Handbook of Power System Engineering

✍ Scribed by Yoshihide Hase

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
• Year: 2007
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 577
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Maintaining the reliable and efficient generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power is of the utmost importance in a world where electricity is the inevitable means of energy acquisition, transportation, and utilization, and the principle mode of communicating media. Our modern society is entirely dependent on electricity, so problems involving the continuous delivery of power can lead to the disruption and breakdown of vital economic and social infrastructures.

This book brings together comprehensive technical information on power system engineering, covering the fundamental theory of power systems and their components, and the related analytical approaches.

Key features:

• Presents detailed theoretical explanations of simple power systems as an accessible basis for understanding the larger, more complex power systems.
• Examines widely the theory, practices and implementation of several power sub-systems such as generating plants, over-head transmission lines and power cable lines, sub-stations, including over-voltage protection, insulation coordination as well as power systems control and protection.
• Discusses steady-state and transient phenomena from basic power-frequency range to lightning- and switching-surge ranges, including system faults, wave-form distortion and lower-order harmonic resonance.
• Explains the dynamics of generators and power systems through essential mathematical equations, with many numerical examples.
• Analyses the historical progression of power system engineering, in particular the descriptive methods of electrical circuits for power systems.

Written by an author with a wealth of experience in the field, both in industry and academia, the Handbook of Power System Engineering provides a single reference work for practicing engineers, researchers and those working in industry that want to gain knowledge of all aspects of power systems. It is also valuable for advanced students taking courses or modules in power system engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Handbook of Power System Engineering......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 22
Acknowledgements......Page 24
About the author......Page 26
Introduction......Page 28
1.1.1 Three-phase single circuit line without overhead grounding wire......Page 30
1.1.2 Three-phase single circuit line with OGW, OPGW......Page 37
1.1.3 Three-phase double circuit line with LR constants......Page 38
1.2.1 Stray capacitance of three-phase single circuit line......Page 39
1.2.3 Three-phase double circuit line......Page 45
1.3 Supplement: Additional Explanation for Equation 1.27......Page 46
Coffee break 1: Electricity, its substance and methodology......Page 48
2.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Components......Page 50
2.2.1 Definition......Page 52
2.2.2 Implication of symmetrical components......Page 54
2.3 Conversion of Three-phase Circuit into Symmetrical Coordinated Circuit......Page 55
2.4.1 Single circuit line with LR constants......Page 57
2.4.2 Double circuit line with LR constants......Page 59
2.4.3 Single circuit line with stray capacitance C......Page 62
2.4.4 Double circuit line with C constants......Page 65
2.5.1 Typical line constants......Page 67
2.5.2 L, C constant values derived from typical travelling-wave velocity and surge impedance......Page 69
2.6.1 Simplified symmetrical equations......Page 70
2.6.2 Reactance of generator......Page 72
2.7 Description of Three-phase Load Circuit by Symmetrical Components......Page 73
3.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Coordinate Method......Page 74
3.2 Line-to-ground Fault (Phase a to Ground Fault: 1fG)......Page 75
3.2.1 Condition before the fault......Page 76
3.2.3 Voltages and currents at virtual terminal point f in the 0–1–2 domain......Page 77
3.2.4 Voltages and currents at an arbitrary point under fault conditions......Page 78
3.2.5 Fault under no-load conditions......Page 79
3.4.1 Single phase (phase a) conductor opening......Page 80
