Cover
Grid-scale Energy Storage Systems and Applications
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
1 -
Development of energy storage technology
1.1 Basic concept
1.2 The development history of energy storage technology
1.3 Demands and functions of energy storage technology in power systems
1.3.1 Demand analysis of grid development in energy storage technology
1.3.1.1 Peak–valley gap intensifies demand for energy storage technology
1.3.1.2 Demand for energy storage technology due to the large-scale development of renewable energy
1.3.1.3 Demands of distributed power generation and smart grid construction on energy storage
1.3.2 Role of energy storage technology in power systems
1.3.2.1 Peak load shifting
1.3.2.2 Improving grids' accommodation to new energy
1.3.2.3 Spare power sources
1.3.2.4 Improving quality of electric energy
1.4 Application outlook and challenges of energy storage technology in power systems
1.4.1 Application outlook
1.4.1.1 New energy power generation side
1.4.1.2 Urban power distribution network side
1.4.1.3 Distributed power supply and microgrid side
1.4.1.4 End user side
1.4.2 Challenges
1.4.2.1 Technical challenges
1.4.2.2 Challenges of policy and mechanisms
1.4.2.3 Economic challenges
Further reading
2 -
Technologies of energy storage systems
2.1 Electrochemical energy storage
2.1.1 Lead–acid battery
2.1.1.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.1.1.2 Key technologies
2.1.1.3 Application status
2.1.2 Lithium-ion battery
2.1.2.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.1.2.2 Key technologies
2.1.2.3 Application status
2.1.3 Vanadium redox battery
2.1.3.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.1.3.2 Key technologies
2.1.3.3 Application status
2.1.4 Zinc–bromine
2.1.4.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.1.4.2 Key technologies
2.1.4.3 Application status
2.1.5 Sodium sulfur
2.1.5.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.1.5.2 Key technologies
2.1.5.3 Application status
2.2 Physical energy storage
2.2.1 Pump hydro storage
2.2.1.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.2.1.2 Key technologies
2.2.1.3 Application status
2.2.2 Compressed air energy storage
2.2.2.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.2.2.2 Key technologies
2.2.2.3 Application status
2.2.3 Flywheel energy storage
2.2.3.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.2.3.2 Key technologies
2.2.3.3 Application status
2.3 Electromagnetic energy storage
2.3.1 Supercapacitor energy storage
2.3.1.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.3.1.2 Key technologies
2.3.1.3 Application status
2.3.2 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
2.3.2.1 Working principle and characteristics
2.3.2.2 Key technologies
2.3.2.3 Application status
2.4 New type energy storage
2.4.1 Advanced lead–acid battery
2.4.1.1 UltraBattery
2.4.1.2 Lead–carbon battery
2.4.2 Lithium–sulfur battery
2.4.3 Sodium-ion battery
2.4.4 Heat pump energy storage
2.4.4.1 System charge process
2.4.4.2 System discharge process
2.4.5 Gravity energy storage
2.5 Comprehensive comparison of energy storage technologies
2.5.1 Technical maturity
2.5.2 Performance parameters
2.5.2.1 Power level and discharge time
2.5.2.2 Energy/power density
2.5.2.3 Self-discharge
2.5.2.4 Cycle efficiency
2.5.2.5 Cycle life
2.5.2.6 Investment cost
2.5.3 Applications
References
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Technologies for energy storage battery management
3.1 Battery management systems
3.1.1 Typical structures
3.1.1.1 The structure of two-tier topology
3.1.1.2 The structure of three-tier topology
3.1.2 Main functions
3.1.2.1 Battery parameter test and management
3.1.2.2 Data communication management
3.1.2.3 Online SOC diagnosis
3.1.2.4 SOH diagnosis
3.1.2.5 Balance management
3.1.2.6 Failure diagnosis and protection
3.2 SOC estimation method
3.2.1 Definition
3.2.2 The methods for SOC estimation
3.2.2.1 Discharge experiment
3.2.2.2 Time integration
3.2.2.3 Open circuit voltage
3.2.2.4 Battery resistance
3.2.2.5 Kalman filter
3.2.2.6 Fuzzy inference and neural network
3.3 SOH estimation technology
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Methods for SOH estimation
3.4 Balance management technology
3.5 Protection technology
3.5.1 Overvoltage protection
3.5.2 Undervoltage protection
3.5.3 Overcurrent protection
3.5.4 Short circuit protection
3.5.5 Overtemperature protection
3.6 Typical cases for battery management
3.6.1 Valve regulated lead–acid battery (VRLA battery)
3.6.2 Lithium iron phosphate battery
References
4 -
Operation control technology of energy storage systems
4.1 Basic principles
4.1.1 Coordinate transformation
4.1.1.1 Stationary coordinate transformation from ABC axis system to αβ axis system
