Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Issues and Challenges of Groundwater and Surface Water Management in Semi-Arid Regions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Semi-Arid Regions
1.3 Water Scarcity
1.4 Climate Change and Impact of Floods and Droughts
1.5 Issues and Challenges of Groundwater Management
1.5.1 Overexploitation of Groundwater Sources
1.5.1.1 Declining Groundwater Tables
1.5.1.2 Pollution in Aquifers
1.6 Sustainable Water Management
1.7 Challenges for Sustainable Groundwater Management
1.8 Challenges in Surface Water Sources
1.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Review of GIS Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Managed Aquifer Recharge in Semi-Arid Regions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge Techniques
2.3 Data from Remote Sensing
2.4 Managed Aquifer Recharge Suitability Mapping
2.5 Scope
2.6 Materials and Methods
2.6.1 Data
2.6.2 Database
2.6.3 Paper Selection
2.7 Review Process
2.8 Results
2.9 Database
2.10 Paper Review
2.11 Discussion
2.12 Geographical Patterns
2.13 Criteria Selection and Weight Distribution
2.14 Weighting Methods and Decision Rules
2.15 Specific Challenges in Semi-Arid Regions
2.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Robust Ensemble Modeling Paradigm for Groundwater Salinity Predictions in Complex Aquifer Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Three-Dimensional Coastal Aquifer Numerical Simulation Model
3.2.2 Machine Learning Algorithms for Groundwater Salinity Predictions
3.2.2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
3.2.2.2 Genetic Programming (GP)
3.2.2.3 Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR)
3.2.2.4 Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH)
3.2.2.5 Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)
3.3 Prediction Model Development and Prediction Phases
3.4 Surrogate Model Performance Evaluation
3.5 Homogeneous Ensemble Model
3.6 Study Area
3.7 Results
3.7.1 Performance Evaluation Results for Individual Machine Learning ModelsΒ΄
3.7.2 Future Groundwater Salinity Level in the Aquifer
3.8 Discussions
3.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Modeling Landscape Dynamics, Erosion Risk, and Annual Sediment Yield in Guna-tana Watershed: A Contribution for Mic...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Description of the Study Area
4.3 Data Source and Analytical Approach
4.3.1 RUSLE Model Description
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.4.1 Trends of Land Use Land Cover Change
4.5 Erosion Risk and Watershed Level Annual Sediment Yield
4.5.1 Erosion Risk Mapping
4.5.2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS)
4.5.3 Cover and Management (C) Factor and Support (P) Factor
4.5.4 Soil Loss
4.6 Sediment Yield
4.7 Prioritization of Watershed for Soil and Water Conservation
4.8 Validation
4.9 Discussion
4.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Evaluation of Multiwell Pumping Aquifer Tests in Unconfined Aquifer System by Neuman (1975) Method with Numerical M...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Groundwater Flow Model Development
5.2.2 Aquifer Test Data Analysis
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Model 1
5.3.2 Model 2
5.4 Discussion
5.4.1 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Transmissivity Interpretation
5.4.2 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Specific Yield Interpretation
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Groundwater Remediation Design Strategies Using Finite Element Model
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Governing Equations for Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport
6.3 Materials and Methods
6.3.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow and Transport
6.3.1.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow
6.3.1.2 Finite Element Formulation for Contaminant Transport
6.3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Coupled Flow and Transport Model
6.4 Strategies of Aquifer Remediation
6.5 Results and Discussion
6.5.1 Case 1(a)
6.5.2 Case 1(b)
6.5.3 Case 1(c)
6.5.4 Case 2(a)
6.5.5 Case 2(b)
6.5.6 Case 2(c)
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Modeling of Groundwater Level Using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm and WA-SVR Model
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.2.1 Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN)
7.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
7.2.3 Algorithms
7.2.4 The Levenberg-Marquardt Training Algorithm
7.2.5 The Resilient BackPropagation Algorithm
7.2.6 The Scaled Conjugate Gradient Algorithm (SCG)
7.2.7 The Fletcher-Reeves Conjugate Gradient Algorithm
7.2.8 The One Step Secant (OSS) Backpropagation
7.2.9 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm by Polak and Ribiere
7.3 Gradient Descent with Momentum (GDM)
7.3.1 Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate Backpropagation
7.4 Performance Measures
7.4.1 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index (Ef)
7.4.2 Coefficient of Determination (R2)
7.5 Model Development
