Health Program Planning and Evaluation: A Practical, Systematic Approach for Community Health

✍ Scribed by L Michele Issel; Rebecca Wells

• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 457
• Edition: 4
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Selected by Doody's Review Services as one of Doody's Core Titles in Public Health, Health Program Planning and Evaluation, Fourth Edition carefully walks the reader through the process for developing, implementing, and evaluating successful community health promotion programs. Featuring reader-friendly, accessible language and practical tools and concepts, this outstanding resource prepares students and professionals to become savvy consumers of evaluation reports and prudent users of evaluation consultants.

The Fourth Edition reflects the major changes in the field of community health with updated examples and references throughout.
New to this Edition:
-Introduction of the concept of root causes as social determinants.
-A comprehensive description of how each target setting option relates to the corresponding level of the health impact pyramid.
-More information on informatics and big data as related to program planning and monitoring
-A discussion of photos and video as modes of data collection.
-A reinforcement of informatics, photos and big data as useful in program evaluation
-Current terminology of first and second order coding of qualitative data.

The following is a list of chapter specific major, substantive revisions evident in the 4th edition, beyond general updating of references:
-Combined Chapters 3 and 4 in order to tighten and shorten the content. Only currently used planning tools will be presented, and greater content on workforce planning will be added. We will increase the emphasis asset-based and strengths based approaches to assessment and planning. We will also discuss the relevance of the ACA to community assessment.
-Chapter 4: Introduce the concept of root causes as social determinants.
-Chapter 8: Provide a strong description of how each target setting option relates to the corresponding level of the health impact pyramid.
-Move Chapter 9 into Section III Health Program Development, and revise wording to reflect that the information is part of the development phase.
- Chapter 10: increase the content on informatics and big data as related to program planning and monitoring. Revise the exhibit to show the budge on an excel sheet.
- Chapter 11: include discussion of photos and video as modes of data collection.
- Chapter 15: reinforce informatics, photos and big data as useful in program evaluation
- Chapter 16: revise to reflect current terminology of first and second order coding of qualitative data. We will also frame case study as a mixed method rather than a strictly qualitative method

