Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

✍ Scribed by Michael Coey, Stuart S.P. Parkin

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1714
• Series: Springer Nature Reference
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This handbook presents a comprehensive survey of magnetism and magnetic materials. The dramatic advances in information technology and electromagnetic engineering make it necessary to systematically review the approved key knowledge and summarize the state of the art in this vast field within one seminal reference work. The book thus delivers up-to-date and well-structured information on a wealth of topics encompassing all fundamental aspects of the underlying physics and materials science, as well as advanced experimental methodology and applications. It features coverage of the host of fascinating and complex phenomena that arise from the use of magnetic fields in e.g. chemistry and biology. 

Edited by two internationally renowned scholars and featuring authored chapters from leading experts in the field, Springer’s Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials is an invaluable source of essential reference information for a broad audience of students, researchers, and magnetism professionals.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I Fundamentals
1 History of Magnetism and Basic Concepts
Contents
Introduction
Early History
The Compass
The Emergence of Modern Science
The Electromagnetic Revolution [9]
Magnetostatics and Classical Electrodynamics
The Earth's Magnetic Field
The Properties of Ferromagnets
Magnetism of the Electron
The Demise of Classical Physics
Magnetic Phenomenology
Micromagnetism
Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Oxides
Intermetallic Compounds
Model Systems
Amorphous Magnets
Magnetic Fine Particles
Magnetic Recording
Methods of Investigation
Materials Preparation
Experimental Methods
Computational Methods
Spin Electronics
Conclusion
Appendix: Units
References
2 Magnetic Exchange Interactions
Contents
Introduction
Quantum-Mechanical Origin of Exchange
One-Electron Wave Functions
Electron-Electron Interactions
Stoner Limit
Correlations
Heisenberg Model
Hubbard Model
Specific Exchange Mechanisms
Intra-Atomic Exchange
Indirect Exchange
Itinerant Exchange
Bethe-Slater Curve
Metallic Correlations and Kondo Effect
Exchange and Spin Structure
Curie Temperature
Magnetic Order and Noncollinearity
Spin Waves and Anisotropic Exchange
Experimental Methods
Antiferromagnetic Spin Chains
Dimensionality Dependence of Quantum Antiferromagnetism
Frustration, Spin Liquids, and Spin Ice
References
3 Anisotropy and Crystal Field
Contents
Introduction
Phenomenology of Anisotropy
Lowest-Order Anisotropies
Anisotropy and Crystal Structure
Tetragonal, Hexagonal, and Trigonal Anisotropies
Higher-Order Anisotropy Effects
Anisotropy Measurements
Crystal-Field Theory
One-Electron Crystal-Field Splitting
Crystal-Field Expansion
Many-Electron Ions
Spin-Orbit Coupling and Quenching
Rare-Earth Anisotropy
Rare-Earth Ions
Operator Equivalents
Single-Ion Anisotropy
Temperature Dependence
Transition-Metal Anisotropy
Perturbation Theory
Spin-Orbit Matrix Elements
Crystal Fields and Band Structure
Itinerant Anisotropy
First-Principle Calculations
Case Studies
Other Anisotropy Mechanisms
Magnetostatic Anisotropy
Néel's Pair-Interaction Model
Two-Ion Anisotropies of Electronic Origin
Dzyaloshinski-Moriya Interactions
Antiferromagnetic Anisotropy
Magnetoelastic Anisotropy
Low-Dimensional and Nanoscale Anisotropies
Surface Anisotropy
Random Anisotropy in Nanoparticles, Amorphous, and Granular Magnets
Giant Anisotropy in Low-Dimensional Magnets
Appendices
Appendix A: Spherical Harmonics
Appendix B: Point Groups