7.5.1 Dataset
7.6 SVR-WA Model
7.7 Result and Discussion
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Development of Conceptual Model and Groundwater Flow Modeling Using GMS Software: A Case Study for Dharsiwa Block, ...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methodology
8.2.1 Study Area
8.2.2 Digitization and Boundary Conditions
8.2.3 Sources and Sinks Description
8.2.4 Delineating Recharge Zone
8.2.5 Defining the Hydraulic Conductivity and Layer Elevation
8.2.6 Running the Modflow
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Developed Conceptual Model
8.3.2 Calibration
8.3.3 Validation
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Numerical Modeling for Groundwater Recharge
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 Methodology
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 MODFLOW (MODular FLOW) Model
9.3.3 MT3D (Modular Transport 3D) Model
9.4 Results and Discussion
9.4.1 Flow Model
9.4.2 Model Construction
9.4.3 Model Discretization
9.4.4 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions
9.4.5 Model Parameters and Stresses
9.4.6 Temporal Conditions and Solver
9.4.7 Model Calibration and Validation
9.5 Transport Model
9.5.1 Performance of Individual Structures
9.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability for Sea-Water Intrusion in Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, Using Geospatial Te...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Study Area Description
10.3 Methodology
10.4 GALDIT: An Open-Ended Model
10.4.1 Groundwater Occurrence or Aquifer Type (G)
10.4.2 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity (A)
10.4.3 Depth to Groundwater Level above Mean Sea Level (L)
10.4.4 Distance from the Shore (D)
10.4.5 Impact of the Existing Status of Seawater Intrusion (I)
10.4.6 The Thickness of the Aquifer Mapped (T)
10.4.7 Computing the GALDIT Index
10.5 Decision Criteria
10.6 Application of the GALDIT Method to a Case Study in Nagapattinam Taluk
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Watershed Planning and Development Based on Morphometric Analysis and Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case St...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Study Area
11.3 Methodology
11.4 Computation of Morphometric Parameters
11.5 Usefulness of Morphometric Parameters
11.5.1 Stream Order
11.5.2 Stream Number (Nu)
11.5.3 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
11.5.4 Weighted Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbwm)
11.5.5 Stream Length (Lu)
11.5.6 Mean Stream Length (Lum)
11.5.7 Stream Length Ratio (Lurm)
11.5.8 Channel Index (Ci) and Valley Index (Vi)
11.5.9 Rho Coefficient (Ο)
11.5.10 Length of Basin (Lb)
11.5.11 Basin Area (A)
11.5.12 Basin Perimeter (P)
11.5.13 Length Area Relation (Lar)
11.5.14 Elongation Ratio (Re)
11.5.15 Digital Elevation Model
11.5.16 Land Use and Land Cover
11.6 Watershed Planning Method
11.7 Results and Discussion
11.8 Drainage Network and Basin Geometry Parameters of Watershed Area
11.9 Land Use and Land Cover
11.10 Soil Slope
11.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Correlation Between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Cover of Nagapattinam Coastal Zone, Tamil Nadu, Using ...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area Description
12.2.1 Objectives
12.2.1.1 Methodology
12.3 Land Surface Temperature Mapping
12.3.1 Conversion of DN Value to Spatial Radiance
12.3.2 Spatial Radiance into Temperature in Kelvin
12.3.3 Kelvin in Temperature to Celsius
12.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Correlation Between NDVI and LST (1995)
12.4.2 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2000)
12.4.3 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2005)
12.4.4 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2010)
12.4.5 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2015)
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: GIS-Based Legitimatic Evaluation of GroundwaterΒ΄s Health Risk and Irrigation Susceptibility Using Water Quality In...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background of the Study
13.3 Objective of the Study
13.4 Materials and Methods
13.4.1 Study Area
13.4.2 Geology Settings
13.4.3 Sampling and Analysis
13.4.4 Water Quality Index (WQI)
13.4.5 Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI)
13.4.6 Fluoride Pollution Index (FPI)
13.4.7 Irrigation Water Quality Indexes (IWQI)
13.4.8 Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)
13.4.9 GIS Analysis
13.5 Results and Discussion
13.5.1 Physical Characteristics of Groundwater
13.5.1.1 pH
13.5.1.2 EC
13.5.1.3 TDS
13.5.1.4 TH
13.6 Major Anions
13.6.1 Calcium
13.6.2 Magnesium
13.6.3 Sodium
13.6.4 Potassium
13.7 Major Cations
13.7.1 Chloride
13.7.2 Sulfate
13.7.3 Fluoride
13.7.4 Nitrate
13.7.5 Carbonate and Bicarbonate
13.8 WQI
13.9 NPI
13.10 FPI
13.11 HHRA
13.12 Irrigation Indexes
13.12.1 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
13.12.2 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
13.12.3 Magnesium Hazards
13.12.4 Permeability Index
13.12.5 Percentage Sodium
