Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Constituents of ILs
1.3 The Brief History
1.4 Ionic Liquid‐Like Systems
1.5 The Generation of ILs
1.5.1 First‐Generation ILs
1.5.2 Second‐Generation ILs
1.5.3 Third‐Generation ILs
1.6 Structural Development of ILs
1.6.1 Task‐Specific ILs (TSILs)
1.6.2 Chiral ILs
1.6.3 Switchable Polarity Solvent ILs
1.6.4 Bio‐ILs
1.6.5 Poly‐ILs
1.6.6 Energetic ILs
1.6.7 Metallic ILs
1.6.8 PILs
1.6.9 Acidic ILs
1.6.10 Basic ILs
1.6.11 Neutral ILs
1.6.12 Supported ILs
1.6.13 Magnetic ILs
1.7 Scope of ILs
1.8 Commercialization of ILs
1.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Cations
2.1.2 Anions
2.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids
2.2.1 Quaternization
2.2.2 Anion Exchange
2.2.3 Acid–Base Neutralization
2.2.4 Direct Combination
2.2.5 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis
2.2.6 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis
2.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids
2.3.1 Electrochemistry
2.3.1.1 Electrodeposition
2.3.1.2 Electrosynthesis
2.3.1.3 Electrocatalysis
2.3.2 Solvents and Catalysis
2.3.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Organic Synthesis
2.3.2.2 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Inorganic Synthesis
2.3.2.3 Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for Organic Reactions
2.3.3 Separation
2.3.4 Heat Transport and Storage
2.3.5 Analytics
2.3.6 Engineering
2.3.7 Performance Additives
2.3.8 Biotechnology
2.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 3 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids
3.2.1 Density
3.2.2 Melting Point
3.2.3 Thermal Stability and Decomposition
3.2.4 Conductivity
3.2.5 Solubility
3.2.6 Surface Tension
3.2.7 Viscosity
3.2.8 Polarity
3.2.9 Diffusion
3.2.10 Vapor Pressure
3.2.11 Miscibility
3.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids
4.2.1 Toxicological Effects and Toxicity Mechanisms of ILs
4.2.2 Scope of Biodegradable and Nontoxic ILs
4.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents
4.3.1 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Biomass Utilization and Extraction
4.3.2 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Energy Applications
4.3.3 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Biomedical Applications
4.4 IoNanofluids
4.4.1 Properties of INFs
4.4.2 Applications of INFs
4.4.3 Are IoNanofluids Nontoxic and Biodegradable?
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on CarbonCarbon and CarbonNitrogen Bond Formations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 CarbonCarbon Bond Formation Reactions
5.2.1 CC Cross‐Coupling Reactions
5.2.1.1 Heck Coupling
5.2.1.2 Suzuki Coupling
5.2.1.3 Sonogashira Coupling
5.2.1.4 Stille Coupling
5.2.1.5 Hiyama Coupling
5.2.2 Aldol Condensation
5.2.3 Claisen–Schmidt Condensation Reaction
5.2.4 Friedel–Crafts Alkylation
5.2.5 Diel–Alder Reaction
5.2.6 Henry Reactions
5.2.7 Other CC Bond Formation Reaction
5.3 CarbonNitrogen Bond Formation Reaction
5.3.1 Biginelli Reaction
5.3.2 N‐Allylation Reactions
5.3.3 Mannich Reaction
5.3.4 Other CN Bond Formation Reactions
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Characteristics of ILs
6.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology
6.3.1 IL‐Based Solid–Liquid Extractions
6.3.2 Simple SLEs
6.3.3 Microwave‐Assisted Extractions
6.3.4 Ultrasound‐Assisted Extractions
6.3.5 Liquid–Liquid Extraction
6.3.6 ILs as Mobile Phase Additives in Liquid Chromatography
6.3.7 ILs Used as Surface‐Bonded Stationary Phases
6.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Polymers and Ionic Liquids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Properties of ILs
7.3 Synthesis of PILs
7.4 Types and Application of Common PILs
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry
8.2.1 Larger Electrochemical Window
8.2.2 Ionic Conductivity
8.2.3 Hydrophobicity
8.2.4 Viscosity
8.2.5 Catalytic Performance
8.3 Fabrication of IL‐Based Sensing Layers
8.3.1 Direct Mixing
8.3.2 Physical Adsorption
8.3.3 Casting and Rubbing
8.3.4 Electrodeposition
8.3.5 Sol–Gel Encapsulation
8.3.6 Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) Method
8.3.7 Sandwich‐Type Immunoassay
8.4 IL‐Based Electrochemical Biosensors
8.4.1 Application of RTILs in Construction of Electrochemical Biosensors
8.4.1.1 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor as Cancer Biomarker
8.4.1.2 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Cardiac Diseases
8.4.1.3 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Immunoglobulins
8.4.1.4 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Neurotransmitters
8.4.1.5 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors
8.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices
8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields
9.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids
9.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (Reported Work)
9.5 Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Metal Nanoparticles
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids
10.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids
10.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids
10.5 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
Chapter 11 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application
11.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms
11.3.1 ILs as Antibacterial Agents
11.3.2 ILs as Antifungal Agents
11.3.3 ILs as an Herbicide and Plant Growth Promoters
11.3.4 Effects of ILs as Deterrents
11.3.5 Application of ILs as Bioactive Formulations
11.3.6 Role of ILs in SAR Induction Mechanism
11.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics
12.2.1 Self‐Diffusion
12.2.2 Viscosity
12.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures
12.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids
12.4.1 Ionic Liquids and Interfaces
12.4.2 Ionic Liquids and Water
12.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes
12.5.1 Preamble
12.5.2 Separation and Purification
