Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors: Second Edition

✍ Scribed by Daniel T. Ingersoll, Mario D. Carelli

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 612
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors, Second Edition is a fully updated comprehensive reference on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which reflects the latest research and technological advances in the field from the last five years. Editors Daniel T. Ingersoll and Mario D. Carelli, along with their team of expert contributors, combine their wealth of collective experience to update this comprehensive handbook that provides the reader with all required knowledge on SMRs, expanding on the rapidly growing interest and development of SMRs around the globe. This book begins with an introduction to SMRs for power generation, an overview of international developments, and an analysis of Integral Pressurized Water Reactors as a popular class of SMRs. The second part of the book is dedicated to SMR technologies, including physics, components, I&C, human-system interfaces and safety aspects. Part three discusses the implementation of SMRs, covering economic factors, construction methods, hybrid energy systems and licensing considerations. The fourth part of the book provides an in-depth analysis of SMR R&D and deployment of SMRs within eight countries, including the United States, Republic of Korea, Russia, China, Argentina, and Japan. This edition includes brand new content on the United Kingdom and Canada, where interests in SMRs have increased considerably since the first edition was published. The final part of the book adds a new analysis of the global SMR market and concludes with a perspective on SMR benefits to developing economies. This authoritative and practical handbook benefits engineers, designers, operators, and regulators working in nuclear energy, as well as academics and graduate students researching nuclear reactor technologies. Presents the latest research on SMR technologies and global developments Includes new case study chapters on the United Kingdom and Canada and a chapter on global SMR markets Discusses new technologies such as floating SMRs and molten salt SMRs

✦ Table of Contents

Front-Matter_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Front matter
Copyright_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Dedication
Contributors_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Contributors
Preface_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Preface
Introduction_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Introduction
1---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs--for-producin_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
Fundamentals of small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs)
Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: An introduction
Introduction
Defining SMRs
Strategy for development of SMRs
Evolution of SMRs
Incentives and challenges for achieving commercial deployment success
Incentives
Reduction of initial investment and associated financial risk
Improved match to smaller electric power grids
Challenges
Sufficient reduction of financial risk
Projected LUEC
Fuel cycle compatibility with facilities and strategy
Overview of different types of SMRs
Reactor mission
Operational reliability
Economic implications of SMR technologies
Public health and safety
Potential energy release
Mitigation of the release of fission products
LOCA and decay heat removal
The current status of SMRs
Future trends
Conclusion
Sources of further information and advice
Appendix: Nomenclature
References
2---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs--for-producing-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modu
Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: International developments
Introduction
Water-cooled reactors
Argentina: Central Argentina de Elementos Modulares design
Peoples Republic of China: ACP-100 design
France: Flexblue design
Republic of Korea: SMART design
Russian Federation: KLT-40S design
Russian Federation: RITM-200 design
Russian Federation: VK-300 design
United States and Japan: BWRX-300 design
United States: NuScale design
United States: SMR-160 design
Gas-cooled reactors
Peoples Republic of China: HTR-PM design
Russian Federation: GT-MHR design
United States: EM2 design
United States: Xe-100 design
Liquid metal-cooled reactors
Japan: 4S design
Russian Federation: SVBR-100 design
United States: PRISM design
Molten-salt-cooled reactors
Canada: IMSR design
United States: KP-FHR design
United States: LFTR design
Future trends
Sources of further information
References
3---Integral-pressurized-water-reactors--iPWRs--f_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
Integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs) for producing nuclear energy: A new paradigm
Introduction
The imperatives for nuclear power
The integral pressurized-water reactor (iPWR)
The evolution of iPWR design
Addressing the safety imperative
Satisfying the economic competitiveness imperative
Future trends
Conclusion
3.8 Sources of further information and advice
References
4---Core-and-fuel-technologies-in-integral-pressurized-water-react_2021_Hand
Core and fuel technologies in integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)This manuscript has been authored b ...
Introduction
Safety design criteria
Fuel burnup
Reactivity coefficients
Power distribution
Shutdown margin
Maximum reactivity insertion rate
Power stability
Design features to achieve the criteria
Setting the enrichment of the fissile material
BPs
In-core fuel management
Summary of the design process
Integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) design specifics
Fuel designs in the smaller cores
Use of control rods and BPs to control reactivity
Core loading
Other design considerations
Conclusion
References
5---Key-reactor-system-components-in-integral-pressurized-wa_2021_Handbook-o
Key reactor system components in integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)This submission was written by t ...