Appendix C: Hydrogen-Like Atomic 3d Wave Functions
References
4 Electronic Structure: Metals and Insulators
Contents
Introduction
Electronic Structure Theory
Spin Density Functional Theory
Band Structure Methods
Relativistic Effects
Adiabatic Dynamics
Itinerant Magnetism of Solids
Stoner Model of Itinerant Magnetism
Slater-Pauling Curve
Heusler Alloys
Total Electronic Energy and Magnetic Configuration
Total Electronic Energy and Magnetic Ground State
Exchange Coupling Parameters
Magneto-Crystalline Anisotropy
Excitations
Magnon Dispersion Relations Based on the Rigid Spin Approximation
Spin Spiral Calculations
Excitation Spectra Based on the Dynamical Susceptibility
Finite-Temperature Magnetism
Methods Relying on the Rigid Spin Approximation
Methods Accounting for Longitudinal Spin Fluctuations
Coherent Treatment of Electronic Structure and Spin Statistics
References
5 Quantum Magnetism
Contents
Spin Paths and Spin Phase
The Importance of Decoherence
Quantum Relaxation in Dipolar Nets
Large-Scale Coherence and Entanglement
Future Directions and Open Problems
References
6 Spin Waves
Contents
Introduction
Spin Waves in 3D and 2D Systems: Theory and Experiment
Theory of Spin Waves in 3D and 2D Systems
Brillouin Light Scattering a Powerful Tool for Investigation of Spin Waves
Spin Waves in 1D Magnetic Elements: Standing and Propagating Waves
BLS in Laterally Confined Systems
Lateral Quantization of Spin Waves in Magnetic Stripes
Spin Wave Wells and Edge Modes
Implementation of Micro-Focus BLS for Laterally Patterned Magnetic Systems
Propagating Waves in 1D Magnetic Structures
Control and Conversion of the Propagating Waves
Inductive Excitation of Spin Waves in 1D Waveguides
Spin-Torque Transfer Effect and Spin Waves
Spin Waves in 0D
Spin-Torque Nano-Oscillator (STNO) and Emitted Spin Waves
Spin-Hall Nano-Oscillator (SHNO)
Nature of Spin Wave Modes Excited in 0D Magnetic Nanocontacts
Coupling of a STNO and 1D Spin-Wave Waveguide to Each Other
Conclusion and Outlook
References
7 Micromagnetism
Contents
Introduction
Micromagnetics Basics
Magnetic Gibbs Free Energy
Spin, Magnetic Moment, and Magnetization
Exchange Energy
Magnetostatics
Zeeman Energy
Magnetostatic Energy
Demagnetizing Field as Sum of Dipolar Fields
Magnetic Scalar Potential
Magnetostatic Energy
Magnetostatic Boundary Value Problem
Examples
Crystal Anisotropy Energy
Cubic Anisotropy
Uniaxial Anisotropy
Anisotropy Field
Magnetoelastic and Magnetostrictive Energy Terms
Spontaneous Magnetostrictive Deformation
Magnetoelastic Coupling Energy
External Stress
Magnetostrictive Self-Energy
Characteristic Length Scales
Exchange Length
Critical Diameter for Uniform Rotation
Wall Parameter
Single Domain Size
Mesh Size in Micromagnetic Simulations
Brown's Micromagnetic Equation
Euler Method: Finite Differences
Ritz Method: Finite Elements
Magnetization Dynamics
Appendix
References
8 Magnetic Domains
Contents
Introduction
Relevance of Domains and Domain Analysis
Domain Formation
Magnetic Energies
Driving Forces for Domain Formation
Interplay of Energies
Domain Classification
Domain Walls
Domain Wall Types
Domain Wall Dynamics
Current-Driven Domain Wall Motion
References
9 Magnetotransport
Contents
Basics
Classical Magnetoresistance in Semiconductors and Semimetals
Magnetotransport and Ferromagnetism
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance, Planar Hall Effect, and Two-Current Model
Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR)
Tunneling Magnetoresistance (TMR)
Powder Magnetoresistance (PMR)
Organic Magnetoresistance (OMAR)
Quantum Transport
Exotic Tunneling
Hall Effect
Spin Currents
Spin Hall Effect
Inverse Spin Hall Effect
Quantum Spin Hall Effect
Magnetoimpedance
Measurements
References
10 Magneto-optics and Laser-Induced Dynamics of Metallic Thin Films