12.5.3 Reaction Media in Chemical and Biochemical Catalysis
12.6 Future Developments
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine
13.1 Introduction
13.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents
13.3 Biomedical Applications
13.3.1 Solubilization of Drugs
13.3.2 Protein Stabilization
13.4 Summary and Future Aspects
13.4.1 Developing a Microscopic Understanding to Enable Task‐Specific Design
References
Chapter 14 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids
14.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Catalysts
14.2.2 Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry
14.2.3 Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Applications
14.2.3.1 In Electrodeposition
14.2.3.2 Energy Management
14.2.3.3 Bioscience
14.2.3.4 Biomechanics
14.2.4 Ionic Liquids in Industrial Applications
14.2.5 Ionic Liquid as Lubricants
14.2.6 Ionic Liquids as a Corrosion Resistant Material
14.2.7 Ionic Liquids as Additives in Drilling Fluid
14.2.8 Ionic Liquids as Absorbents in Gas Capturing
14.2.9 Ionic Liquid Crystals
14.2.10 Ionic Liquids in Biomedical Applications
14.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids
14.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels
15.3 Biomass Conversion Process
15.3.1 Thermochemical Process
15.3.2 Lignin Extraction Processes
15.3.3 Enzymatic Processes
15.4 Value‐Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids
15.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids
15.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery
15.6.1 Toxicity of ILs Used in Biorefinery
15.6.2 Biodegradation of ILs Used in Biorefinery
15.6.3 Conclusion Regarding Toxicity and Biodegradation of ILs
15.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno‐Economic Assessment
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture
16.2.1 Membrane Separation
16.2.2 Cryogenic Separation
16.2.3 Absorption
16.2.3.1 Chemical Absorption
16.2.3.2 Physical Absorption
16.2.3.3 Ionic Liquids for Physical Absorption of CO2
16.2.4 Adsorption
16.2.5 Ionic Liquids as a Catalyst for Chemical Fixation of CO2
16.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Biofuel
17.1.2 Classification of Biofuels
17.1.2.1 First Generation
17.1.2.2 Second Generation
17.1.2.3 Third Generation
17.1.2.4 Fourth Generation
17.2 Biobutanol: First‐Generation Biofuels
17.3 Butanol Production
17.3.1 Butanol Production via Biochemical Conversion
17.3.2 Butanol Production via Petrochemical Conversion
17.4 Butanol Recovery
17.4.1 Butanol Recovery Techniques
17.4.1.1 Distillation
17.4.1.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction
17.4.1.3 Pervaporation
17.4.1.4 Gas Stripping
17.4.1.5 Perstraction
17.4.1.6 Adsorption
17.5 Ionic Liquids
17.5.1 Ionic Liquids: A Brief History
17.5.2 Production of Ionic Liquids
17.5.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids
17.6 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids
17.7 World Butanol Demand
17.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Bio‐Carboxylic Acid Separation by Ionic Liquids
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Applications of Bio‐Carboxylic Acids
18.1.2 Market of Bio‐Carboxylic Acids
18.1.3 Production of Bio‐Carboxylic Acids
18.2 Ionic Liquids
18.3 Challenges in the Separation of Bio‐Carboxylic Acids
18.4 Methods for Separating Bio‐Carboxylic Acids
18.4.1 Distillation
18.4.2 Evaporation
18.4.3 Adsorption
18.4.4 Membrane Extraction
18.4.5 Solvent Extraction
18.5 Separation of Bio‐Carboxylic Acids by the Reactive Extraction Process
18.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 19 Current Trends in QSAR and Machine Learning Models of Ionic Liquids: Efficient Tools for Designing Environmentally Safe Solvents for the Future
19.1 Ionic Liquids and Their Structural Characteristics
19.2 Properties of ILs
19.3 Application of ILs
19.4 Do ILs Follow Green Chemistry Principles and Are Hazard Free for Environment?
19.5 Regulatory Proposals for Toxicity Assessment of ILs
19.6 Why In Silico Modeling Is Needed for ILs
19.7 Predictive Toxicity Models for ILs
19.8 Databases of Ionic Liquid
19.9 Overview and Future Avenues
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 Advances in Simulation Research on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
20.1 Simulation Method of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
20.1.1 Density Functional Theory
20.1.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation
20.1.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
20.2 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Batteries
20.2.1 Ionic Liquids Are Used as Solvents in Electrolytes
20.2.2 Ionic Liquids Are Used as Salts in Electrolytes
20.2.3 Ionic Liquids Are Used as Additives in Electrolytes
20.3 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Capacitors
20.3.1 Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Flat‐Electrode Capacitor
20.3.2 Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Porous Electrode Capacitor
20.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Syntheses of Various Heterocycles
21.3 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
Chapter 22 Application of Ionic Liquids in Drug Development
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids
22.3 General Synthetic Methodologies
22.4 An Overview of Applications in Diverse Fields
22.5 Specific Applications in the Field of Pharmaceutical Development
References
Chapter 23 Application of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids
23.2.1 Hydrophobicity
23.2.2 Polarity
23.2.3 Purity
23.2.4 Miscibility of Ionic Liquids
23.2.5 Viscosity
23.3 Whole‐Cell Biotransformations
23.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Enzyme Catalysis
23.5 Enzyme Selectivity in Ionic Liquids
23.5.1 Enantioselectivity
23.5.2 Regioselectivity
23.6 Ionic Liquid Stability of Enzymes
23.7 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioethanol Production
23.8 Ionic Liquids Applied in the Synthesis of Biodiesel
23.9 Conclusion
References
Index
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