Green Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications

✍ Scribed by Ameta S.C., Ameta R. (ed.)

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 554
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This second edition of the well-received volume addresses a diverse selection of topics in green chemistry, highlighting the potential and scope of green chemistry for clean and sustainable development. Covering the basics, the book discusses the benefits of environmentally friendly chemical practices and their use in industry. The book has been updated with new research, new advances, and timely references.
Specific topics include:
eco-friendly products.
green catalysts.
ionic liquids.
supercritical fluids.
green solvents.
photo-Fenton reaction.
photocatalysis.
sonochemistry.
microwave-assisted organic synthesis.
ultrasound-assisted reactions.
green composites.
green manufacturing processes.
The current and future impacts of green chemistry have also been discussed in this book.
The volume will enlighten the scientific community on the advantages the green chemistry, which including being both eco-friendly and useful on the industrial scale, by explaining how green chemistry is put into actual practice.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Green Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
Copyright
Dedication
About the Editors
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Preface
1. Introduction
Abstract
Principles of Green Chemistry
Keywords
References
2. Benign Starting Materials
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sustainability
2.2.1 Renewable Feedstocks and Raw Materials
2.2.2 Oleochemistry
2.2.3 Photochemistry
2.2.4 Biocatalysis and Biotransformations
2.2.5 Capture or Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide
2.2.6 Waste Biomass as Chemical Feedstock, Biomaterials and Biofuel
2.2.7 Biodegradation of Biomass to Biogas and Biodiesel
2.3 Sustainable Materials
2.4 Choice of Starting Materials
2.4.1 Chemical Substitutes and Replacements
2.4.2 Renewable Feedstock from Agriculture (Biomass)
2.5 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
3. Eco-Friendly Products and Reagents
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bioplastics
3.3 Green fuel (Hydrogen)
3.4 Green Pesticides
3.5 Green Drugs
3.6 Green Detergents/Surfactants
3.7 Green Dyes
3.8 Eco-Waxes
3.9 Green Building Construction Materials
3.10 Bio-Based Material Starbons
3.11 Biodiesel
3.12 Environmental Benign Supercritical Fluids
3.13 Nanoparticles
3.14 Antifoulants
3.15 Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
3.16 Other Green Chemicals
3.17 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
4. Green Catalysts
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biocatalysts
4.3 Organocatalysts
4.4 Metallocatalysts
4.5 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
5. Ionic Liquids: Promising Solvents
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ionic Liquid as Green Solvent
5.2.1 Designer Solvents for A Cleaner World
5.2.2 Notations
5.2.3 Anions
5.2.4 Cations
5.2.5 Characteristics
5.2.6 Ionic Liquid Generation
5.3 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids
5.3.1 Use of Microwave Irradiation
5.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Organic Reactions
5.4.1 Oxidation
5.4.2 Oxidative Carbonylation of Aniline
5.4.3 Reduction
5.4.4 Beckmann Rearrangement
5.4.5 Diels–Alder Reaction
5.4.6 Mannich Reaction
5.4.7 Heck Reaction
5.4.8 Friedel–Crafts Reaction
5.4.9 Wittig Reaction
5.4.10 Michael Addition Reaction
5.4.11 Fischer indole Synthesis
5.4.12 Condensation Reaction
5.4.13 Coupling Reaction
5.4.14 Esterification Reaction
5.4.15 Cyclization
5.4.16 Biochemical Reaction
5.4.17 Biodegradation
5.4.18 Biginelli Reaction
5.4.19 Miscellaneous
5.5 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
6. Supercritical Solvents
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Some Major Supercritical Fluids
6.2.1 Supercritical Water
6.2.2 Organic Reactions in Supercritical Water (SCW)
6.2.3 Organic Reaction in Near Critical Water (NCW) Region
6.3 Carbon Dioxide
i) Diels–Alder reaction
ii) Freidel–Crafts reaction
iii) Supercritical polymerization
iv) Oxidation reactions
v) Hydrogenation reactions
vi) Heck reaction
vii) Coupling reaction
viii) Photochemical reaction
ix) Alkylation/acylation
x) Esterification
xi) Extraction
xii) Catalysis
xiii) Solubility
xiv) Synthesis
xv) Miscellaneous reactions
6.4 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
7. Other Green Solvents
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some Major Green Solvents
7.2.1 Water
7.2.2 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
7.2.3 Glycerol