3.4.2 Two-phases (phase b, c) conductor opening......Page 86
Coffee break 2: Dawn of the world of electricity, from Coulomb to Ampe`re and Ohm......Page 87
4.1.1 Definition and meaning......Page 90
4.1.2 Transformation process of double circuit line......Page 92
4.2.1 Transformation of typical two-phase circuits......Page 94
4.2.2 Transformation of double circuit line......Page 96
4.3 Fault Analysis of Double Circuit Line (General Process)......Page 98
4.4.1 Line-to-ground fault (1fG) on one side circuit......Page 99
4.5.1 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phases b and c line-to-line faults at point f......Page 102
4.5.2 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phase line-to-ground fault at point f (method 1)......Page 103
4.5.3 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phase b line-to-ground fault at point f (method 2)......Page 104
4.6.1 Circuit condition before fault......Page 106
4.6.2 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phase b line-to-ground fault at different points f, F......Page 109
4.6.3 Various double circuit faults at different points......Page 110
5.1 Fundamental Concept of the PU Method......Page 112
5.1.1 PU method of single phase circuit......Page 113
5.1.2 Unitization of a single phase three-winding transformer and its equivalent circuit......Page 114
5.2.1 Base quantities by PU method for three-phase circuits......Page 118
5.2.2 Unitization of three-phase circuit equations......Page 119
5.3.1 f f D-connected three-phase transformer......Page 120
5.3.4 Various winding methods and the effect of delta windings......Page 126
5.3.5 Harmonic frequency voltages/currents in the 0–1–2 domain......Page 129
5.4 Base Quantity Modification of Unitized Impedance......Page 130
5.5 Autotransformer......Page 131
5.6 Numerical Example to Find the Unitized Symmetrical Equivalent Circuit......Page 133
5.7 Supplement: Transformation from Equation 5.18 to Equation 5.19......Page 143
Coffee break 3: Faraday and Henry, the discoverers of the principle of electric energy application......Page 145
6.1 Definition ofa–b–0 Coordinate Method (a–b–0 Components)......Page 148
6.2 Interrelation Betweena–b–0 Components and Symmetrical Components......Page 149
6.2.1 The transformation of arbitrary waveform quantities......Page 151
6.2.2 Interrelation betweena–b–0 and symmetrical components......Page 152
6.3 Circuit Equation and Impedance by thea–b–0 Coordinate Method......Page 154
6.4.1 Single circuit transmission line......Page 155
6.4.2 Double circuit transmission line......Page 156
6.4.3 Generator......Page 158
6.4.4 Transformer impedances and load impedances in the a–b–0 domain......Page 159
6.5.1 The b–c phase line to ground fault......Page 160
6.5.3 Open-conductor mode faults......Page 162
7.1 The Symbolic Method and its Application to Transient Phenomena......Page 164
7.2 Transient Analysis by Symmetrical anda–b–0 Components......Page 166
7.3 Comparison of Transient Analysis by Symmetrical anda–b–0 Components......Page 167
Coffee break 4: Weber and other pioneers......Page 170
8.1 Comparison of Neutral Grounding Methods......Page 172
8.2 Overvoltages on the Unfaulted Phases Caused by a Line-to-ground Fault......Page 177
8.3 Possibility of Voltage Resonance......Page 178
8.4 Supplement: Arc-suppression Coil (Petersen Coil) Neutral Grounded Method......Page 179
9.1 Three-phase Fault: 3fS, 3fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System)......Page 180
9.2 Phase b–c Fault: 2fS (for Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System)......Page 181
9.3 Phase a to Ground Fault: 1fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System)......Page 184
9.4 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System)......Page 186
9.5 Phase a Line-to-ground Fault: 1fG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System)......Page 189
9.6 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2fG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System)......Page 191
Coffee break 5: Maxwell, the greatest scientist of the nineteenth century......Page 193
10.1.1 The fundamental model......Page 198
10.1.2 Fundamental three-phase circuit equations......Page 200
10.1.3 Characteristics of inductances in the equations......Page 202