Contents
Introduction
Magneto-Optics
Basics of Magneto-Optics from a Macroscopic Perspective
Micropic Understanding of Magneto-Optics
Measuring Magnetism Using MOKE
Different Configurations
Layer-Specific MOKE
MO Spectroscopy
MOKE Microscopy
Measuring Ultrafast Magnetization Dynamics
Ultrafast Laser-Induced Magnetization Dynamics and Opto-Magnetism
Conceptual Introduction
Ultrafast Laser-Induced Loss of Magnetic Order
Experimental Demonstration of Laser-Induced Demagnetization
Key Observations in Laser-Induced fs Demagnetization
Conservation of Angular Momentum Revisited
Theories for Femtosecond Demagnetization
Towards Quantitative Understanding
All-Optical Switching of Magnetization
All-Optical Switching in Ferrimagnetic Alloys
All-Optical Switching in Ferromagnetic Systems
New Directions in All-Optical Switching
Laser-Pulse-Excited Spin Currents
Optically-Induced Spin Transfer
Optical Spin-Transfer Torque
Optical THz Spin Wave Excitation
Conclusions and Outlook
Notes
References
11 Magnetostriction and Magnetoelasticity
Contents
Introduction
Classification of Magnetoelastic Effects
Anisotropic Magnetostriction (Joule Magnetostriction)
Magnetovolume Effects, Spontaneous Magnetostriction, Forced Magnetostriction, and Invar Effects
Villari Effect
E Effect
Magnetomechanical Damping
Wiedemann Effect
Matteucci Effect
Magnetic Field-Induced Strain Phenomena, Which Differ from JouleMagnetostriction
Ferromagnetic Shape-Memory Alloys (FSMA)
Magnetic Field-Driven Spin-State Transition in La(1-x)SrxCoO3-δ (x≥0.3)
Magnetostriction in Superconductors
Magnetoelasticity and Joule Magnetostriction
Derivation of the Magnetostrictive Strain Tensor: Cubic Case
Magnetostriction of Polycrystalline Cubic Materials
Derivation of the Magnetostrictive Strain Tensor: Hexagonal Case
Magnetostriction of Polycrystalline Hexagonal Materials
Magnetostriction and Stress-Induced Magnetic Anisotropy
Magnetoelastic Effects in Films
Experimental Determination of Magnetostriction and Magnetoelastic Coupling
Magnetoelastic Coupling in Films
Magnetostriction and Magnetoelasticity: Physical Origin and Insights from Theory
Compilation of Data
Magnetoelastic and Elasticity Data for Bulk Transition Metals
Theoretical and Experimental Values of Magnetoelastic Coupling Coefficients and Their Strain Dependence (Table 4)
Magnetostriction Data of Amorphous Fe Alloys (Table 5)
Magnetostriction Data of Fe-Ga (Galfenol), Fe-Ge, FeAl, Fe-Si, Fe-Ga-Al, and Fe-Ga-Ge Alloys
Zero Magnetostriction Alloys and Soft Magnetic Materials
Magnetostriction Data for Paramagnetic Metals and Alloys
Magnetostriction Data for Bi
Magnetostriction Data for Tb, Dy, and Ho
Magnetostriction Data of TbFe2 (Terfenol) and Tb27Dy73Fe2 (Terfenol-D)
Magnetostriction Data of Oxide Materials
Appendix
Notations for Lattice Strain
Relation Between λ and B for the Hexagonal System
References
12 Magnetoelectrics and Multiferroics
Contents
Magnetoelectrics
Multiferroics
The Evolving Terminology
Ferroelectric Ferromagnets
Ferroelectric Antiferromagnets
Ferroelectric Ferrimagnets
Electric Field Switching of Magnetization in Multiferroic BiFeO3: Status and Perspective
BiFeO3 Bulk Single Crystals
Epitaxial BiFeO3 Thin Films
A Brief Future Perspective
Electric Field Control of Spin Cycloid in BiFeO3 Thin Films: From the Control of Collinear Magnetism to Noncollinear Magnetism
Towards the Control of Magnetism in BiFeO3 Thin Films at the THz Frequency: New Opportunities with Ultrafast Stimuli
Composite Multiferroics and Magnetoelectrics
Terminology and Exiting Reviews
Mechanisms and Application of Magnetoelectric Effects and Experimental Data of Magnetoelectric Coefficients in Composite Magnetoelectrics
Direct Magnetoelectric Effect
Inverse Magnetoelectric Effect
