Handbook of Rare Earth Elements: Analytics

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 420
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The Handbook of Rare Earth Elements focuses on the essential role of modern instrumental analytics in the recycling, purification and analysis of rare earth elements. Due to their numerous applications, e.g. in novel magnetic materials for computer hardware, mobile phones and displays, rare earth elements have become a strategic and valuable resource. The detailed knowledge of rare earth element contents at every step of their life cycle is of great importance.

This reference work was compiled with contribution from an international team of expert authors from Academia and Industry to presend a comprehensive discussion on the state-of-the-art of rare earth element analysis for industrial and scientific purposes, recycling processes and purification of REEs from various sources.

Written with Analytical Chemists, Inorganic Chemists, Spectroscopists as well as Industry Practitioners in mind, the Handbook of Rare Earth Elements is an indispensable reference for everyone working with rare earth elements.

• Compiled by an international team of authors from academia and industry.
• Indispensable reference for everyone working with Rare Earth Elements.
  

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
List of Contributing Authors
1. Introduction
References
2. Analytics of Rare Earth Elements – Basics and Methods
2.1 Electronic configurations of RE elements and analytical properties
2.1.1 Chemistry of Ln3+ ions
2.1.2 Chemistry of Ln2+ and Ln4+ ions
2.2 The development of rare earth analytics from 1940 to present
2.2.1 Determination methods applied during the period from 1940 to 1960
2.2.2 Separation methods applied during the period 1940–1960
2.2.3 RE analysis during the period 1960–1980
2.2.4 Literature review 1978
2.2.5 Situation of RE analytics from 1980 to present
References
3. Separation/Preconcentration Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chemical separation techniques for REEs
3.2.1 Precipitation/coprecipitation
3.3 Liquid–liquid extraction
3.3.1 Affecting factors for LLE of REEs
3.3.2 Extractants for REEs
3.3.3 Extractant concentration and extraction equilibrium constant
3.3.4 Medium pH
3.3.5 Salting-out agent
3.3.6 Extraction systems for REEs and their application
3.4 Liquid phase microextraction
3.4.1 Operation modes and mechanism
3.4.2 Single-drop microextraction
3.4.3 Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction
3.4.4 Two-phase HF-LPME
3.4.5 Three-phase HF-LPME
3.4.6 Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
3.4.7 Solidified floating organic drop microextraction
3.4.8 Affecting factors in LPME
3.4.9 Cloud point extraction
3.5 Solid phase extraction
3.5.1 Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide
3.5.2 Silica-based materials
3.5.3 Chelating resin and ionic-exchange resin
3.5.4 Metal oxide nanostructured materials
3.5.5 Ion-imprinted materials
3.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
3.5.7 Restricted access materials
3.5.8 Capillary microextraction
References
4. Chromatographic Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Liquid chromatography
4.2.1 Ion-exchange chromatography
4.2.2 Ion chromatography
4.2.3 Reverse-phase ion pair chromatography (RPIPC)
4.2.4 Extraction chromatography
4.2.5 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Paper chromatography (PC)
4.3 Gas chromatography
4.4 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
4.4.1 Basic knowledge and principle
4.4.2 Influencing factors on CE separation
4.4.3 Applications in REEs analysis
4.5 Supercritical fluid chromatography
References
5. Analysis and Speciation of Lanthanoides by ICP-MS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of ICP-MS
5.2.1 Sample preparation
5.2.2 Sample introduction
5.2.3 The ion source
5.2.4 Interface
5.2.5 Lens system
5.2.6 Mass analyzers
5.2.7 Detector and computer
5.3 Analytical figures of merit
5.4 Speciation of Gd-based contrast agents
5.5 Analysis of Gd-based contrast agents in medical samples
5.6 Analysis of Gd-based contrast agents in environmental samples
5.7 Summary and outlook
References
6. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for Rare Earth Elements Analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Spectral interference
6.1.2 Matrix effect
6.1.3 Acid effect
6.1.4 Sensitivity-enhancing effect of organic solvent
6.2 Sample introduction for ICP
6.2.1 Pneumatic nebulization and ultrasonic nebulization
6.2.2 Flow injection
6.2.3 Laser ablation
6.2.4 Electrothermal vaporization
6.3 ETV-ICP-OES for REE analysis
6.3.1 Fluorination-assisted (F)ETV-ICP-OES for REEs analysis
6.3.2 Low-temperature ETV-ICP-OES for REEs analysis
6.4 Application of ICP-OES in the analysis of high-purity REE, alloys and ores
6.4.1 High-purity REE analysis by ICP-OES
6.4.2 REE ores analysis by ICP-OES
6.4.3 Trace REE analysis by ICP-OES in alloys
References
7. Application of Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Determination of Rare Earth Elements inMetals and Alloys
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Spark emission spectrometry basics