10.2.1 Definition of d–q–0 method......Page 206
10.2.3 Characteristics of d–q–0 domain quantities......Page 208
10.3.1 Transformation of generator equations to d–q–0 domain......Page 210
10.3.2 Unitization of generator d–q–0 domain equations......Page 213
10.3.3 Introduction of d–q–0 domain equivalent circuits......Page 217
10.4 Generator Operating Characteristics and it’s Vector Diagrams on d-and q-axes plain......Page 219
10.5.1 Initial condition just before sudden change......Page 223
10.5.2 Assorted d-axis and q-axis reactances for transient phenomena......Page 224
10.6 Symmetrical Equivalent Circuits of Generators......Page 225
10.6.1 Positive-sequence circuit......Page 226
10.6.2 Negative-sequence circuit......Page 228
10.7.1 Laplace-transformed equations......Page 231
10.10 Supplement 1: The Equations of the Rational Function and Their Transformation into Expanded Sub-sequential Fractional Equations......Page 235
10.9.1 Transient fault current by sudden three-phase terminal fault under no-load condition......Page 240
10.11.1 Calculation of Equationrk1; k2; k3; k4 ffd; k4 ffd......Page 241
10.12 Supplement 3: The Formulae of the Laplace Transform......Page 243
11.1.1 Definition of apparent power......Page 244
11.2 Apparent Power of a Three-phase Circuit in the 0–1–2 Domain......Page 246
11.3 Apparent Power in the d–q–0 Domain......Page 249
Coffee break 6: Hertz, the discoverer and inventor of radio waves......Page 251
12.1 Generating Power and the P–d and Q–d Curves......Page 252
12.2.1 Equivalency between one-machine to infinite-bus system and two-machine system......Page 255
12.2.2 Apparent power of a generator......Page 256
12.2.3 Power transfer limit of a generator (steady-state stability)......Page 257
12.2.4 Visual description of generator’s apparent power transfer limit......Page 258
12.3 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 12.17......Page 260
13.1.1 Mutual relation between mechanical input power and electrical output power......Page 262
13.2.1 Dynamic characteristics of the generator (kinetic motion equation)......Page 264
13.2.3 Speed governors, the rotating speed control equipment for generators......Page 266
Coffee break 7: Heaviside, the great benefactor of electrical engineering......Page 270
14.1.2 Transient-state stability......Page 274
14.2 Mechanical Acceleration Equation for the Two-generator System, and Disturbance Response......Page 275
14.3 Transient Stability and Dynamic Stability (Case Study)......Page 276
14.3.1 Transient stability......Page 277
14.3.2 Dynamic stability......Page 278
14.4 Four-terminal Circuit and the P–d Curve under Fault Conditions......Page 279
14.4.1 Circuit 1......Page 280
14.4.2 Circuit 2......Page 281
14.4.3 Trial calculation under assumption of x1 ¼x2 ¼x; x 01 ¼x 02 ¼x 0......Page 282
14.5.1 Apparent power at sending terminal and receiving terminal......Page 283
14.5.2 Voltage sensitivity by small disturbanceDP,DQ......Page 284
14.5.3 Circle diagram of apparent power......Page 285
14.5.4 P–Q–V characteristics, and P–V and Q–V curves......Page 286
14.5.5 P–Q–V characteristics and voltage instability phenomena......Page 287
14.7 Supplement 2: Derivation of Equation 14.30 from Equation 14.18s......Page 291
15.1.1 Inherent transfer function of generator......Page 292
15.1.2 Transfer function of generator þ load......Page 294
15.2 Duties of AVR and Transfer Function of Generator þ AVR......Page 296
15.3.1 Introduction of s functions for AVR þ exciter þ generator þ load......Page 299
15.3.2 Generator operational limit and its p–q coordinate expression......Page 301
15.4 Transmission Line Charging by Generator with AVR......Page 303
15.5 Supplement 1: Derivation of Equation 15.9 from Equations 15.7 and 15.8......Page 304
15.6 Supplement 2: Derivation of Equation 15.10 from Equations 15.8 and 15.9......Page 305
Coffee break 8: The symbolic method by complex numbers and Arthur Kennelly, the prominent pioneer......Page 306
16.1 General Equations of Generators in Terms of p–q Coordinates......Page 308
16.2.1 Rating items and capability curve of the generator......Page 311
16.2.2 Generator’s locus in the p–q coordinate plane under various operating conditions......Page 314
16.3.1 Generator as reactive power generator......Page 316