13.12.6 Residual Sodium Bicarbonate
13.12.7 Potential Salinity
13.12.8 Synthetic Harmful Coefficient (K)
13.12.9 Kelly Ratio
13.12.10 Exchangeable Sodium Percentage
13.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater Quality in Amaravathi River Basin of Karur District (Tamilnadu) Using Graphical a...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area Description
14.2.1 Location
14.2.2 Drainage
14.2.3 Geomorphology
14.2.4 Soil and Vegetation Area
14.2.5 Irrigation Practices
14.2.6 Rainfall and Climate
14.2.7 Geology and Hydrogeology
14.3 Materials and Methods
14.3.1 Sampling
14.3.2 Analytical Procedure
14.3.3 Water Quality Index
14.3.4 Statistical Analysis
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.4.1 Physicochemical Parameters
14.4.2 Water Quality Index (WQI)
14.4.3 Principle Component Analysis
14.4.4 Cluster Analysis (CA)
14.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: GIS-Based Assessment of Urban Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Water Quality Indices
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Materials and Methods
15.3.1 Selection of Water Quality Parameters and Laboratory Analysis
15.3.2 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index
15.3.3 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 NSFWQI Result
15.4.2 Dissolve Oxygen (DO)
15.4.3 Temperature (Temp)
15.4.4 pH
15.4.5 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
15.4.6 Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3)
15.4.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
15.4.8 Fecal Coliform (FColi)
15.4.9 Phosphate (PO4)
15.4.10 Turbidity (Turb)
15.4.11 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
15.4.12 Total Coliform (TColi)
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Multivariate Statistical Tools in Assessing the Quality of Water Resources in Netravati River Basin, Karnataka, In...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Description of the Study Area
16.3 Materials and Methods
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
16.4.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
16.4.3 Total Hardness (TH)
16.4.4 E. coli
16.4.5 Water Quality Index (WQI)
16.4.6 Hydrochemical Facies
16.4.7 Gibbs Plot
16.4.8 Major Ion Characteristics and Hydrogeochemical Evolution
16.4.9 Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI)
16.4.10 Trace Elements
16.5 Surface and Groundwater Quality Characteristics for Irrigation Purpose
16.5.1 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
16.5.2 Percent Sodium (%Na)
16.5.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
16.5.4 Magnesium Hazard (MH)
16.5.5 KelleyΒ΄s Ratio (KR)
16.5.6 Permeability Index (PI)
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in the Kallada Basin, Southern Western Ghats of India
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study Area
17.3 Materials and Methods
17.3.1 Parameters Analysed
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Seasonal Variation in Groundwater Quality
17.5 Water Quality Classification Using Piper Trilinear Diagram
17.6 Mechanism Controlling the Chemistry of Groundwater
17.6.1 Gibbs Diagram and Water Rock Interaction
17.7 Suitability of Water for Drinking Purpose Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Pollution Index (PIG)
17.8 Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG)
17.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: GIS-Based Water Quality Assessment of Chalakudy River Basin, Southern Western Ghats, India
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Description of the Study Area
18.3 Materials and Methods
18.3.1 Spatial Modelling and Surface Interpolation Through IDW
18.3.2 Estimation of Water Quality Index
18.3.2.1 Water Quality Index
18.4 Results and Discussions
18.4.1 Spatial Variation of Ground Water Parameters
18.4.1.1 pH
18.4.1.2 EC
18.4.1.3 TDS
18.4.1.4 Turbidity
18.4.1.5 Salinity
18.4.1.6 Alkalinity
18.4.1.7 Chloride
18.4.1.8 Total Hardness
18.4.1.9 Dissolved Oxygen
18.4.1.10 Nitrate
18.4.1.11 Phosphate
18.4.1.12 Sulphate
18.4.1.13 Calcium
18.4.1.14 Magnesium
18.4.1.15 Sodium
18.4.1.16 Potassium
18.5 Hydrogeochemical Facies
18.6 Water Quality Index
18.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Groundwater Resources Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Groundwater Mapping and Identification of Potential Groundwater Zones
19.3 Soil Moisture Estimation Using Remote Sensing Data
19.4 GRACE Data for Groundwater Mapping
19.5 SAR Interferometry in Groundwater Applications
19.6 Role of Geospatial Technology in Groundwater Modelling
19.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Trend Analysis of Groundwater Level Using Innovative Trend Analysis
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Materials and Methods
20.2.1 Mann-Kendall Test
20.2.2 SpearmanΒ΄s Rho Test
20.2.3 SenΒ΄s Slope Estimator
20.2.4 Innovative Trend Analysis
20.3 Results and Discussions
20.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Change Detection Analysis and Delineation of Artificial Groundwater Recharge Suitability Zone for Dindigul Block U...