References
13 Magnetism and Superconductivity
Contents
Introduction
Paramagnetic Limit and Nonuniform FFLO Superconducting State
Interplay of Zeeman Field and Spin-Orbit Interaction: Spinless Fermions and a Route Towards Topological Superconductivity
Ising Superconductors: Interplay of Magnetic Field and Spin-Triplet Channels
Superconductivity in the Presence of Antiferromagnetic Order
Phenomenological Description
Microscopic Consideration: Important Aspects
Ferromagnetic Superconductors
Conclusions
References
Part II Magnetic Materials
14 Magnetism of the Elements
Contents
Introduction
The Magnetism of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel
Band Structures
Magnetic Properties
Thin Films of Fe, Co and Ni
Iron, Steels and Other Iron-Based Alloys
Phase Diagram
Manganese and Chromium
Manganese
Chromium
Spin Density Waves
Rare Earths
Magnetism of the Rare Earths
Magnetic Structures and Phase Transitions
Fermi-Level Spin Polarisation of the Magnetic Elements
Spin Polarisation of the 3d Elements
Spin Polarisation of the 4f Elements
Oxygen
Molecular Magnetism
Other Examples of Magnetic Order in the p- and d-Shell Elements
References
15 Metallic Magnetic Materials
Contents
Magnetic Metallic Glasses and Nanocrystalline Alloys
Alnicos
Intermetallic Compounds of d-d and d-p Types
Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys and Compounds
Magnetic Heusler Compounds
Intermetallic Compounds of 3d-4f Type
Sm-Co Permanent Magnets
Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnets
Magnetocaloric Intermetallics
Heavy-Fermion Compounds
References
16 Metallic Magnetic Thin Films
Contents
Introduction
GaAs (001) Substrates
Structure and Magnetism of Magnetic 3d Transition Metals
Cr/GaAs (001)
Mn/GaAs (001)
Fe/Cu (001)
Co/GaAs (001)
Ni/GaAs (001)
Structure and Magnetism of Magnetic 3d Transition Metal Alloys
Py/GaAs (001)
CoxMn1−x/GaAs (001)
FexCu1−x/GaAs (001)
FexPd1−x/Cu (100)
References
17 Magnetic Oxides and Other Compounds
Contents
Background
Rocks, Solid Solutions, and Percolation
Principles of Oxide Magnetism
Iron Oxides and Hydroxides
Hematite
Magnetite
Maghemite
Wüstite
Iron Hydroxides
Goethite and Other Oxyhydroxides
Ferrihydrite and Ferric Gel
Ferrous Hydroxide
Ferrites
Spinels
Garnets
Orthoferrites
Hexagonal Ferrites
Other Magnetic Oxides
3d Oxides
Monoxides
Sesquioxides
Dioxides
Mixed-Valence Oxides
Perovskites
Rare-Earth Orthoferrites and Related Compounds
Perovskite Solid Solutions
Double Perovskites and Related Materials
Pyrochlores
4d and 5d Oxides
4f Oxides
5f Oxides and Related Compounds
Related Compounds
Halides
Chalcogenides
Pnictides
Silicates and Carbonates
Silicates
Carbonates, Phosphates
Oxide Thin Films
Substrates, Caps, and Buffers
Thin Film Preparation
Thermal Evaporation
Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
Sputtering
Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
Magnetic Oxide Monolayers
Dead Layers
Dilute Magnetic Oxides
Oxide Heterostructures and Interfaces
Oxide Interfaces
Spin Pumping
Magnonics
Conclusion
References
18 Dilute Magnetic Materials
Contents
Introduction
Dilute Magnetic Materials
Dilute Magnetic Metals (DMMs)
p-Type Dilute Ferromagnetic Semiconductors (DFSs)
Other Dilute Ferromagnetic Semiconductors
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors (DMSs)
Dilute Magnetic Topological Materials
Heterogenous Magnetic Semiconductors and Oxides
Energy States of Magnetic Dopants in Solids
Exchange Interactions Between Band and Localized Spins
Effects of sp-d(f) Exchange Interactions
Spin-Splitting of Extended States: Weak Coupling
Spin-Splitting of Extended States: Strong Coupling
Alloy and Spin-Disorder Scattering: Weak Coupling
Alloy and Spin-Disorder Scattering: Strong Coupling