✦ Table of Contents

Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Exhibits
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
SECTION I The Context of Health Program Development
CHAPTER 1 Context of Health Program Development and Evaluation
History and Context
Concept of Health
Health Programs, Projects, and Services
History of Health Program Planning and Evaluation
Evaluation as a Profession
Who Does Planning and Evaluations?
Roles of Evaluators
Planning and Evaluation Cycle
Interdependent and Cyclic Nature of Planning and Evaluation
Using Evaluation Results as the Cyclical Link
Program Life Cycle
The Fuzzy Aspects of Planning
Paradoxes
Assumptions
Uncertainty, Ambiguity, Risk, and Control
Introduction to the Types of Evaluation
Mandated and Voluntary Evaluations
When Not to Evaluate
The Public Health Pyramid
Use of the Public Health Pyramid in Program Planning and Evaluation
The Public Health Pyramid as an Ecological Model
The Town of Layetteville in Bowe County
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 2 Relevance of Diversity and Disparities to Health Programs
Health Disparities
Diversity and Health Disparities
Diversity and Health Programs
Measurement
Interventions
Influences of Sociocultural Diversity on Interventions
Influences of Biological Diversity on Interventions
Approaches to Developing Programs
Profession and Provider Diversity
The Three Health Provider Sectors
Diversity Within Healthcare Organizations and Programs
Organizational Culture
Cultural Competency Continuum
Enhancing Cultural Competency
Stakeholders and Coalitions
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions
Internet Resources
References
SECTION II Defining the Health Problem
CHAPTER 3 Community Health Assessment for Program Planning
Defining Community
Community as Context and Intended Recipient
Defining Terms: Based, Focused, and Driven
Types of Needs
Types of Strengths
Approaches to Planning
Incremental Approach
Apolitical Approach
Advocacy Approach
Communication Action Approach
Comprehensive Rational Approach
Strategic Planning Approach
Summary of Approaches
Models for Planning Public Health Programs
Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership (MAPP)
Community Health Improvement Process (CHIP)
Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health (PACE-EH)
In Summary
Perspectives on Assessment
Epidemiological Perspective
Public Health Perspective
Social Perspective
Asset Perspective
Rapid Perspective
Types of Assessments
Organizational Assessment
Marketing Assessment
Needs Assessment
Community Health Assessment
Workforce Assessment
Steps in Planning and Conducting the Assessment
Form and Develop the Team
Create a Vision
Involve Community Members
Define the Population
Define the Problem to Be Assessed
Investigate
Prioritize
Make a Decision
Implement and Continue
Anticipate Data-Related and Methodological Issues
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 4 Characterizing and Defining the Health Problem
Collecting Data From Multiple Sources
Public Data
Primary Data
Observational Data
Archival Data
Proprietary Data
Published Literature
Data Beyond Street Lamp
Collecting Descriptive Data
Magnitude of the Problem
Dynamics Leading to the Problem
Population Characteristics
Attitudes and Behaviors
Years of Life and Quality of Life
Statistics for Describing Health Problems
Descriptive Statistics
Geographic Information Systems: Mapping
Small Numbers and Small Areas
Epidemiology Rates
Stating the Health Problem
Diagramming the Health Problem
Writing a Causal Theory of the Health Problem
Prioritizing Health Problems
Nominal Group Technique
Basic Priority Rating System
Propriety, Economics, Acceptability, Resources, and Legality (PEARL) Component
Prioritizing Based on Importance and Changeability
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
SECTION III Health Program Development and Planning
CHAPTER 5 Program Theory and Interventions Revealed
Program Theory
Process Theory
Effect Theory
Interventions
Finding and Identifying Interventions
Types of Interventions
Specifying Intervention Administration and Dosage
Interventions and Program Components
Characteristics of Good Interventions
Path to Program Outcomes and Impacts
Components of the Effect Theory
Matching Levels: Audience, Cause, Intervention, and Effects
Generating the Effect Theory
Involve Key Stakeholders
Draw Upon the Scientific Literature
Diagram the Causal Chain of Events
Check Against Assumptions
Functions of Program Theory
Provide Guidance
Enable Explanations
Form a Basis for Communication
Make a Scientific Contribution
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 6 Program Objectives and Setting Targets
Program Goals and Objectives
Goals
Foci of Objectives
Objectives and Indicators
Good Goals and Objectives
Using Data to Set Target Values
Decisional Framework for Setting Target Values
Stratification and Object Target Values
Use of Logic Statements to Develop Targets
Options for Calculating Target Values
Caveats to the Goal-Oriented Approach
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
SECTION IV Implementing and Monitoring the Health Program
CHAPTER 7 Process Theory for Program Implementation
Organizational Plan Inputs
Human Resources
Physical Resources
Transportation
Informational Resources
Time
Managerial Resources
Fiscal Resources
Organizational Plan Outputs
Time Line
Operations Manual
Organizational Chart
Information System
Inputs to Service Utilization Plan
Social Marketing
Eligibility Screening
Queuing
