Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology Essentials
Copyright Page
Table Of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Chest
1.1 Chest Wall and Pleura
Chest Wall: Bony and Soft Tissue Lesions
Rib Lesions
Benign
Congenital abnormalities
Callus
Rib notching
Benign primary tumours
Other benign rib lesions
Aggressive
Destructive rib lesions
Bronchial carcinoma (including pancoast’s tumours)
Differential of Rib Notching
Clavicles
Definition
Pearl
Chest Wall: Bony and Soft Tissue Lesions
Soft Tissue Lesions
Poland’s Syndrome
Definition
CXR
Soft Tissue Tumours
Benign (rib separation or notch-like remodelling from pressure erosion)
Lipoma
CT
MRI
Neurofibroma
CT
MRI
Haemangiomas
CT
MRI
Lymphangiomas
CT
MRI
Malignant (bony destruction)
Sternal Lesions
Pectus Excavatum
Definition
CXR
Pearl
Sternal Neoplasms
Definition
CT
Diseases of the Pleura
Pleural Thickening and Fibrothorax
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
US
CT
MRI
Pearls
Apical pleural CAP
Asbestos exposure
CXR
CT
Localized Fibrous Tumour (Localized Mesothelioma)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
MRI
Pearls
Diseases of the Pleura
Malignant Mesothelioma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
CT
MRI
FDG PET
Pearls
Pericardial Malignant Mesothelioma
CT/MRI
Pleural Metastases
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
FDG PET
Pearls
Pleural Effusion
Pleural Effusion
Definition
Radiological features
XR
US
CT
Pearls
MRI
CXR
CT
MRI
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Typical CXR signs
Supine pneumothorax
CXR
Tension pneumothorax
CXR
Pearls
Diaphragmatic Hernia/Eventration
Diaphragmatic Hernia/Eventration
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Adults
Bochdalek (posterior) hernia
CXR
CT/MRI
Morgagni (anterior) hernia
CXR/CT
Paediatric
Antenatal US
CXR
Pearls
1.2 Mediastinum
Mediastinitis
Acute Mediastinitis
Definition
Other causes
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
Barium swallow
CT
Fibrosing Mediastinitis (Sclerosing Mediastinitis/Mediastinal Fibrosis)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
MRI
Pearl
Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Thyroid Masses
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
Scintigraphy
CT
MRI
Pearl
Parathyroid Masses
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Thymoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Pearls
Other Thymic Tumours
Thymic Carcinoma
Definition
CT
Thymolipoma
Definition
CT/MRI
Thymic Hyperplasia
Definition
CT/MRI
Pearl
Thymic Lymphoma
Definition
CT/MRI
Thymic Carcinoid
Definition
Pearl
Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumours
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Mature teratoma
CT
MRI
Seminoma
CT/MRI
NSGCTs
CT
Pearls
Treatment
Prognosis
Middle Mediastinal Masses
Bronchogenic Cyst
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
MRI
Pearls
Oesophageal Duplication (Enteric) Cyst
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Barium swallow
CT/MRI
Middle Mediastinal Masses
Neurenteric Cysts (See Also Congenital Spinal Anomalies)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Pearl
Pericardial Cysts
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
CT/MRI
Pearls
Pneumomediastinum
Definition
Radiological Features
Middle Mediastinal Masses
Mediastinal Adenopathy
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
CECT
Lymph node calcification
Low attenuation nodes (necrosis)
Pearls
Sarcoidosis
Malignant lymphoma
Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis
Castleman’s disease
Metastatic carcinoma
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Benign tumours
CXR
NECT
CECT
MRI
Malignant tumours
CT
MRI
Sympathetic Ganglion Tumours
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Mediastinal Paragangliomas
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR/CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Miscellaneous Mediastinal Masses
Lymphangiomas (Cystic Hygromas)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Pearl
Fatty Tumours of the Mediastinum
Definition
Radiological features
CT
Pearls
Mediastinal lipomatosis
Abdominal fat herniation
Lateral Thoracic Meningocele
Definition
Radiological features
CXR
CT/MRI
Extramedullary Haematopoiesis
Definition
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Mediastinal Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Definition
Radiological features
CT
Pericardial Conditions
Congenital Absence of the Pericardium
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR/CT/MRI
Pearls
Pericarditis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
CT
MRI
Pearls
1.3 Pulmonary Infection
Lobar Pneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia
Definition
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal pneumonia)
CXR/CT
Klebsiella
CXR/CT
Legionella (Legionnaires’ disease)
CXR
Actinomycosis
CXR
CT
Nocardiosis
CXR
Chlamydial pneumonia
CXR
CXR/CT
Bronchopneumonia, Anaerobic and Atypical Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Definition
CT
Specific Infections
