Green Extraction Techniques: Principles, Advances and Applications

✍ Scribed by Elena Ibáñez, Alejandro Cifuentes

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 676
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Green Extraction Techniques: Principles, Advances and Applications, Volume 76, the first work to compile all the multiple green extraction techniques and applications currently available, provides the most recent analytical advances in the main green extraction techniques. This new release includes a variety of comprehensively presented topics, including chapters on Green Analytical Chemistry: The Role of Green Extraction Techniques, Bioactives Obtained From Plants, Seaweeds, Microalgae and Food By-Products Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Bioactives, and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Organic Contaminants in Environmental and Food Samples. In this ongoing serial, in-depth, emerging green extraction approaches are discussed, together with their miniaturization and combination, showing the newest technologies that have been developed in the last few years for each case and providing a picture of the most innovative applications with further insights into future trends.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
Advisory Board
Comprehensive Analytical ChemistryGreen Extraction Techniques: Principles, Advances and ApplicationsEdited byElena IbÁÑezIn ...
DEDICATION
Contents
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 76
SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE
PREFACE
One - Green Analytical Chemistry: The Role of Green Extraction Techniques
1. GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: FACING THE PROBLEM
2. FROM ‘DREAM’ TO ‘GREEN’
3. GREEN METRICS
4. EXTRACTION STEP: ADVANTAGES AND TROUBLES
4.1 Extraction solvent
4.2 Energy consumption
4.3 Instrumentation required
4.4 Waste and emissions
5. A GREEN EVALUATION OF MODERN ANALYTE EXTRACTION STRATEGIES
6. FUTURE TRENDS IN GREEN EXTRACTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Two - Bioactives Obtained From Plants, Seaweeds, Microalgae and Food By-Products Using Pressurized Liquid Extractio ...
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMPRESSED FLUIDS-BASED EXTRACTION PROCESSES
2.1 Pressurized liquid extraction: principles and operation
2.2 Supercritical fluid extraction: principles and operation
3. EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVES FROM NATURAL SOURCES
3.1 Extraction of bioactives from plants
3.2 Extraction of bioactives from seaweeds and microalgae
3.3 Extraction of bioactives from food by-products
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOKS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Three - Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Bioactives
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER FROM AMBIENT TO NEAR-CRITICAL CONDITIONS
2.1 Water at ambient conditions
2.2 Water at elevated temperature and pressure
3. EQUIPMENT USED FOR PRESSURIZED HOT WATER EXTRACTION
3.1 Dynamic-pressurized hot water extraction
3.2 Static-pressurized hot water extraction
4. OPTIMIZATION OF THE PRESSURIZED HOT WATER EXTRACTION METHOD
4.1 Temperature
4.2 Flow rate and extraction time
4.3 Pressure
4.4 Other parameters
5. THE USE OF PRESSURIZED HOT WATER EXTRACTION IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN COMPLEX SAMPLES
6. PRESSURIZED HOT WATER EXTRACTION IN HYPHENATION
6.1 Pressurized hot water extraction coupled with enzymatic reaction
6.2 Pressurized hot water extraction with clean-up using sorbents
6.3 Pressurized hot water extraction coupled with a drying step
7. THE FUTURE OF PRESSURIZED HOT WATER EXTRACTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Four - Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Organic Contaminants in Environmental and Food Samples
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRESSURIZED LIQUID EXTRACTION
2.1 Fundamentals
2.2 Extraction procedure
2.3 Method development
2.4 Pressurized hot water extraction
2.5 Comparison with other techniques
3. APPLICATIONS
3.1 Environmental samples
3.2 Food
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Five - Ultrasound: A Clean, Green Extraction Technology for Bioactives and Contaminants
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
3. FACTORS AFFECTING ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
4. QUANTIFICATION OF ULTRASOUND ENERGY
5. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EQUIPMENT
6. EXTRACTION MECHANISMS
7. EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES AND ADVANCEMENTS IN ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVES
8. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS
REFERENCES
Six - Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pesticides and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRINCIPLES OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION
3. OPTIMIZATION OF THE MAE PROCESS
4. ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES AND EMERGING POLLUTANTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
5. EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDES USING MICROWAVE ENERGY
5.1 Organochlorine pesticides
5.2 Other pesticides
5.2.1 Organophosporous pesticides
5.2.2 Triazine pesticides
5.2.3 Urea derivatives pesticides
5.2.4 Pyrethroid pesticides
5.2.5 Other pesticides
5.3 Multiresidue analysis of pesticides
6. EXTRACTION OF EMERGING POLLUTANTS USING MICROWAVE ENERGY
6.1 Pharmaceuticals
6.1.1 Steroids
6.1.2 Antiinflammatory drugs
6.1.3 Antibiotics
6.2 Veterinary drugs
6.2.1 Sulfonamides
6.2.2 Other veterinary drugs
6.3 Personal care products
6.4 Industrial pollutants
6.4.1 Plasticizers and flame retardants
6.4.2 Phenolic compounds and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates
7. CONCLUSIONS AND TRENDS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Seven - Ionic Liquids in Sample Preparation
1. INTRODUCTION
2. IONICS LIQUIDS AS EXTRACTION SOLVENTS
2.1 Ionic liquids in dispersive microextraction formats
2.1.1 Ionic liquids as solvents in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
2.1.2 External energy–assisted ionic liquids-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
2.1.3 In situ ionic liquids formation
2.1.4 Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction by magnetic ionic liquids
2.2 Hollow fiber protected ionic liquids-liquid phase microextraction
2.3 Ionic liquids–based single drop microextraction
3. IONIC LIQUIDS IN SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION
3.1 Classical in fiber solid phase microextraction
3.2 Ionic liquids in combination with nanoparticles in the solid phase microextraction realm
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Eight - Solvent-Free Extraction
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD
2.1 Principle
2.2 Instrumentation
2.3 Applications
3. INSTANT CONTROLLED PRESSURE DROP TECHNOLOGY–ASSISTED PRESSING AND EXTRACTION
4. SOLVENT-FREE MICROWAVE EXTRACTION
4.1 Principle of microwave heating
4.2 Techniques and instrumentation of solvent-free microwave extraction
4.3 Applications of solvent-free microwave extraction
5. PRESSING – EXTRUSION
5.1 Process and procedure
5.1.1 Batch presses
5.1.2 Continuous presses
5.2 Applications
6. FUTURE PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
Nine - Headspace Techniques for Volatile Sampling
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FUNDAMENTALS
3. INSTRUMENTATION
4. OPTIMIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
5. APPLICATIONS
5.1 Food
5.2 Environmental
5.3 Pharmaceutical
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Ten - Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction
1. A RECENT TREND IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: MINIATURIZATION OF ANALYTICAL SYSTEM
2. A NEED FOR MINIATURIZATION OF TRADITIONAL SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
3. MINIATURIZED SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
3.1 Solid phase microextraction
3.1.1 In-tube SPME
3.1.2 Wire/fibre in-tube solid phase microextraction
3.1.3 Electrosorption (electrochemically)-enhanced solid phase microextraction
3.1.4 Membrane solid phase microextraction
3.1.5 Molecularly imprinted solid phase microextraction
3.1.5.1 Core-shell nanoring magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers
3.1.6 Magnetic solid-phase microextraction technique
3.2 Micro-SPE
3.3 Adsorptive microextraction
3.4 Solid phase dynamic extraction
3.5 Stir-cake sorptive extraction
3.6 Rotating-disk sorbent extraction
3.7 Stir-rod sorptive extraction
3.8 Stir-bar sorptive extraction
3.9 Immunoaffinity solid phase microextraction
3.10 Microextraction in packed syringes
3.11 Dispersive micro-SPE
4. SUMMARY AND FUTURE TRENDS
REFERENCES
Eleven - Recent Advances and Developments in the QuEChERS Method
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MODIFICATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL METHOD
2.1 pH adjustment
2.2 Extraction solvent
2.3 Dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbents
2.4 Salt addition
2.5 Freezing of the sample or introduction of a freezing-out step
3. APPLICATION FIELDS
3.1 Pesticide analysis
3.2 Pharmaceutical analysis
3.3 Mycotoxin analysis
3.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analysis
3.5 Miscellaneous
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Twelve - Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Development of the matrix solid-phase dispersion technique
2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MATRIX SOLID PHASE DISPERSION
2.1 Basic matrix solid phase dispersion approach
2.2 Variables affecting the matrix solid phase dispersion process
2.2.1 Sorbent selection
2.2.2 Solvent selection and elution protocol
3. LAST TRENDS IN MATRIX SOLID PHASE DISPERSION
3.1 Novel sorbents
3.2 Novel solvents
3.3 Combination with enhanced solvent extraction techniques
3.4 Miniaturization
4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Thirteen - Selecting an Appropriate Solvent Microextraction Mode for a Green Analytical Method