16.3.2 Overheating of stator core end by leading power-factor operation (low excitation)......Page 318
16.3.3 UEL (under-excitation limit) protection by AVR......Page 321
16.4.1 Reactive power distribution for multiple generators and cross-current control......Page 322
16.4.2 P–f control and V–Q control......Page 324
16.5.1 Features of large generators today......Page 325
16.5.2 The thermal generator: smaller I2-withstanding capability......Page 326
16.5.3 Rotor overheating caused by d.c. and higher harmonic currents......Page 328
16.5.4 Transient torsional twisting torque of TG coupled shaft......Page 331
16.6.1 Steam turbine (ST) unit for thermal generation......Page 334
16.6.2 Combined cycle system with gas/steam turbines......Page 335
16.6.3 ST unit for nuclear generation......Page 338
16.7 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 16.14......Page 339
17.1 Protective Relays, Their Mission and Classification......Page 342
17.1.2 Classification of major relays......Page 343
17.2.1 Fundamental function of directional distance relays......Page 344
17.2.2 R–X coordinates and their relation to P–Q coordinates and p–q coordinates......Page 345
17.2.3 Characteristics of DZ-Rys......Page 346
17.3.1 Operation of DZ(S)-Ry for phase b–c line-to-line fault ð2fS Þ......Page 347
17.3.2 Response of DZ(G)-Ry to phase a line-to-ground fault ð1fG Þ......Page 350
17.4.1 R–X locus under stable and unstable conditions......Page 354
17.4.2 Step-out detection and trip-lock of DZ-Rys......Page 357
17.5 Impedance Locus under Faults with Load Flow Conditions......Page 358
17.6.1 Loss of excitation detection......Page 359
17.7.2 The locus for the case k: constant,d:0 to 360......Page 361
17.8 Supplement 2: The Drawing Method for_Z ¼1=ð1=_A þ1=_B Þ of Equation 17.24......Page 363
Coffee break 9: Steinmetz, prominent benefactor of circuit theory and high-voltage technology......Page 364
18.1.1 Waveform equation of a transmission line (overhead line and cable) and the image of a travelling wave......Page 368
18.1.2 The general solution for voltage and current by Laplace transforms......Page 374
18.1.3 Four-terminal network equation between two arbitrary points......Page 375
18.1.4 Examination of line constants......Page 377
18.2 Approximation of Distributed-constants Circuit and Accuracy of Concentrated-constants Circuit......Page 378
18.3.1 Incident, transmitted and reflected waves at a transition point......Page 380
18.3.2 Behaviour of voltage and current travelling waves at typical transition points......Page 381
18.4 Behaviour of Travelling Waves at a Lightning-strike Point......Page 383
18.5.1 Surge impedance of three-phase line......Page 385
18.5.2 Surge analysis by symmetrical coordinates (lightning strike on phase a conductor)......Page 386
18.6 Line-to-ground and Line-to-line Travelling Waves......Page 387
18.7.1 The reflection lattice......Page 390
18.8 Supplement 1: General Solution Equation 18.10 for Differential Equation 18.9......Page 391
18.9 Supplement 2: Derivation of Equation 18.19 from Equation 18.18......Page 392
19.1.1 Calculation of fault current tripping (single phase circuit)......Page 394
19.1.2 Calculation of current tripping (double power source circuit)......Page 398
19.2 Calculation of Transient Recovery Voltages Across a Breaker’s Three Poles by 3fS Fault Tripping......Page 403
19.2.1 Recovery voltage appearing at the first phase (pole) tripping......Page 404
19.2.2 Transient recovery voltage across a breaker’s three poles by 3fS fault tripping......Page 406
19.3.1 Fundamental concept of breakers......Page 413
19.3.2 Terminology of switching phenomena and breaker tripping capability......Page 414
19.4.1 Short-circuit current (lagging power-factor current) tripping......Page 416
19.4.2 Leading power-factor small-current tripping......Page 418
19.4.4 Current chopping phenomena by tripping small current with lagging power factor......Page 423
19.4.6 Current-zero missing......Page 425
19.5.1 Principles of overvoltage caused by breaker closing......Page 426
19.6.1 Resistive tripping and closing......Page 428
19.6.2 Overvoltage phenomena caused by tripping of breaker with resistive tripping mechanism......Page 430
19.6.3 Overvoltage phenomena caused by closing of breaker with resistive closing mechanism......Page 432