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-negative pneumonias
Anaerobic Pneumonia
Definition
Radiological features
CXR
Pearls
Empyema
US
CT
Atypical Pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Definition
CXR
HRCT
Viral pneumonias
Definition
Influenza A and B
CXR
HRCT
Varicella
CXR/CT
Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1)
CT
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Primary tuberculosis
Post-primary tuberculosis
Pearls
HRCT
Fungal Infections
Cryptococcosis (Torulosis)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
CT
Pearls
Histoplasmosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR/CT
Other Fungal Infections
Coccidioimycosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Pearl
Candidiasis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Aspergillus Infection
Definition
Radiological features
Aspergilloma
CXR
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
CXR/CT
Chronic necrotizing (semi-invasive) aspergillosis
CXR/CT
Invasive aspergillosis
CXR/CT
HRCT
Complications of Pneumonia
Lung abscess
Pulmonary gangrene
Pneumatocele
Septic emboli
Empyema
Bronchoplueral fistula
Metazoal and Protozoal Diseases
Hydatid Disease
Definition
Radiological features
Unruptured pulmonary cysts
Ruptured pulmonary cysts
Pearls
Treatment
Paragonimiasis
Definition
Diagnosis
Clinical presentation
CXR
CT
Entamoeba Histolytica
Definition
CXR
Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection
Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii)
Definition
CXR/CT
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTMB)
Pyogenic organisms
Candidiasis
CXR/CT
Mucormycosis
CXR/CT
Cytomegalovirus
CXR/CT
Cryptococcus neoformans
CXR/CT
Histoplasma capsulatum
CXR/CT
Coccidioidomycosis
CXR/CT
Aspergillosis
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Definition
CXR/CT
Pearls
1.4 Large Airway Disease
Tracheal Disorders
Post-Traumatic Strictures
Definition
CXR/CT
Infectious Tracheobronchitis
Definition
CT
Tracheobronchial Fistula and Dehiscence
Bronchopleural fistula
Nodobronchial/nodobroncho-oesophageal fistula
Tracheo-oesophageal fistulas
Tracheal Neoplasms
Benign
Definition
CT
Malignant
Definition
CT
Secondary malignant neoplasms
Definition
CT
Tracheobronchial Papillomatosis
Definition
CT
Tracheobronchomalacia
Definition
CT
Anca-Associated Granulomatous Vasculitis
Definition
CT
Relapsing Polychondritis
Definition
CT
Tracheal Disorders
Tracheobronchial Amyloidosis
Definition
CT
Sabre-Sheath Trachea
Definition
CT
Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier–Kuhn Disease)
Definition
Diagnostic criteria
Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica
Definition
CT
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearls
HRCT
Congenital Airway Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
MRI
Pearls
Dyskinetic Cilia Syndrome
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR/CT
Pearls
Emphysema
Emphysema
Definition
Classification
Centrilobular (centriacinar) emphysema
Paraseptal emphysema
Panlobular (panacinar) emphysema
Irregular (paracicatricial) emphysema
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
CT
Pearls
Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
Pearls
Asthma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearl
Miscellaneous Airway Disorders
Obliterative (Constrictive) Bronchiolitis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearls
Broncholithiasis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
Pearl
1.5 Pulmonary Lobar Collapse
Mechanisms and Radiographic Appearances
Mechanisms and Causes of Lobar Collapse
Radiographic Considerations
Computed Tomography of Lobar Collapse
Patterns of Lobar Collapse
Right Upper Lobe Collapse
Radiological Features
PA CXR
Lateral CXR
CT
Left Upper Lobe Collapse
Radiological Features
PA CXR
CT
Pearl
Patterns of Lobar Collapse
Middle Lobe Collapse
Radiological Features
PA CXR
Lateral CXR
CT
Right and Left Lower Lobe Collapse
Radiological Features
PA CXR
Lateral CXR
CT
Pearl
1.6 Pulmonary Neoplasms
Evaluation of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Evaluation of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Definition
Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Masses
FDG-PET
Lung Cancer: Radiological Features
Lung Cancer: Radiological Features
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Peripheral tumours
Central tumours
Hilar enlargement (N1-N3)
Chest wall invasion (T3)
Mediastinal invasion (T4)
Bone involvement (M1)
Lung Cancer: Pearls
Lung Cancer: Pearls
Pleural effusions (M1a)
Lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma/invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (formerly bronchoalveolar carcinoma)
Pancoast’s tumour (superior sulcus tumour)
Lymph Node Staging
CXR
CT/MRI
EUS
FDG PET
Mediastinoscopy/mediastinotomy
Extrathoracic Staging
Features Suggesting a Pneumonia Is Secondary to a Neoplasm
Treatment
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia/Pseudolymphoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Pearls
Pseudolymphoma
CXR/CT