Intervention Delivery
Services Utilization Plan Outputs
Summary: Elements of Organizational and Services Utilization Plans
Alternative Plan Formats
Logic Models
Business Plans
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 8 Monitoring Implementation Through Budgets and Information Systems
Budgets and Budgeting
Budgeting Terminology
Budgeting as Part of Planning
Monetize and Compute Program Costs
Budget for Start-Up and Evaluation Costs
Break-Even Analysis
Budget Justification
Budget as a Monitoring Tool
Budget Variance
Types of Cost Analyses
Information Systems
Health Informatics Terminology
Information Systems Considerations
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 9 Implementation Evaluation: Measuring Inputs and Outputs
Assessing the Implementation
Implementation Documentation
Implementation Assessment
Implementation Evaluation
Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Efficiency
Data Collection Methods
Quantifying Inputs to the Organizational Plan
Human Resources
Physical Resources
Quantifying Outputs of the Organizational Plan
Information Systems
Monetary Resources
Quantifying Inputs to the Services Utilization Plan
Participants and Recipients
Intervention Delivery and Fidelity
Quantifying Outputs of the Services Utilization Plan
Coverage as Program Reach
Participant-Related Issues
Program Logistics
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 10 Program Quality and Fidelity: Managerial and Contextual Considerations
The Accountability Context
Program Accountability
Professional Accountability
Performance and Quality: Navigating the Interface
Quality Improvement Approaches
Quality Improvement Tools
Relevance to Health Programs
Performance Measurement
Informatics and Information Technology
Creating Change for Quality and Fidelity
Interpreting Implementation Data
Maintaining Program Process Quality and Fidelity
Managing Group Processes for Quality and Fidelity
When and What Not to Change
Formative Evaluations
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions
Internet Resources
References
SECTION V Outcome and Impact Evaluation of Health Programs
CHAPTER 11 Planning the Intervention Effect Evaluations
Developing the Evaluation Questions
Characteristics of the Right Question
Outcome Documentation, Outcome Assessment, and Outcome Evaluation
Evaluation and Research
Rigor in Evaluation
Variables from the Program Effect Theory
Outcome and Impact Dependent Variables
Causal Factors as Independent Variables
Antecedent, Moderating, and Mediating Factors as Variables
Measurement Considerations
Units of Observation
Types of Variables (Levels of Measurement)
Timing
Sensitivity of Measures
Threats to Data Quality
Missing Data
Reliability Concerns
Validity of Measures
Contextual Considerations in Planning the Evaluation
Evaluation Standards
Ethics
Stakeholders
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 12 Choosing Designs for Effect Evaluations
Evaluation Design Caveats
Considerations in Choosing a Design
Using Designs Derived from Multiple Paradigms: An Example
Choosing the Evaluation Design
Identifying Design Options
Overview of the Decision Tree
Designs for Outcome Documentation
Designs for Outcome Assessment: Establishing Association
Designs for Outcome Evaluation: Establishing Causation
Practical Issues with Experimental Designs
Designs and Failures
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 13 Sampling Designs and Data Sources for Effect Evaluations
Sampling Realities
Sample Construction
Hard-to-Reach Populations
Sample Size
Calculating Response Rates
Sampling for Effect Evaluations
Sampling for Outcome Assessment
Sampling for Outcome Evaluation
Data Collection Methods
Surveys and Questionnaires
Secondary Data
Big Data
Physical Data
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 14 Quantitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
Data Entry and Management
Outliers
Linked Data
Sample Description
Thinking About Change
Change as a Difference Score
Issues with Quantifying Change from the Program
Relationship of Change to Intervention Effort
Clinical and Statistical Significance
Across Levels of Analysis
Statistical Answers to the Questions
Description
Comparison
Association
Prediction
Interpretation
Four Fallacies of Interpretation
Ecological Fallacy
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
CHAPTER 15 Qualitative Methods for Planning and Evaluation
Qualitative Methods Throughout the Planning and Evaluation Cycle
Qualitative Methods
Individual In-Depth Interview
Written Open-Ended Questions
Focus Group
Observation
Data Collection
Case Study
Innovative Methods
Scientific Rigor
Sampling for Qualitative Methods
Analysis of Qualitative Data
Overview of Analytic Process
Software
Issues to Consider
Presentation of Findings
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
SECTION VI Additional Considerations for Evaluators
CHAPTER 16 Program Evaluators’ Responsibilities
Ethical Responsibilities
Ethics and Planning
Institutional Review Board Approval and Informed Consent
Ethics and Evaluation
HIPAA and Evaluations
Responsible Spin of Data and Information
Persuasion and Information
Information and Sensemaking
Reporting Responsibly
Report Writing
Making Recommendations
Misuse of Evaluations
Responsible Contracts
Organization–Evaluator Relationship
Health Policy
Responsible for Evaluation Quality
Responsible for Dissemination
Responsible for Current Practice
Across the Pyramid
Discussion Questions and Activities
Internet Resources
References
Index