19.7 Switching Surge Caused by Line Switches (Disconnecting Switches)......Page 435
19.7.1 LS switching surge: the mechanism appearing......Page 436
19.9 Supplement 2: Calculation of the Coefficients k1 k6 of Equation 19.17......Page 437
Coffee break 10: Fortescue’s symmetrical components......Page 438
20.2.1 Ferranti effect......Page 440
20.2.2 Self-excitation of a generator......Page 442
20.2.3 Sudden load tripping or load failure......Page 443
20.3.1 Broad-area resonant phenomena lower order frequency resonance)......Page 444
20.3.2 Local area resonant phenomena......Page 446
20.4 Switching Surges......Page 448
20.4.1 Overvoltages caused by breaker closing (breaker closing surge)......Page 449
20.5 Overvoltage Phenomena by Lightning Strikes......Page 450
20.5.2 Direct strike on OGW or tower structure (inverse flashover)......Page 451
20.5.3 Induced strokes (electrostatic induced strokes, electromagnetic induced strokes)......Page 452
21.1.1 Conduction and insulation......Page 454
21.1.2 Classification of overvoltages......Page 455
21.2.2 Specific principles of insulation strength and breakdown......Page 460
21.3 Countermeasures on Transmission Lines to Reduce Overvoltages and Flashover......Page 461
21.3.1 Countermeasures......Page 462
21.4.1 Surge protection by metal–oxide surge arresters......Page 465
21.4.2 Separation effects of station arresters......Page 470
21.4.3 Station protection by OGWs, and grounding resistance reduction......Page 472
21.5.1 Definition and some principal matters of standards......Page 475
21.5.2 Insulation configuration......Page 476
21.5.3 Insulation withstanding level and BIL, BSL......Page 478
21.5.5 Comparison of insulation levels for systems under and over 245 kV......Page 479
21.6.1 Electrostatic transfer surge voltage......Page 485
21.6.2 Generator protection against transfer surge voltages through transformer......Page 493
21.7.2 Transient oscillatory voltages caused by incident surge......Page 494
21.7.3 Reduction of internal oscillatory voltages......Page 499
21.8 Oil-filled Transformers Versus Gas-filled Transformers......Page 500
21.9 Supplement: Proof that Equation 21.21 is the solution of Equation 21.20......Page 502
Coffee break 11: Edith Clarke, the prominent woman electrician......Page 503
22.1.1 Classification of waveform distortion......Page 504
22.1.2 Causes of waveform distortion......Page 506
22.2.1 Introduction of transient current equation......Page 507
22.2.2 Evaluation of the transient fault current......Page 510
22.2.3 Waveform distortion and protective relays......Page 513
23.1.1 Classification......Page 514
23.1.2 Unique features and requirements of power cables......Page 517
23.2.1 Inductances of cables......Page 520
23.2.2 Capacitance and surge impedance of cables......Page 524
23.3.1 Role of metallic sheath and outer covering......Page 527
23.3.2 Metallic sheath earthing methods......Page 528
23.4.1 Cross-bonding method......Page 529
23.4.2 Surge voltage analysis on the cable sheath circuit and jointing boxes......Page 530
23.5.1 Surge voltages at the cable connecting point m......Page 533
23.5.2 Surge voltages at the cable terminal end point n......Page 535
23.6.1 Overvoltage behaviour on cable line caused by lightning surge from overhead line......Page 536
23.6.2 Switching surges arising on cable line......Page 537
23.7 Surge Voltages at Cable End Terminal Connected to GIS......Page 538
Coffee break 12: Park’s equations, the birth of the d–q–0 method......Page 541
24.1 On-load Tap-changing Transformer (LTC Transformer)......Page 542
24.2 Phase-shifting Transformer......Page 544
24.2.1 Introduction of fundamental equations......Page 545
24.2.2 Application for loop circuit line......Page 547
24.3.1 Woodbridge winding transformer......Page 548
24.4 Neutral Grounding Transformer......Page 551
24.5.1 Cases......Page 553
Coffee break 13: Power system engineering and insulation coordination......Page 558
APPENDIX A – MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE......Page 560
APPENDIX B – MATRIX EQUATION FORMULAE......Page 562
ANALYTICAL METHODS INDEX......Page 568
COMPONENTS INDEX......Page 570
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 574

✦ Subjects

Топливно-энергетический комплекс;Электрические системы и сети;