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ASSESSING THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLVENT MICROEXTRACTION MODES
2.1 Present directions in solvent microextraction research
2.2 Solvent microextraction nomenclature
2.3 Single drop microextraction and its variants
2.3.1 Direct immersion single drop microextraction
2.3.2 Headspace single drop microextraction
2.3.3 Directly suspended droplet microextraction and liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction
2.4 Hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction and its variants
2.4.1 Two-phase hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction
2.4.2 Three-phase hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction
2.5 Electromembrane extraction
2.6 Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
2.6.1 Solvent dispersion dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
2.6.2 Mechanical dispersion dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
2.6.3 Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
2.6.4 In situ dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
3. MODIFICATION OF A PUBLISHED METHOD
4. CONSIDERING METHOD REQUIREMENTS
5. GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
6. CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE SOLVENT MICROEXTRACTION MODE FOR A GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY METHOD
7. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Fourteen - Trends in Online Intube Solid Phase Microextraction
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TRENDS IN CONFIGURATIONS
3. TRENDS IN EXTRACTIVE PHASES
4. APPLICATIONS OF THE ONLINE IT-SPME–LC
5. FIGURES OF MERIT OF THE ONLINE IT-SPME–LC
6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Fifteen - Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
1. GENERAL OVERVIEW
2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
3. EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 Extraction stage
3.2 Back-extraction stage
3.3 Validation and potential applications
4. MAIN DRAWBACKS AND SOLUTIONS
4.1 Multimode assays
4.2 Derivatization steps
4.3 Alternative sorbent phases
4.4 Novel passive microextraction techniques
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Sixteen - Recent Advances in Solid-Phase Microextraction for Contaminant Analysis in Food Matrices
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SPME APPLIED TO DETERMINATION OF CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD
3. NOVEL DEVELOPMENTS IN SPME DEVICES APPLIED TO ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD MATRICES
3.1 Solgel
3.2 Ionic liquids
3.3 Molecularly imprinted polymers
3.4 High throughput technologies
3.5 Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction in complex matrices
4. CHALLENGING POLAR COMPOUNDS
5. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS TO FATTY MATRICES
6. IN VIVO SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION
7. QUANTITATIVE SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION IN COMPLEX FOOD MATRICES
8. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS
REFERENCES
Seventeen - Recent Advances in the Combination of Assisted Extraction Techniques
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMBINED CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
3. COMBINED SORBENT-BASED MICROEXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
3.1 Solid phase microextraction
3.1.1 Offline solid phase microextraction couplings
3.1.1.1 Offline MAE–SPME
3.1.1.2 Offline UAE–SPME
3.1.1.3 Offline SFE–SPME
3.1.1.4 Offline PLE/PHWE–SPME
3.1.1.5 Offline MSPD–SPME
3.1.2 Online SPME couplings
3.1.2.1 Online MAE/UAE–SPME
3.1.2.2 Online SFE–SPME
3.2 Stir bar sorptive extraction
4. COMBINED LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
4.1 Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
4.2 Single drop microextraction
4.2.1 Offline SDME coupling
4.2.2 Online SDME coupling
5. COMBINED MEMBRANE-BASED MICROEXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
Eighteen - New Materials for Green Sample Preparation: Recent Advances and Future Trends
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SILICA-BASED SORBENTS
3. IONIC LIQUIDS
4. MOLECULAR IMPRINTING TECHNOLOGY
5. RESTRICTED-ACCESS MATERIAL SORBENTS
6. GRAPHENE-BASED MATERIALS
7. MAGNETIC MATERIALS
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE TRENDS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Nineteen - Green Sample-Preparation Techniques in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Chromatography
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GREEN SAMPLE-PREPARATION METHODS PRIOR TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS
2.1 Solid-phase microextraction analysis
2.1.1 Untargeted solid-phase microextraction
2.1.2 Targeted solid-phase microextraction
2.2 Stir-bar sorptive extraction
2.3 Solid-phase extraction
2.4 Other green sample-preparation techniques
3. CAPILLARY COMPREHENSIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
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