Bound Magnetic Polarons
Quantum Localization and Mesoscopic Phenomena: Colossal Magnetoresistance
Interplay of sp–d(f) Exchange Interactions and Spin-Orbit Coupling
Dominant Spin-Spin Interactions
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Direct Spin-Spin Interactions
Superexchange
DMSs with Transition Metals
IV-VI DMSs with Rare-Earth Metals
Carrier-Mediated Spin-Spin Coupling: Intra- and Interband Contributions
RKKY Interaction
Bloembergen-Rowland Mechanism
p–d Zener Model
Theory of Curie Temperature
Magnetic Properties of Dilute Magnetic Materials
Spin-Glass Systems
p-Type Dilute Ferromagnetic Semiconductors
Dilute Ferromagnetic Insulators and Topological Insulators
Heterogenous Magnetic Semiconductors and Oxides
Phase Separation Effects in (Ga,Mn)As
Phase Separation Effects Beyond (Ga,Mn)As
References
19 Single-Molecule Magnets and Molecular Quantum Spintronics
Contents
Introduction
Spin Hamiltonian
Single Ion Spin Hamiltonian
Transition Metal Ions
Lanthanide(III) Ions
Multi-spin Hamiltonian
Giant Spin Hamiltonian
Quantum Tunneling of Magnetization
Landau–Zener–Stückelberg (LZS) Model
Spin Parity and Quantum Phase Interference
Spin Parity
Quantum Phase Interference
Quantum Coherence in Molecular Magnets
Resonant Photon Absorption
Rabi Oscillations
Molecular Quantum Spintronics
Direct Coupling
Read-Out of a Single Nuclear Spin
Indirect Coupling
Quantum Algorithms
Conclusion
References
20 Magnetic Nanoparticles
Contents
Ideal Single-Domain Nanoparticles
How Real Magnetic Nanoparticles Can Be Different
Magnetic Nanoparticle Preparation
General Nanoparticle Formation
Liquid Phase Syntheses
Nonaqueous Syntheses
Aqueous Syntheses
Nanoparticle Coatings and Extra Requirements of Biomedical Applications
Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Important Magnetic Characteristics
Magnetic Separation and Manipulation
Magnetic Hyperthermia
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ferrofluids
Magnetic Recording Media
Nonbiomedical Topics of Recent Interest
L10 FePt Nanoparticles for Magnetic Recording Media
Core-Shell NPs
Surface Effects and Spin Canting
Frontiers and Future Directions
References
21 Artificially Engineered Magnetic Materials
Contents
Nanocomposite materials
Thin-film structures
Bilayers and multilayers with engineered properties
Exchange bias
Interlayer exchange coupling
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
2D electron gases
Nanowires
Template-grown nanowires
Edge states in 2D topological insulators
Lithographically-patterned 2D ferromagnetic arrays
Hysteresis of nano/microdisc arrays
Artificial spin-ice structures
Artificial atoms and the Coulomb blockade
Coulomb blockade
Single electron spintronics
Spin accumulation and spin lifetime
Cotunnelling effects
Kondo effect
Chemical potential effects
Single atom manipulation and measurements
Quantum corrals and wave function imaging
Magnetism at the atomic scale
Anisotropy of individual atoms
References
Part III Methods
22 Magnetic Fields and Measurements
Contents
Introduction
Magnetic Field Generation
Permanent Magnets
Physical and Material Properties of Permanent Magnets
Applications of Permanent Magnets As Flux Sources
Electromagnets
Resistive and Superconducting Solenoids
Helmholtz Coils
Electromagnets with Magnetic Core
High-Field Magnet Facilities
Performance Limitations and Magnet Classification
DC Magnets and Facilities
Pulsed Magnets and Facilities
Megagauss Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Measurements
Magnetic Field Effects
General Technical Principles
Technical Parameters: Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Resolution, and Responsivity
Common Problems: Noise
Common Solutions: Flux Concentration, Modulation, and Null Detection
Magnetic Field Measurements