Introduction
Integral components
Pressure vessel and flange
Reactor coolant system piping
Pressurizer, heaters, spray valve, pressurizer relief tank and baffle plate
Pumps
Riser
Steam generator(s) and tube sheets
Control rods and reactivity control
Control rod drive mechanisms
Automatic depressurization system valves
Relief valves
Core basket, core barrel, core baffle
Instrumentation
Connected system components
Chemical and volume control system
Residual heat removal and auxiliary feedwater system
Emergency core cooling system and refueling water storage tank
External pool
Control room habitability equipment
Diesel generators and electrical distribution
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
6---Instrumentation-and-control-technologies-f_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
Instrumentation and control technologies for small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Major components of an IandC system
Safety system instrumentation and controls
General requirements for safety system IandC
Safety system pressure transmitters
Safety system level transmitters
Safety system temperature devices
Safety system flow transmitters
Safety system power/flux devices
NSSS control systems instrumentation
General requirements for NSSS control system IandC
NSSS pressure transmitters
NSSS level transmitters
NSSS temperature devices
NSSS flow transmitters
BOP instrumentation
Diagnostics and prognostics
Processing electronics
Cabling
Future trends and challenges
Licensing challenges in advanced SMR design
Overview
Use of probabilistic risk (safety) assessments in licensing iPWRs
Advances in safety system end-state architecture through simplification
Protection against common cause failure in iPWR IandC design
Safety classification of passive nuclear power plant electrical systems
Cybersecurity for iPWRs
Safety system instrumentation: Old versus new
Instrumentation in nonsafety systems
Wireless versus wired solutions
Conclusion
References
7---Human-system-interfaces-in-small-modul_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nu
Human-system interfaces in small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Human-system interfaces for small modular reactors
Hardware features
Software criteria
Functional criteria
The state of HSI technology in existing nuclear power plants
Advanced HSIs and the human factors challenges
Purpose and objectives of advanced HSIs
Human factors challenges of HSIs
Differences in the treatment of HSIs in the nuclear industry
How to identify and select advanced HSIs: Five dimensions
Dimension 1: The human factors context
Dimension 2: Technology characteristics
Technical characteristics
Context of use
Dimension 3: Operational requirements
Dimension 4: The organizational context
Dimension 5: The regulatory context
Operational domains of HSIs
Control and monitoring centers
Main control room
Multimodule control rooms
LCSs
Materials and waste fuel handling
Outage control center
Emergency operating facility
Technical support center
HSI technology classification
Interaction modalities
Visual interfaces
Large screen displays
Wearable displays
3D displays
Auditory interfaces
Control devices and mechanical interaction
Hybrid interfaces for multimodal interaction
Gesture interaction
Haptic interaction
Brain interaction
Intelligent and adaptive HSIs
HSI architecture and functions
Implementation and design strategies
Integration of human factors engineering in systems engineering
Regulatory requirements
Standards and design guidance
Design considerations
Future trends
Conclusion
References
8---Safety-of-integral-pressurized-water-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc
Safety of integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)
Introduction
Key features of SMR/iPWRs relevant for safety
Chapter overview
Approaches to safety: Active, passive, inherent safety and safety by design
Testing of SMR components and systems
IRIS SPES3 facility
NuScale integral system test (NIST)
SMART integral test loop (SMART-ITL) facility
BandW integrated system test (IST) facility
Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA)/probabilistic safety assessment (PSA)
Defense in depth (DID)
Improved probabilistic safety indicators
PRA-guided design
Use of PRA/PSA to support eliminating off-site emergency planning zone (EPZ) for SMRs
Seismic isolators
Safety challenges of iPWR SMRs
Security as it relates to safety
Future trends
References
9---Proliferation-resistance-and-physical-protect_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
Proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP) in small modular reactors (SMRs)*
Introduction
Definitions of PRandPP for small modular reactors (SMRs)
The importance of PRandPP for SMRs
Methods of analysis
The basic evaluation approach
Definition of challenges
System response and outcomes
System element identification
Target identification and categorization
Pathway identification and refinement
Estimation of measures
Proliferation resistance
Physical protection
Outcomes
Pathway comparison
System assessment and presentation of results
Steps in the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) evaluation process
Main activities D and M: Defining the work and managing the process (steps 1, 2, 4, and 9)
Step 1: Frame the evaluation clearly and concisely (activity D)
Step 2: Form a study team that provides the required expertise (activity M)
Step 4: Develop a plan describing the approach and desired results (activity M)
Step 9: Commission peer reviews (activity M)
Main activity P: Performing the work (steps 3, 5, 6, and 7)
Step 3: Decompose the problem into manageable elements (main activity P)
Step 5: Collect and validate input data (main activity P)
Step 6: Perform analysis (main activity P)
Step 7: Integrate results for presentation (main activity P)
Step 8: Write the report (main activity R)
Lessons learned from performing proliferation resistance and physical protection (PRandPP)
Example sodium fast reactor (ESFR) case study
Insights from interaction with GIF System Steering Committees (SSCs)
Physical security
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
10---Economics-and-financing-of-small-modu_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nu