4.1.1.2 Rational coordinate transformation from αβ coordinate system to dq coordinate system
4.1.1.3 Physical significance of coordinate transformation
4.1.2 PWM modulation technology
4.1.2.1 Basic principle of PWM control
4.1.2.2 PWM common methods
4.1.3 Bidirectional AC/DC converter principle and mathematical model
4.1.3.1 Principle overview
4.1.3.2 Classification and topological structure of a converter
4.1.3.3 Mathematical model of three-phase VSC
4.1.4 Bidirectional DC/DC converter principle and mathematical model
4.1.4.1 Principle overview
4.1.4.2 Converter classification and topological structures
4.1.4.3 Working principle of bidirectional buck–boost converter
4.1.5 Typical topological structure of an ESS
4.1.5.1 Monotier topological structure
4.1.5.2 Two-tier topological structure
4.2 Grid-connected operation control technology
4.2.1 AC/DC converter control
4.2.1.1 P/Q control
4.2.1.2 Constant voltage control
4.2.2 DC/DC converter control
4.2.2.1 Constant voltage control
4.2.2.2 Constant current control
4.2.3 Island detection
4.2.3.1 Analysis of the island effect
4.2.3.2 Passive island detection
4.2.3.3 Active island detection
4.2.4 Low-voltage ride through
4.3 Off-grid operation control technology
4.3.1 V/f control
4.3.1.1 Voltage single closed-loop control
4.3.1.2 Voltage dual closed-loop control
4.3.1.3 Voltage and current dual closed-loop control
4.3.2 Black start control
4.3.3 Multimachine parallel coordinated control
4.3.3.1 Master–slave control
4.3.3.2 Peer-to-peer control
4.3.3.3 Analysis of typical parallel systems
4.4 Dual-mode switching control technology
4.4.1 Control of switching from on-grid to off-grid
4.4.2 Synchronization control of the switching from off-grid to on-grid
4.5 Case study
4.5.1 Test system
4.5.2 Function verification
References
5 -
Integrated ESS application and economic analysis
5.1 Integration design for ESSs
5.1.1 Definition
5.1.2 BP application technology
5.1.2.1 Design methods
5.1.2.2 Evaluation indicators
5.1.2.3 Factors that impact the performance of a battery pack
5.1.3 Typical ESS design
5.1.3.1 Branch ESS
5.1.3.2 Circuit ESS
5.1.3.3 Power station ESS
5.1.3.4 Examples for system integration design
5.1.3.4.1 Connection modes
5.1.3.4.2 Design for energy storage unit
5.1.3.4.3 Energy storage monitoring system design
5.1.4 ESS reliability evaluation indexes
5.1.4.1 Energy loss expectation
5.1.4.2 Average fault frequency index
5.1.4.3 Average fault duration index
5.1.4.4 Average availability index
5.1.4.5 Average unavailability index
5.2 ESS integration under typical application mode
5.2.1 New energy power generation side
5.2.1.1 Technical requirements
5.2.1.2 Connection mode
5.2.1.3 Operation mode
5.2.1.4 Electrical interface
5.2.1.5 Communications and data management
5.2.1.6 Installation and maintenance
5.2.1.7 Safety
5.2.2 Grid side
5.2.2.1 Technical requirements
5.2.2.2 Connection mode
5.2.2.3 Operation mode
5.2.2.4 Electrical interface
5.2.2.5 Communications and data management
5.2.2.6 Installation and maintenance
5.2.2.7 Safety
5.2.3 User side
5.2.3.1 Technical requirements
5.2.3.2 Connection mode
5.2.3.3 Operation mode
5.2.3.4 Electrical interface
5.2.3.5 Communications and data management
5.2.3.6 Installation and maintenance
5.2.3.7 Safety
5.2.4 Microgrid side
5.2.4.1 Technical requirements
5.2.4.2 Connection mode
5.2.4.3 Operation mode
5.2.4.4 Electrical interface
5.2.4.5 Communications and data management
5.2.4.6 Installation and maintenance
5.2.4.7 Safety
5.3 Analysis of economic efficiency of ESS in typical application scenarios
5.3.1 Types of application scenarios
5.3.2 Analytical methods for costs/benefits of ESSs
5.3.2.1 Economic terms
5.3.2.1.1 Discounted present value
5.3.2.1.2 Equivalent annual value
5.3.2.1.3 Break-even point
5.3.2.2 ESS cost calculation methods
5.3.2.2.1 Total investment cost
5.3.2.2.2 Annual average cost in life cycle
5.3.2.3 Methods for calculating economic efficiency of ESSs for a single purpose
5.3.2.3.1 Arbitrage
5.3.2.3.2 Saving cost of new power plants
5.3.2.3.3 Auxiliary services
5.3.2.3.4 Power transmission support
5.3.2.3.5 Reducing demand for power transmission capacity
5.3.2.3.6 Reduction of power transmission congestion
5.3.2.3.7 Delaying upgrading and renovation of power transmission and distribution facilities
5.3.2.3.8 Reducing end users' power consumption costs
5.3.2.3.9 Reducing end users' capacity cost
5.3.2.3.10 Cut down losses related to reliability of power supply
5.3.2.3.11 Reducing losses caused by power quality
5.3.2.3.12 Revenue from time shifting of renewable energy power supply at on-grid prices during peak and valley hours
5.4 Analysis of energy storage efficiency in Chinese power market
5.4.1 Comprehensive economic efficiency of ESS at new energy power side