Induction and Fluxgate Sensors
Hall, Magnetoresistance (MR), and Magnetoimpedance (MI) Sensors
Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Sensors
Nonresonant Electromagnetic Probing: Faraday Rotators
Mechanical Sensors: MEMS-Based Magnetic Force Meters and Magnetoelectric Laminates
Bulk Magnetic Measurements
Induction Magnetometers
Torque Magnetometers
Stray Field Mapping
Calibration and Metrology
References
23 Material Preparation and Thin Film Growth
Contents
Thin Film Growth: General Concepts
Phase Transition Out of Equilibrium, Surface Kinetics and Growth Modes
Choice of Substrate and Role of Buffer Layer
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Introduction
The Ultrahigh Vacuum Environment
Control of Molecular Beam Fluxes and Substrate Temperature During Growth
The In Situ Monitoring of the Film Growth
The Applications of MBE in Novel Functional Materials
Two-Dimensional Magnetic Materials
Topological Insulators
Dirac and Weyl Semimetals
High-Temperature Superconductors
Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Comparison with Other Deposition Techniques
Pulsed Laser Deposition
Introduction
Target Preparation and Manipulation
Laser
Ablation Process
Optics
Thickness Monitoring
Substrate Heating
Selected Applications
Magnetron Sputtering Deposition
Introduction
Material Targets
Magnetron Sources
Magnetron Operation
Chimneys and Shutters
Reactive Magnetron Sputtering
RF Magnetron Sputtering
Growth of Alloy Films
Ion Beam Sputter Deposition
Ion Beam Deposition Source
Ion Beam Deposition Geometry
Ion Beam Deposition Targets
Ion Beam Deposition Source Operation
Selected Applications
References
24 Magnetic Imaging and Microscopy
Contents
Introduction
Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Lorentz Microscopy
Fresnel Imaging
Foucault Imaging
Differential Phase Contrast Microscopy
Electron Holography
Off-Axis Holography
Aberration Correction
Scanning Electron Microscopy
SEMPA
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Technical Details
Experimental Examples
Magnetic Force Microscopy
Technical Details
Experimental Examples
X-Ray Imaging
X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism: A Contrast Mechanism
TXM: Quick Full-Field Imaging in Transmission Geometry
STXM: Optimized for Dynamic Imaging
PEEM: Imaging Surfaces of Bulk Samples
CXI: Zero Drift and Femtosecond Temporal Resolution
SP-ARPES: Microscopy in Momentum Space
Medical Magnetic Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Imaging and Pulse Sequences
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Imaging
Magnetoencephalography
The Inverse Problem
Summary
References
25 Magnetic Scattering
Contents
Introduction
Magnetic Neutron Diffraction Technique
Polarized Neutron Techniques
Polarized Neutron Reflectometry
Resonant Magnetic X-ray Diffraction Technique
Dynamics
Inelastic Neutron Scattering Technique
Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering Technique
Magnetic Diffraction Examples with Neutrons
Magnetic Diffraction Examples with X-rays
Spin Dynamics with Neutrons
Spin Dynamics with RIXS
Facilities and Online Information
Summary and Future Directions
References
26 Electron Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Resonance
Contents
Introduction
Magnetic Resonance of Electrons
Microscopic Equation of Motion
Macroscopic Equation of Motion
On the Difference Between EPR and FMR
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Bloch Equations
Effective Spin Hamiltonian
Anisotropic Zeeman Interaction
Fine Structure
Hyperfine Interaction
Ferromagnetic Resonance
Effective Magnetic Fields
Shape Anisotropy
Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy
Exchange Energy and Spin Wave Resonance
FMR in Metals