Economics and financing of small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Basic definitions and concepts
Construction cost estimation
Investment and risk factors
Reduced up-front investment and business risk diversification
Control of construction lead times and costs
Control over market risk
Capital costs and economy of scale
Capital costs and multiple units
Learning
Co-siting economies
Capital costs and size-specific factors
Modularization
Design factor
Competitiveness of multiple small modular reactors (SMRs) versus large reactors
Deterministic scenarios
Introducing uncertainty in the economic analysis
SMRs and operating costs
Conclusion: the economy of multiples Competitiveness of SMRs versus other generation technologies External factors Future trends 10.10 Sources of further information and advice References 11---Licensing-of-small-modular-react_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear Licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs) Introduction US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs): An example Alternatives for SMR licensing Use of deterministic or risk-informed approaches for licensing SMRs SMR-specific licensing and policy issues Control room staffing Security requirements Source term for SMRs Emergency planning Multiple-module licensing Manufacturing license Timeliness of SMR licensing Mitigation of licensing risk Non-LWR advanced reactor SMR licensing Industry codes and standards to support SMR licensing International strategy and framework for SMR licensing Development of international codes and standards International harmonization of licensing processes and practices The international transfer of a reactor module certification Master Facility License International certification of SMRs International cooperation to assess worldwide operating data Conclusion References 12---Construction-methods-for-small-modul_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc Construction methods for small modular reactors (SMRs) Introduction Economic development Limitations with existing technologies Understanding the opportunity Challenges for industry: step or incremental change? Options for manufacturing Volume and profile of sales build-up The flowline Role of standardisation Component sizing Component fabrication Additive manufacture Benefits of ALM Electron beam melting (EBM) Shaped metal deposition (SMD) Cladding Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) Advanced joining techniques Coatings systems Supply chain implications Deployment Modularity: addressing schedule and cost risk International perspective Power plant critical path Deployment model: in service Conclusion Reference 13---Hybrid-energy-systems-using-small-modul_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular- Hybrid energy systems using small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) Introduction Definition of a ``hybrid´´ energy system Key features of SMRs Principles of HESs Potential nuclear architectures System efficiency through ``load-dynamic´´ operation Evaluating the merit of proposed hybrid system architectures Technical feasibility Overall system economics Environmental impacts Production reliability System resiliency and sustainability System security Overall public or political acceptance The when, why, and how of SMR hybridization Emerging electricity markets Overview of SMR concepts considered for hybrid application System siting and resource integration Nuclear-renewable integration Coupling reactor thermal output to nonelectric applications General considerations Overview of process heat applications Hydrogen production Natural gas or coal to gasoline via methanol production Coal and natural gas-to-diesel production via Fischer-Tropsch Ammonia production Water desalination Steam-assisted gravity drainage Oil shale Olefins via methanol production Hybrid configuration selection and optimization Future trends Steady-state and dynamic system modeling and simulation Component, subsystem, and integrated system testing Acknowledgments References 14---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-c_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Argentina Introduction Small modular reactor (SMR) research and development in Argentina Development of research reactors Development of heavy water reactors Development of iPWRs Integrated pressurized water reactor: CAREM CAREM 25 design CAREM developments Post-Fukushima actions Deployment of SMRs in Argentina Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 15---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Canada Introduction Canadas SMR strategy SMR Roadmap Case study: Province of Ontario Case study: Province of New Brunswick SMR markets and potential applications in Canada On-grid applications for electricity Heavy industry Mining Oil sands extraction Remote communities Other potential applications Floating power stations and icebreakers Military bases Summary of potential Canadian applications for SMRs Canadian regulatory framework Support for development and deployment Supply chain readiness CNLs SMR demonstration siting initiative RandD support Future trends Greenhouse gas emissions in Canada and Canadas targets for 2030 and 2050 Future trends in the power generation industry Conclusion Acknowledgments References 16---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of China Introduction SMRs in the Peoples Republic (PR) of China: HTR-200 Introduction of HTR-200 Technical aspects Main design parameters Engineered safety feature plan Testing and verification SMRs in PR of China: ACP100 Introduction of ACP100 Technical aspects Main design parameters General layout of the plant Nuclear steam supply system Engineered safety feature plan Role of passive safety design features Level 1: Prevention of abnormal operation and failure Level 2: Control of abnormal operation and detection of failure Level 3: Control of accidents within the design basis Level 4: Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of con ... Level 5: Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials Post-Fukushima actions Testing and verification Deployment of SMRs in PR of China HTR-200 ACP100 Licensing Site selection Future trends Acknowledgments References 17---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Japan