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Study Area
21.2.1 Climate and Rainfall
21.3 Materials and Methods
21.3.1 Materials
21.3.2 Methodology
21.3.2.1 Digital Image Processing
21.3.2.2 LULC Classification and Mapping
21.4 Analysis of Artificial Recharge Potential Zones
21.4.1 Preparation of Thematic Layers
21.4.2 AHP Pair Wise Analysis
21.4.3 Identification of Artificial Recharge Zone
21.5 Results and Discussion
21.5.1 Change Detection Analysis
21.6 Artificial Recharge Mapping
21.7 Conclusion
21.8 Recommendation for Suitable Recharge Structures
References
Chapter 22: Artificial Replenishment of Ground Water by Rain Water Harvesting: A Case Study
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Benefits of Artificial Recharge
22.2.1 Various Rain Water Harvesting Techniques
22.3 Study Area
22.4 Methodology
22.4.1 Artificial Recharge Through Percolation Tank
22.4.1.1 Construction and Working of Percolation Tank
22.5 Artificial Recharge Through Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting
22.5.1 Construction of Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting
22.5.2 Working of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System
22.5.3 Runoff Calculations by Soil Conservation Services Method (SCS)
22.5.4 Lithological and Resistivity Study
22.5.5 Permeability Calculations for the Tubewells
22.5.6 Rise in Tubewell Water Level Due to Recharging
22.5.7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Reduction in Tubewells
22.5.8 Replenishment of Ground Water Through Rain Water
22.6 Results and Analysis
22.6.1 Aquifer Strata
22.6.2 Runoff for Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting and Percolation Tank
22.6.3 Permeability of Tubewells
22.6.4 Water Level Rise in Tubewells
22.6.5 Total Dissolved Solids Due to Artificial Replenishment of Rain Water
22.7 Recharge Volume Validation
22.8 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Reservoir Sedimentation Assessment of Rihand Reservoir Using Remote Sensing Technique
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Study Area
23.3 Data Used
23.4 Methodology
23.4.1 Calculation of Water Spread Area
23.4.2 Calculation of Revised Capacity
23.5 Result and Discussion
23.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: A Coupled Hydrological and Hydrodynamic Model for Flood Mitigation
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Materials and Methodology
24.2.1 Field Survey and Data Collection
24.3 Model Setting and Input Parameter Preparation
24.4 Hydrological Model Settings
24.4.1 Rainfall Frequency Analysis
24.5 Hydraulic Model Setting
24.6 Modification of Stream Cross-Section
24.7 Results and Discussions
24.7.1 Model Simulation Output
24.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Modelling and Assessment of Flood Discharge Based on Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves in Kuttanad District, Ker...
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Study Area
25.3 Methodology
25.3.1 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve (IDF) Curve Analysis
25.3.2 Landuse Changes Studies
25.4 Flood Estimation (Hydrologic Modelling)
25.4.1 Curve Number Grid Generation
25.4.2 HEC-HMS Components
25.5 Results and Discussions
25.5.1 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves
25.6 Flood Modelling
25.6.1 Basin Delineation
25.6.2 Basin Pre-processing
25.6.3 HEC-HMS Model Set Up
25.6.4 Estimated Discharges
25.7 Comparison of Rainfall with Discharge
25.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Groundwater Development and Planning Through Rainwater Harvesting Structures: A Case Study of Semi-arid Micro-wate...
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Material and Methods
26.2.1 Study Area
26.2.2 Topography
26.2.3 Agricultural Land
26.2.4 Climate
26.2.5 Soil Types and Slope
26.3 Soil Classification
26.4 Survey, Nala Deepening, and Widening with CNB Work, 2015-2016
26.5 Results and Dicussion
26.6 Groundwater Level Monitoring, 2015-2016
26.7 Groundwater Level Analysis, 2016-2017
26.8 Groundwater Level Analysis, 2017-2018
26.9 Groundwater Level Analysis, 2018-2019
26.10 Monthly Groundwater Map During 2018-2019
26.11 Monitoring of CNB
26.12 Groundwater Level Analysis, 2019-2020
26.13 Conclusion
References
Index