal Energy of a Real Gas
5.3 Ideal Gas
5.4 Experimental Determination of Heat Capacities
5.5 Quasi-Static Adiabatic Process
5.6 Ruchhardt's Method of Measuring $gamma$
5.7 Velocity of a Longitudinal Wave
5.8 The Microscopic Point of View
5.9 Kinetic Theory of the Ideal Gas
6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.1 Conversion of Work into Heat and Vice Versa
6.2 The Gasoline Engine
6.3 The Diesel Engine
6.4 The Steam Engine
6.5 The Stirling Engine
6.6 Heat Engine; Kelvin-Planck Statement of the Second Law
6.7 Refrigerator; Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
6.8 Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
6.9 Reversibility and Irreversibility
6.10 External Mechanical Irreversibility
6.11 Internal Mechanical Irreversiblity
6.12 External and Internal Thermal Irreversibility
6.13 Chemical Irreversibility
6.14 Conditions for Reversibility
7 The Carnot Cycle and the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
7.1 Carnot Cycle
7.2 Examples of Carnot Cycles
7.3 Carnot Refrigerator
7.4 Carnot's Theorem and Corollary
7.5 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
7.6 Absolute Zero and Carnot Efficiency
7.7 Equality of Ideal-Gas and Thermodynamic Temperatures
8 Entropy
8.1 Reversible Part of the Second Law
8.2 Entropy
8.3 Principle of Caratheodory
8.4 Entropy of the Ideal Gas
8.5 $TS$ Diagram
8.6 Entropy and Reversibility
8.7 Entropy and Irreversibility
8.8 Irreversible Part of the Second Law
8.9 Heat and Entropy in Irreversible Processes
8.10 Entropy and Nonequilibrium States
8.11 Principle of Increase of Entropy
8.12 Application of the Entropy Principle
8.13 Entropy and Disorder
8.14 Exact Differentials
9 Pure Substances
9.1 $PV$ Diagram for a Pure Substance
9.2 $PT$ Diagram for a Pure Substance; Phase Diagram
9.3 $PVT$ Surface
9.4 Equations of State
9.5 Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
9.6 Volume Expansivity; Cubic Expansion Coefficient
9.7 Compressibility
9.8 Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume
9.9 $TS$ Diagram for a Pure Substance
10 Mathematical Methods
10.1 Characteristic Functions
10.2 Enthalpy
10.3 Helmholtz and Gibbs Functions
10.4 Two Mathematical Theorems
10.5 Maxwell's Relations
10.6 $T dS$ Equations
10.7 Internal-Energy Equations
10.8 Heat-Capacity Equations
11 Open Systems
11.1 Joule-Thomson Expansion
11.2 Liquefaction of Gases by the Joule-Thomson Expansion
11.3 First-Order Phase Transitions; Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
11.4 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation and Phase Diagrams
11.5 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation and the Carnot Engine
11.6 Chemical Potential
11.7 Open Hydrostatic Systems in Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Part II Applications of Fundamental Concepts
12 Statistical Mechanics
12.1 Fundamental Principles
12.2 Equilibrium Distribution
12.3 Significance of Lagrangian Multipliers $lambda$ and $beta$
12.4 Partition Function for Canonical Ensemble
12.5 Partition Function of an Ideal Monatomic Gas
12.6 Equipartition of Energy
12.7 Distribution of Speeds in an Ideal Monatomic Gas
12.8 Statistical Interpretation of Work and Heat
12.9 Entropy and Information
13 Thermal Properties of Solids
13.1 Statistical Mechanics of a Nonmetallic Crystal
13.2 Frequency Spectrum of Crystals
13.3 Thermal Properties of Nonmetals
13.4 Thermal Properties of Metals
14 Critical Phenomena; Higher-Order Phase Transitions
14.1 Critical State
14.2 Critical-Point Exponents of a Hydrostatic System
14.3 Critical-Point Exponents of a Magnetic System
14.4 Higher-Order Phase Transitions
14.5 Lambda Transitions in $^4$He
14.6 Liquid and Solid Helium
15 Chemical Equilibrium
15.1 Dalton's Law
15.2 Semipermeable Membrane
15.3 Gibbs' Theorem
15.4 Entropy of a Mixture of Inert Ideal Gases
15.5 Gibbs Function of a Mixture of Inert Ideal Gases
15.6 Chemical Equilibrium
15.7 Thermodynamic Description of Nonequilibrium States
15.8 Conditions for Chemical Equilibrium
15.9 Condition for Mechanical Stability
15.10 Thermodynamic Equations for a Phase
15.11 Chemical Potentials
15.12 Degree of Reaction
15.13 Equation of Reaction Equilibrium
16 Ideal-Gas Reactions
16.1 Law of Mass Action
16.2 Experimental Determination of Equilibrium Constants
16.3 Heat of Reaction
16.4 Nernst's Equation
16.5 Affinity
16.6 Displacement of Equilibrium
16.7 Heat Capacity of Reacting Gases in Equilibrium
17 Heterogeneous Systems
17.1 Thermodynamic Equations for a Heterogeneous System
17.2 Phase Rule without Chemical Reaction
17.3 Simple Applications of the Phase Rule
17.4 Phase Rule with Chemical Reaction
17.5 Determination of the Number of Components
17.6 Displacement of Equilibrium
Appendices
A Physical Constants
B Method of Lagrangian Multipliers
C Evaluation of the Integral $intlimits_0^infty e^{-ax^2} dx$
D Riemann Zeta Functions
E Thermodynamic Definitions and Formulas
Bibliography
Answers to Selected Problems
Index
Back cover

✦ Subjects

Physics