5.4.1.1 Reducing demand for standby capacity
5.4.1.2 Reducing capacity demand for renewable energy power transmission
5.4.1.3 Arbitrage through peak and valley prices
5.4.2 Comprehensive economic efficiency of ESSs at power distribution network side
5.4.2.1 Reducing demand for capacity expansion of the grid
5.4.2.2 Reducing total grid loss
5.4.2.3 Arbitrage
5.4.2.4 Reducing standby capacity
5.4.3 Comprehensive economic efficiency of ESSs at user side
5.4.3.1 Reducing the need to construct new distribution stations for users
5.4.3.2 Reducing cost of power distribution and transformation losses
5.4.3.3 Reducing users' power consumption
5.4.3.4 Reducing users' basic power expense
5.4.3.5 Reducing losses caused by power supply reliability and power quality accidents
References
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Application of energy storage technology in grid-connected new energy power generation
6.1 Impact of energy storage system on grid-connected new energy power generation
6.1.1 Smooth power fluctuation
6.1.2 Reduce power system's demand for peak regulation capacity
6.1.3 Trace new energy power schedule output
6.1.4 Regulate the power system's frequency and voltage
6.2 Design of an energy storage system in a new energy grid-connected power generation system
6.2.1 Storage energy system's configuration method
6.2.2 Technical/economic analysis of energy storage system
6.2.2.1 Energy storage technologies applied for new energy grid-connected power generation
6.2.2.2 Battery energy storage technological/economic analysis case
6.2.3 Configuration of energy storage system capacity
6.2.3.1 Factors that affect capacity configuration of an energy storage system
6.2.3.2 The different configuration methods for smoothing new energy output power fluctuation
6.2.3.3 Configuration methods of energy storage capacity in tracing the new energy schedule output
6.3 Technology that controls the operation of new hybrid integrated energy storage generation
6.3.1 Smooth the power fluctuation
6.3.1.1 Operation mode
6.3.1.2 Control strategy
6.3.2 Trace schedule output
6.3.2.1 Operation mode
6.3.2.2 Control strategy
6.3.3 Frequency regulation of the system
6.3.3.1 Operation mode
6.3.3.2 Control strategy
6.4 Typical application cases
6.4.1 Tehachapi Wind Farm lithium-ion battery energy storage system in California, USA
6.4.2 Sodium–sulfur battery energy storage system of Rokkasho Village Wind Farm, Japan
6.4.3 National wind–PV energy storage power generation demonstration project
6.4.4 The all vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system of the Woniushi Wind Farm, Liaoning
References
7 -
Application of energy storage technology in the microgrid
7.1 Functions
7.1.1 Improving the distributed generation utilization
7.1.2 Improving the microgrid off-grid operating stability
7.1.3 Improving microgrid energy quality
7.2 Capacity optimization
7.2.1 Power constraints of an energy storage system
7.2.2 Capacity optimization of an energy storage system in on-grid microgrid
7.2.3 Capacity optimization of energy storage system in off-grid microgrid
7.3 Hybrid energy storage system
7.3.1 Characteristics of hybrid energy storage
7.3.2 Topological structure of a hybrid energy storage system
7.3.2.1 AC-side connection in parallel
7.3.2.2 DC-side connection in parallel
7.3.3 Capacity optimization of a hybrid energy storage system
7.3.4 Coordinated control of hybrid energy storage system
7.3.4.1 Operation control strategy of smooth fluctuations
7.3.4.2 Control strategy considering battery power limits
7.4 Operation control technology
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Coordination control technology of a microgrid with an energy storage system
7.4.2.1 Microgrid operating status
7.4.2.2 Active and reactive power coordination control of the microgrid
7.4.2.3 Microgrid coordination control based on energy storage unit status assessment
7.4.3 Seamless switching technology with energy storage units
7.4.3.1 Switching technology from on-grid to off-grid
7.4.3.2 Synchronous grid connection technology
7.5 Typical application cases
7.5.1 Chengde distributed generation/microgrid demonstration project
7.5.1.1 System overview
7.5.1.2 System structure
7.5.1.3 Operation summary
7.5.2 Microgrid demonstration project in agricultural and pasturing area without electricity in Qinghai
7.5.2.1 Technical characteristics
7.5.2.2 System structure
7.5.2.3 Operation analysis
7.5.3 Dongfushan Island wind/PV/energy storage/diesel and seawater desalination integrated system
7.5.3.1 System overview
7.5.3.2 System structure
7.5.3.3 Summary of operation
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
Z
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