Ground Vibration Engineering: Simplified Analyses with Case Studies and Examples (Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 12)

✍ Scribed by Milutin Srbulov

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 245
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Ground vibration consideration is gaining significance with people’s decreasing tolerance of vibration, introduction of new environmental legislations, increasing use of equipment sensitive to vibration, ageing of existing buildings and expanding construction sites to/near collapsible/liquefiable/thixotropic soil.
This volume bridges the gap that exists between rather limited provisions of engineering codes/standards and complex numerical analyses/small-scale tests.
The book contains descriptions of ground vibration measurements, predictions and control for engineers. Effects of most frequent sources of ground vibration arising from construction/demolition, traffic and machinery, ground wave amplification and attenuation as well as foundation kinematic and inertial interaction have been considered by simplified analyses aimed at ease and speed of use for major problems in ground vibration engineering. Comments on assumptions, limitations, and factors affecting the results aregiven. Case studies and examples worldwide are included to illustrate the accuracy and usefulness of simplified methods. A list of references is provided for further consideration, if desired.

Audience: This work is of interest to geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, earthquake engineers and students.

Extra material: Microsoft Excel spreadsheets with the input data and results for the case studies and examples considered in this book are available at http://extras.springer.com

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Symbols
1 Problem Description
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sensitivities of Recipients and Legislation Requirements
1.2.1 Humans
1.2.1.1 Example of Guidelines in Codes for Vibration Limits Acceptable to Humans in Buildings
1.2.2 Equipment
1.2.3 Structures
1.2.3.1 Examples of Guidelines in Standards Used Internationally
1.2.4 Collapsible/Liquefiable/Thixotropic Soil
1.2.4.1 Example of Failure of an Embankment in Sweden
1.2.4.2 Example of Failure of an Embankment in Michigan, USA
1.3 Frequent Sources of Ground Vibration
1.3.1 Construction/Demolition Activities
1.3.1.1 Pile Driving
1.3.1.2 Soil Shallow Compaction
1.3.1.3 Demolition of Structures
1.3.1.4 Blasting in Construction and Mining Industries
1.3.1.5 Soil Deep Compaction by Explosives
1.3.2 Traffic
1.3.2.1 Train Induced Vibrations
1.3.2.2 Vehicle Induced Vibrations
1.3.3 Machinery
1.3.3.1 Examples of Dynamic Loads From Machinery
1.4 Vibration Propagation Media Effects
1.4.1 Ground Amplification and Attenuation of Wave Amplitudes
1.4.1.1 Wave Amplitudes Amplification
1.4.1.2 Wave Amplitude Attenuation
1.4.2 Foundation Kinematic and Inertia Interactions
1.4.2.1 Kinematic Interaction
1.4.2.2 Inertial Interaction
1.5 Summary
2 Ground Waves Propagation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Main Wave Parameters
2.3 Types and Amplitudes of Ground Waves
2.3.1 Body Waves
2.3.2 Surface Waves
2.4 Ground Wave Path Effects and Other Influential Factors
2.4.1 Impedance
2.4.2 Refraction
2.4.3 Reflection
2.4.4 Superposition and Focusing
2.4.5 Ground Stiffness and Its Anisotropy
2.4.6 Geometric (Radiation) Damping
2.4.7 Material Damping
2.4.7.1 Example of the Effect of Material Damping on Peak Particle Velocities
2.4.8 Soil Layering and Topography
2.4.8.1 Example of the Ratio Between Foundation and Ground Amplitudes for a Layered and an Equivalent Homogeneous Soil
2.5 Summary
3 Ground Vibration Measurement
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geophones
3.2.1 Short Period Sensors
3.2.1.1 Case Study of Micro-tremor Field Investigation into Site Effects in Duzce -- Turkey by Tromans (2004)
3.2.2 Long Period Sensors
3.3 Accelerometers
3.3.1 Analogue System
3.3.2 Mixed Systems
3.3.3 Digital Systems
3.3.3.1 Case Study of Assessed Vibration Susceptibility over Shallow and Deep Bedrock Using Accelerometers and Weight Drops
3.4 Summary
4 Processing of Vibration Records
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Filtering of High Frequencies
4.2.1 Fourier Analysis and Fast Fourier Transform
4.2.1.1 Example of Fast Fourier Transform and Filtering in Frequency Domain
4.3 Baseline Correction
4.3.1 Example of Baseline Correction for the Record Shown in Fig. 4.3
4.4 Spectral Analyses
4.4.1 Fourier Spectra
4.4.1.1 Example Shapes of FAS
4.4.2 Power Spectra
4.4.3 Response Spectra
4.4.3.1 Example of an Elastic Acceleration Response Spectra
4.5 Summary
5 Foundation and Structure Effects
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A Simplified Model of Kinematic Soil-Foundation Interaction
5.2.1 Example of the Kinematic Soil-Foundation Interaction Effect
5.3 Fundamental Period of Vibration of a Simplified Soil-Foundation Interaction Model
5.3.1 Generalized Single Degree of Freedom Oscillator
5.3.2 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of a Caisson