Introduction Small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) RandD in Japan SMR RandD in the 1980s and 1990s SMR RandD after 2000 SMR technologies in Japan IMR CCR DMS GTHTR300 4S Deployment of SMRs in Japan Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 18---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular- Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the Republic of Korea Introduction Korean integral pressurized-water reactor: System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor Chronicles of the SMART RandD program Design characteristics of the SMART Reactor coolant system Reactor vessel assembly Fuel assembly and core Steam generator cassette Reactor coolant pump Engineered safety features Nuclear safety SMART safety design principles Description of SMART safety systems Instrumentation and controls system and control rooms SMART technology verification Thermohydraulic test Critical heat flux tests Two-phase critical flow test with a non-condensable gas Integral effect test Major components performance test Development of other small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) programs in the Republic of Korea BANDI-60S (KEPCO EandC) Overview Future plan Technical data Block-type arrangement of reactor coolant system Soluble boron-free design and operation In-vessel control element drive mechanism Passive safety systems REX-10 (SNU) Overview Future plans Technical data PGSFR (KAERI) Overview Future plan Technical data VHTR (KAERI) Overview Future plan MMR (KAIST) Overview Future plan Technical data MINERVA (UNIST) Overview Acknowledgment References Further reading 19---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Russia Introduction OKBM Afrikantov small modular reactor (SMR) projects being deployed and developed in Russia SMRs being developed by Joint Stock Company (JSC) NIKIET in Russia SMR projects developed by JSC AKME Engineering in Russia Deployment of SMRs in Russia Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information References 20---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-cas_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-N Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the United Kingdom Introduction History of nuclear power development in the United Kingdom Strategic requirements and background to UK interest in modular reactors UK RandD activities to support modular reactor development Nuclear innovation program Advanced manufacturing and materials Advanced fuels Recycle and waste management Reactor design Strategic toolkit and facilities AMR competition U-Battery USNC MMR DBD HTR-PM Advanced reactor concept ARC-100 SFR LeadCold LFR (SEALER-UK) Westinghouse LFR Moltex stable salt reactor (SSR) MSR Tokamak energy spherical tokamak Additional activities Nuclear innovation and advisory board (NIRAB) UKSMR funding Fusion Enabling regulation Future role of SMRs/AMRs in low-carbon energy generation Role in a low-carbon economy Domestic heating Grid balancing frequency response and inertia Industrial heat applications Conclusions Appendix 20.1 Appendix 20.2 NIRAB recommendations References 21---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case-o_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the United States of America Introduction Near-term SMR activities in United States DOE-NE LTS program Additional DOE-NE LW-SMR support NuScale design description Holtec SMR-160 design description Longer-term activities: US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) small modular reactor (SMR) RandD ... DOE-NE ART RandD program A-SMR development related RandD program A-SMR concept evaluations DOE-NE GAIN program and A-SMRs DOE-NE Nuclear Energy University Program and A-SMRs DOE-NE National Reactor Innovation Center DOE-NE RandD efforts related to development of microreactors DOE-ARPA-E RandD for modeling and simulation of innovative technologies for advanced reactors Future trends References 22---Small-modular-reactor--SMR--adoption--Opport_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Mod Small modular reactor (SMR) adoption: Opportunities and challenges for emerging markets Introduction SMR market deployment potential Global market assessments Deployment potential with SMR indicators SMR deployment conditions and regional energy aims Recent climate goals and initiatives Implications of the COP21 Paris agreement and 2030 UN sustainable development goals on nuclear energy utilization Country use of nuclear in carbon mitigation plans Relevance of SMRs in climate goals, access to energy, and economic development Disruptive change: A closer look at global shifts and SMR options The role of SMRs in connection to global energy demands Pathways with advanced nuclear technologies including SMRs and microreactors SMR integration with renewables in distributed and hybrid energy systems including storage Challenges and opportunities Fuel requirements and the transport of nuclear fuel and modules Remote operations and security Used fuel storage Decommissioning and decontamination Financing Cost competitiveness Policies in the changing playing field Nuclear plant construction Economies of production Sociopolitical and related environmental considerations Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References 23---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular- Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of developing countries Introduction Measuring development Trade-offs of small modular reactors (SMRs) in developing countries Characteristics of developing countries that make deployment of SMRs viable The increasing importance of the information economy Water precarity or scarcity The high cost of grid power compared to the developed world Energy infrastructure weakness The growth of megacities Sociological public-acceptance factors SMR choices in developing countries Technology lock-in and decarbonization Sustainable energy choices and the role of debt Energy resource-rich countries Financing and the effect of external policy preferences Obstacles and innovations The role of standardization of technology and licensing Utilization of regional mechanisms Inclusion rather thanexceptionalism
A proposed approach
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z