7.2.4 Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME)
i) Reactions with alkylating agents
ii) Friedel-Crafts type reactions
iii) Grignard-type reactions
(iv) Reactions with transition metal catalysts
v) Palladium catalyzed direct arylation of heteroaromatics
vi) Condensation reactions
vii) Enolate chemistry
viii) Transformations
ix) Oxidation
x) Reduction
xi) Alkylation
xii) Reaction in the presence of acid
xiii) Polymerization
xiv) Nanoparticles
xv) Others
xvi) Solar cells
7.2.5 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-METHF)
7.2.6 Ethyl Lactate
7.2.7 Perfluorinated (Fluorous) Solvents
7.2.8 p-Cymeme
7.2.9 Limonene
7.2.10 Gamma-Valerolactone
7.3 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
8. Photocatalysis: An Emerging Technology
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Photocatalysis
8.2.1 Photocatalytic Reactions
8.2.2 Photocatalysis
8.2.3 Band Gap
8.2.4 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
8.2.5 Fate of Excited electron–Hole Pair
8.3 Wastewater Treatment Processes
8.3.1 Dyes
8.3.2 Pesticides
8.3.3 Surfactants
8.3.4 Hydrocarbons
8.3.5 Alcohols
8.3.6 Phenols
8.3.7 Halo Compounds
8.3.8 Carbonyl Compounds
8.3.9 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
8.3.10 Hydrogen Production
8.3.11 Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
8.3.12 Other
8.4 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
9. Photo-Fenton Reactions: A Green Chemical Route
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Fenton’s Reagent
9.3 Photo-Fenton Reaction
9.4 Photodegradation of Some Organic Compounds
9.4.1 Hydrocarbons
9.4.2 Carboxylic Acids
9.4.3 Phenols and its Derivatives
9.4.4 Halo Compounds
9.4.5 Nitro Compounds
9.4.6 Pesticides
9.4.7 Dyes
9.4.8 Drugs
9.4.9 Others
9.5 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
10. Sonochemistry: A Pollution-Free Pathway
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ultrasound
10.2.1 Classification
10.2.2 Principles of Sonochemistry
10.2.3 Phenomenon of Cavitation
10.2.4 Factors Affecting Cavitation
10.2.5 Sources of Ultrasound in Sonochemistry
10.3 Organic Synthesis
10.4 Biological Reactions
10.5 Polymer Synthesis
10.5.1 Radical Polymerization
10.5.2 Polymer Scission
10.6 Heterogeneous Catalysis
10.6.1 Liquid–Liquid Systems
10.6.2 Liquid-Solid Systems
10.7 Organometallic Processes
10.8 Scale-Up Consideration
10.9 Other Applications
10.9.1 Hydrogen Production
10.9.2 Extraction
10.9.3 Nanoparticles
10.9.4 Water Treatment
10.9.5 Organic Synthesis
10.9.6 Solar Cells
10.10 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
11. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis: A Need of the Day
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microwave-Assisted Chemistry
11.2.1 Microwaves as Energy Source
11.2.2 Microwaves as A Tool for Synthetic Chemistry
11.3 Principle
11.3.1 Dipolar Polarization
11.3.2 Conduction Mechanism
11.3.3 Microwave Chemistry Apparatus
11.3.4 Reaction Vessels and Reaction Medium
11.3.5 Microwave Effect
11.3.6 Comparison Between Microwave Heating and Conventional Heating
11.3.6.1 Increased Rate of Reaction
11.3.7 Limitations of Microwave Chemistry
11.4 Classification of Microwave Reactions
11.4.1 Solvent-Assisted Synthesis
11.4.2 Solvent-Free Synthesis
11.5 Applications in Organic Synthesis
11.5.1 Oxidation Reactions
11.5.2 Reduction Reactions
11.5.3 Alkylations
11.5.4 Rearrangements
11.5.5 Cycloadditions
11.5.6 Condensation
11.5.7 Esterifications
11.5.8 Protection Reactions
11.5.9 Transition Metal-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions
11.5.10 Synthesis of Heterocycles
11.5.11 Synthesis of Nanocomposites
11.5.12 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids
11.5.13 Multicomponent Reactions
11.5.14 Metal Organic Framework (MOF)
11.5.15 Coupling Reactions
11.6 Miscellaneous
11.7 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
12. Green Composites
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Designing for Composites
12.3 Life Cycle Assessment
12.4 Natural Fiber Sources
12.5 Natural Polymer Sources
12.6 Green Composites
12.6.1 Natural Fiber Biocomposites
12.6.2 Natural Polymer Biocomposites
12.7 Properties of Biocomposites
12.8 Applications of Green Composites
12.9 Reuse, Recycling, and Degradation of Composites
12.10 Biodegradation of Composites
12.11 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
13. Green Manufacturing Processes
Abstract
13.1 Production Process Changes
13.2 Changes of Inputs in the Production Process
13.3 Internal Reuse of Waste
13.4 Better Housekeeping
13.5 Pharmaceutical Industry
13.6 Polymer Industries
13.6.1 Bioplastics
13.7 Other Industries
13.8 Recent Developments
Keywords
References
14. Future Trends
Abstract
Index