5.3.3 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of Foundation of a Large Scale Shaking Table
5.3.4 Case Study of Determination of the Fundamental Frequency of Vibration of a Seven-Story Reinforced Concrete Building in Van Nuys--California
5.4 Summary
6 Ground Investigation for Vibration Prediction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Field Non-intrusive Methods
6.2.1 Seismic Refraction
6.2.2 Seismic Reflection
6.2.3 Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
6.2.4 Seismic Tomography
6.2.5 Ground Penetrating Radar
6.2.6 Field Compaction
6.3 Field Intrusive Methods
6.3.1 Seismic Down-Hole
6.3.2 Seismic Cross-Hole
6.3.3 Seismic Cone
6.4 Laboratory Testing
6.4.1 Bender Elements
6.4.2 Cyclic Simple Shear
6.4.3 Cyclic Triaxial Test
6.4.4 Resonant Column
6.5 Summary
7 Prediction of Vibration Amplitudes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Construction and Demolition Caused Vibration
7.2.1 Pile Driving
7.2.1.1 Calculation of Source Energy Eo Due to Pile Driving in the Simple Analyses
7.2.1.2 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of a Steel H Section Pile by an Impact Hammer
7.2.1.3 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of Tubular Steel Piles by Vibratory and Impact Hammer
7.2.1.4 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Driving of Tubular and Sheet Piles by Vibratory Hammers
7.2.2 Soil Shallow Compaction
7.2.2.1 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Installation of Stone Columns by a Vibratory Probe
7.2.2.2 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Fill Compaction by Vibratory Rollers
7.2.3 Demolition of Structures
7.2.3.1 Case Study of Determination of the Peak Particle Velocities During Demolition of a Cooling Tower at Thornhill in 1971
7.2.4 Blasting in Construction and Mining Industries
7.2.4.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Bench Blasting at a Limestone Quarry
7.2.4.2 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Blasting for a Pipeline Installation
7.2.5 Soil Deep Compaction by Explosives
7.2.5.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Densification of Pond Ash by Blasting
7.3 Vibration Caused by Trains and Road Vehicles
7.3.1 Train Caused Vibration
7.3.1.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by High Speed Thalys Train
7.3.1.2 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by High Speed Train at Kahog in Sweden
7.3.2 Vehicle Caused Vibration
7.3.2.1 An Example of Calculation of Peak Particle Velocity Caused by a Wheel Drop into a Road Hole
7.4 Machinery Caused Vibration
7.4.1 Industrial Hammers Caused Vibration
7.4.1.1 Case Study of Determination of Peak Particle Velocities Caused by Weight Drops
7.4.2 Case Study of Determination of Ground Vibration Caused by a Compressor
7.4.3 Case Study of Determination of Ground VibrationCaused by a Gas Turbine
7.4.4 Tunnel Boring Machines Caused Vibration
7.5 Summary
8 Control of Ground and Foundation Vibration
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Minimization at Source
8.2.1 Base Isolation
8.2.1.1 Cases Study of Base Isolation by Rubber Bearings of the Foundation Block of a Compressor
8.2.2 Energy Dissipation by Dampers
8.2.2.1 Example of Viscoelastic Dampers Effect on the Motion of a Foundation
8.3 Ground Wave Propagation Barriers
8.3.1 Stiff Barriers
8.3.1.1 Case Study on the Use of a Simplified Approach for Checking of the Effectiveness of a Pre-cast Concrete Wall Barrier
8.3.2 Soft Barriers
8.3.2.1 Case Study on the Use of a Simplified Approach for Checking of the Effectiveness of a Cut-Off Trench
8.4 Recipient Isolators and Energy Dampers
8.4.1 Passive Systems
8.4.1.1 Case Study of Isolation of a Building in Japan by Rubber Bearings
8.4.2 Active Systems
8.5 Summary
9 Effects on Soil Slopes and Shallow Foundations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Slope Instability Caused by Vehicle Induced Ground Vibration
9.2.1 Case Study of the Instability of Asele Road Embankment in Sweden
9.3 Shallow Foundation Settlement Caused by Ground Vibration
9.3.1 Case Study of Foley Square Building Settlement Caused by Pile Driving in Its Vicinity
9.4 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation over Liquefied Soil Layer
9.5 Summary
Appendices -- Microsoft Excel Workbooks on http://extras.springer.com
1 Fast Fourier Transform, Filtering and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
2 Polynomial Base Line Correction
3 Elastic Response Spectra of a Single Degree of Freedom Oscillator
4 Peak Particle Velocities from Piles Driving
5 Peak Particle Velocities from Vibratory Rollers
6 Vibration Properties of a Shallow Foundation for Compressor
7 Vibration Properties of a Shallow Foundation for Gas Turbine
8 Vibration Properties of a Rubber Bearings Isolated Foundation
9 Vibration Properties of a Viscoelastically Damped Foundation
10 Vibration Properties of a Passively Isolated Building in Japan Upper Bound Horizontal Stiffness and Damping Ratio
11 Vibration Properties of a Passively Isolated Building in Japan Lower Bound Horizontal Stiffness and Damping Ratio
12 Fast Movement on Failure of the Asele Road Embankment in Sweden
References
Index