Experimental Observation of Electron Magnetic Resonance
Frequency Domain Cavity EPR/FMR
Survey of Other Methods
Frequency Domain Techniques
Time-Domain Techniques
Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance
Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance
Conclusion
References
27 Magnetization Dynamics
Contents
Introduction
Spin-Transfer Torque, Magnetic Switching, and Oscillations
Spin-Transfer Torque in Phenomenological Form
Spin-Torque-Driven Anti-damping Magnetic Switching
Orthogonal Spin-Torque-Driven Magnetic Switching
Spin-Torque Oscillators
Spin-Transfer-Induced Excitation of Spin Waves
Spin-Transfer Vortex Oscillators
Synchrotron and Femtosecond Laser-Based Time-Resolved Spin Dynamics
Switching Schemes
Microscopy Using Visible Light or X-Rays
Ultrafast Spin-Transfer Torques
Summary and Outlook
References
Part IV Applications
28 Permanent Magnet Materials and Applications
Contents
Permanent Magnets and Physics Behind Them
Stray Fields and Demagnetizing Fields
On the Thermodynamics of Magnets
Hysteresis Curves and Magnetization Processes of Permanent Magnets
Permanent Magnet Materials
Hard Magnetic Steels and Alnico
Hard Ferrite
Rare-Earth Magnets Based on SmCo5
Sm2Co17-Based Magnets
Nd2Fe14B-Based Magnets
Other Permanent Magnet Materials
Resource Constraints
Future Permanent Magnet Materials
Permanent Magnet Applications
Permanent Magnet Assemblies and Their Dynamic Application with Mechanical Recoil
Uniform Magnetic Fields
Nonuniform Magnetic Fields
Dynamic Applications with Active Recoil
References
29 Soft Magnetic Materials and Applications
Contents
Losses in Soft Magnets
Hysteresis Loss
Low-Frequency Losses
Steinmetz Model
Rayleigh Loops
Eddy Currents
Classical Losses
Skin Effect
Excess Loss
The Pry and Bean Model
Bertotti's Model
Rotational Losses
Rotational Eddy Current Loss
Rotational Hysteresis Loss
High-Frequency Losses
High-Frequency Losses in Metals
High-Frequency Losses in Insulators
Iron and Low-Carbon Steels
Electrical Steels
Composition, Processing, and Texture
Composition
Processing
Texture
Designation of Magnetic Steels
Non-oriented Silicon Steel Sheets
Cutting
Thin-Gauge Steels
Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel Sheets
Conventional GOSS
High Induction GOSS (HiB)
Cutting
Trends in Fe-Si Products
Improved Texture NOSS
Low Si Alloys
Silicon-Enriched Electrical Steels
Iron-Cobalt Alloys
Equiatomic Fe-Co Alloy
Low-Cobalt Alloys
Iron-Nickel Alloys
Ni-Rich Alloys
Fe-Rich Alloys
Thermal Alloys
Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys
Iron-Based Amorphous Alloys
Cobalt-Based Amorphous Alloys
Nanocrystalline Alloys
Soft Ferrites
Spinel Ferrites
Synthesis of Sintered Ferrites
Mn-Zn Ferrites
Influence of Chemical Composition on Intrinsic Magnetic Properties
Influence of Microstructure on Extrinsic Magnetic Properties
Ni-Zn Ferrites
Other Soft Ferrites
Ni-Zn-Cu Ferrite
Microwave Ferrites
Effect of a Gap on Magnetic Properties
Core with Lumped Gap
Cores with Spread Gap
Iron Powder Cores
Mo-Permalloy Powder Cores
Other Powder Cores
Annex 1: Comparison of Materials for Power Application in the VLF to HF Band
Annex 2: Materials Selection Table
Notes
References
30 Magnetocaloric Materials and Applications
Contents
Introduction: The Magnetocaloric Effect
Cooling at Low or Intermediate Temperatures
A Brief History of the Magnetocaloric Effect
Adiabatic Demagnetization (ADR) Materials
Nuclear Adiabatic Demagnetization (NDR)
The Magnetocaloric Effect Near Room Temperature
Room Temperature Magnetocaloric Materials
The Gd5(Si,Ge)4 System
The (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si) System
The La(Fe,Co,Mn,Si)13Hy System
Fe-Rh
Heusler Compounds and Other Martensitic Materials
Room Temperature Magnetic Cooling Engines