7.3 Setup of a spark emission spectrometer
7.3.1 Argon supply
7.3.2 Spark stand
7.3.3 Spectrometer optical system
7.3.4 Spark generator
7.3.5 Power supply
7.3.6 Operation and evaluation PC
7.4 The analysis process
7.5 Quantitative analysis
7.5.1 Calibration and recalibration
7.5.2 Evaluation of calibration and analysis results
7.6 Using spark emission spectrometry
7.7 Analysing rare earths using spark emission spectrometry
7.7.1 Industrial use of rare earths
7.7.2 Spectrometric prerequisites
7.7.3 Calibration samples
7.8 Analysis of aluminium alloys
7.8.1 Calibration (analysis function) and accuracy
7.8.2 Detection limits
7.8.3 Repeatability
7.9 Analysis of magnesium alloys
7.9.1 Calibration (analysis function) and accuracy
7.9.2 Detection limits
7.9.3 Repeatability
7.10 Analysis of iron alloys
7.10.1 Calibration (analysis function) and accuracy
7.10.2 Detection limits
7.10.3 Repeatability
7.10.4 Long-term stability
7.11 Analysis of zinc alloys
7.11.1 Calibration (analysis function) and accuracy
7.11.2 Detection limits
7.11.3 Repeatability
7.12 Conclusion
References
8. Use of X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for the Determination of Rare Earth Elements
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Principle of X-ray fluorescence analysis
8.3 XRF methods
8.3.1 Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis
8.3.2 Wavelength-dispersive X-ray analysis
8.3.3 Comparison of EDXRF–WDXRF
8.3.4 Other XRF techniques
8.4 Sample preparation
8.4.1 Pressed pellets techniques
8.4.2 Fusion technology
8.4.3 Additional sample preparation techniques
8.5 Practical application of REEs determination
8.5.1 Reference materials
8.5.2 Measuring parameters
8.5.3 Analyte lines
8.5.4 Lower limit of detection (LLD)
8.6 Calibration
8.6.1 Other calibration strategies mentioned in literature
8.7 Summary
References
9. Neutron Activation Analysis of the Rare Earth Elements (REE) – With Emphasis on Geological Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles of neutron activation: activation equation, cross sections
9.3 Equipment
9.3.1 Neutron sources
9.3.2 The counting system
9.4 Practical considerations
9.4.1 Instrumental versus radiochemical NAA
9.4.2 Samples and standards
9.4.3 Counting strategies
9.4.4 Radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) – a fast separation scheme
9.4.5 Data reduction and sources of error
9.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
10. Automated Quantitative Rare Earth Elements Mineralogy by Scanning Electron Microscopy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Quantitative mineralogy
10.3 Scanning electron microscopy
10.4 SEM-based automated quantitative mineralogy
10.4.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy
10.4.2 Mineral Liberation Analyser
10.4.3 Tescan-Integrated Mineral Analyser
10.4.4 ZEISS Mineralogic Mining
10.5 Quantitative REE mineralogy
10.6 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
11. Novel Applications of Lanthanoides as Analytical or Diagnostic Tools in the Life Sciences by ICP-MS-based Techniques
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bio-conjugation of biomolecules
11.2.1 Fundamentals
11.2.2 Bio-conjugation of antibodies
11.3 Applications
11.3.1 Development of identification and quantification strategies for DNA, peptides and proteins in mass spectrometry
11.3.2 Analytical and diagnostic applications of lanthanoides
11.4 Outlook
References
12. Lanthanoides in Glass and Glass Ceramics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature survey of rare earth chemical analysis in glass
12.2.1 Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)
12.2.2 Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-AES)
12.2.3 ICP-MS analysis of solutions
12.2.4 X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF)
12.3 Analytical methods for the determination of main components of glass (except lanthanoides)
12.4 Preparation of sample solutions for glass analysis by ICP-OES
12.4.1 Hydrofluoric acid digestion
12.4.2 Melt digestion
12.5 ICP-OES analysis of rare earth elements
12.6 Analysis of special optical glass
12.7 Analysis of glass by topochemical analysis
References
13. Analysis of Rare Earth Elements in Rock and Mineral Samples by ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Technical development
13.3 Physical and chemical effects on concentration and isotope ratio determination
13.4 Determination of REE concentrations
13.4.1 Sample preparation
13.4.2 Quantification
13.5 Determination of isotope ratios by multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS
13.5.1 Solution-MC-ICP-MS
13.5.2 LA-MC-ICP-MS
13.6 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
14. Recycling of Rare Earth Elements
14.1 Recycling of rare earth elements
14.2 Recycling from fluorescent lamp scraps
14.2.1 Starting material
14.2.2 Solid-state chlorination
14.2.3 Optimization of the solid-state chlorination
14.2.4 Recycling process
14.2.5 Summary
14.3 RE metal recycling from Fe14Nd2Bmagnets
14.3.1 Starting material
14.3.2 Preliminary tests
14.3.3 Optimization of the solid-state chlorination
14.3.4 Recycling process
14.3.5 Summary
References
Index