Issues for Deployment of Known Magnetocaloric Materials in Cooling Engines
Power Conversion and Spin Caloritronics
Power Conversion via Pyromagnetic Materials
Spin Seebeck and Spin Nernst Effects and Spin Caloritronics
References
31 Magnetic Sensors
Contents
Magnetic Sensing
Introduction
Relevant Parameters for Choice of a Magnetic Sensor Source Signal Parameters
Sensor Characteristics
External Parameters
Field or Flux Sensing
Sensor Types
Flux Sensors
Coils and Inductive Sensors
Principle
Main Applications
Fluxgates
Principle
Main Applications
SQUIDs
Principle
Main Applications
Field Sensors
Hall Effect Sensors
Principle
Main Applications
AMR Sensors
Principle
Main Applications
Spin Electronic Sensors (GMR, TMR)
Principle
Main Applications
Optically Pumped Magnetometers
Principle
Main Applications
Nitrogen Vacancies Centers
Principle
Main Applications
Giant Magnetoimpedance
Principle
Main Applications
Magnetoelectric Sensors
Principle
Noise
Definitions
Noise Sources [31]
Detection Schemes
Magnetometer
Gradiometer
Closed Loop
Bridge
Applications
Field/Flux Sensing and Flux Transformers
Current Sensing
Position Sensing
References
32 Magnetic Memory and Logic
Contents
Introduction: Magnetic Memory and Logic
Magnetic Hard Drive Memory
Hard Drive and Its Road Map
Giant Magnetoresistance and RKKY Coupling
Tunneling Magnetoresistance
Magnetic Random-Access Memory
Magnetic Random-Access Memory
Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory
Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory
New-Type Magnetic Memories
Domain Wall Racetrack Memory
Skrymion Racetrack Memory
Antiferromagnetic Memory
2D van der Waals Magnets Memory
Magnetic Logic
Nanomagnet Logic
Magnetic Domain Wall Logic
Magnetic Tunnel Junction Logic
Spin Current Logic
All Spin Logic
Graphene Spin Logic
Magnetoelectric Spin-Orbit Logic
Spin Wave Logic
Conclusion and Outlook
References
33 Magnetochemistry and Magnetic Separation
Contents
Introduction
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Susceptibility
Magnetic Susceptibility of Liquids
Pascal's Constants
Magnetic Field Effects in Chemistry
Magnetoelectrochemistry
Electrochemistry
Magnetic Forces in a Uniform Magnetic Field
In the Absence of Currents
Lorentz Force
Characteristic MHD Numbers
Deposition
Corrosion
Magnetic Forces in a Non-uniform Magnetic Field
Magnetic Structuring and Magnetophoresis
Magnetic Water Treatment
Magnetic Separation
High-Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS)
Magnetic Carriers
Wastewater Treatment
Biological Separation
Magnetically Stabilized Bed (MSB) Reactors
Conclusions
References
34 Magnetism and Biology
Contents
Biomagnetism
Magnetic Navigation in Living Organisms
Magnetotactic Bacteria
Avian Magnetic Navigation
Magnetite-Based Magnetoreception
Radical-Pair-Based Magnetoreception
Magnetic Fields Produced by the Body
Iron in the Body
Magnetobiology
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Magnetic Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (f-MRI)
Static Magnetic Field Sources Used for MRI and f-MRI
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
Magnetic Fixation
Magnetic Actuation
Magnetic Trapping (Non-Lab-on-a-Chip)
Magnetic Cell Separation
Magnetic Hemofiltration
Magnetic Targeted Drug Delivery
Magnetic Manipulation in Lab-on-a-Chip
Magnetic Trapping and Separation
Magnetic Transportation
Magnetic Mixing
Magnetic Tweezers
Measurement of Physical Properties
Mechanical Stimulation
Magnetically Induced Cell Destruction
Magnetoporation
Magnetic Orientation
Magnetic Heating
Effects of Magnetic Fields on Biological Organisms
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Recommended Magnetic Field Exposure Limits
Conclusions and Prospects
Further Reading
References
Index