Follicular bronchiolitis (diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia)
CXR/CT
Leukaemia
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR/MRI
Benign Pulmonary Tumours
Bronchial Carcinoid
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Pearls
DIPNECH:
Other Benign Pulmonary Neoplasms
Pulmonary hamartoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
CXR/CT
Pearl
Leiomyoma of the lung
Definition
Plasma cell granuloma of the lung (inflammatory pseudotumour)
Definition
Miscellaneous Pulmonary Malignancies
Pulmonary Metastases
Definition
Radiological Features
Haematogenous metastases
Endobronchial metastases
Miliary metastases
Tumour emboli
Pearl
Lymphangitis Carcinomatosa
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
1.7 High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT)
HRCT Patterns of Diffuse Lung Disease
HRCT Technique
Ground-Glass Pattern
Definition
HRCT
Mosaic Attenuation Pattern
Definition
HRCT
Reticular Pattern
Definition
HRCT
Nodular Pattern
Definition
Nodules within the lung interstitium
Centrilobular nodules
Random distribution
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearl
Non-Specific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological Features
HRCT
Pearls
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearl
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Interstitial Lung Disease (RB–ILD) and Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearls
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological Features
HRCT
Pearls
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia/Diffuse Alveolar Damage (Formerly Hamman–Rich Syndrome)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearls
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR (lymphadenopathy)
CXR (parenchymal changes)
HRCT
Other thoracic findings
Pearls
Connective Tissue Diseases
Rheumatoid Disease
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Rheumatoid (necrobiotic) pulmonary nodules
Pearls
HRCT
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Pearl
Connective Tissue Diseases
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
HRCT
Pearls
Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
HRCT
Pearls
Connective Tissue Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Pleural effusions
Consolidation
Acute lupus pneumonitis
HRCT
Chronic diffuse ILD
HRCT
Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage
HRCT
Pearls
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Definition
Radiological Features
Pearl
Systemic Vasculitides
Wegener’s Granulomatosis (Anca-Associated Granulomatous Vasculitis)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR/HRCT
Pearls
Churg–Strauss Syndrome
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
HRCT
Pearls
Drug-Induced Lung Disease
Drug-Induced Lung Disease
Definition
Radiological Features
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)
CXR
HRCT
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
HRCT
Chronic interstitial pneumonia
HRCT
Organizing pneumonia
CXR
HRCT
Eosinophilic pneumonia
CXR/HRCT
Silicosis/Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Silicosis/Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Early changes
CT
Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF)
Acute silicoproteinosis
CXR
Pearls
Asbestos-Related Disease
Asbestos-Related Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Benign pleural effusions
Pleural plaques
CXR/HRCT
Diffuse pleural thickening
Round atelectasis (folded lung)
CXR/HRCT
Asbestosis
HRCT
Pearls
Miscellaneous Interstitial Lung Diseases
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Acute disease
CXR/HRCT
Subacute disease
CXR
HRCT
Chronic disease
CXR
HRCT
Pearls
Miscellaneous Interstitial Lung Diseases
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearls
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR/CT
Pearls
1.8 Chest Trauma
Chest Wall and Lung Trauma
Chest Wall and Lung Trauma
Rib fractures
Sternoclavicular joint dislocation
Sternal fractures
Fractures of the thoracic spine
CT
Pneumothorax
CXR
CT
Pulmonary contusion
CXR/CT
Pulmonary laceration
Lung herniation
Lung torsion
CXR
Fat embolism
CXR/CT
Trauma to the Diaphragm
Trauma to the Diaphragm
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Barium studies
US
CT
MRI
Pearls
Cardiac Injury
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT
Mediastinal Trauma
Mediastinal Haemorrhage
Definition
Radiological features
CXR
NECT
MRI
Mediastinal Emphysema (Pneumomediastinum)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
CT
Pearl
Tracheobronchial Rupture
Definition
Radiological features
CXR/CT
Oesophageal Rupture
Definition
Radiological features
Contrast study
CXR/CT
Pearl
1.9 Airspace Disease
Airspace Disease
Pulmonary Oedema
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR/CT
Pearl
Airspace Disease
Diffuse Pulmonary Haemorrhage
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
HRCT
Pearls
Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR/CT
Scintigraphy
Airspace Disease
Eosinophilic Lung Disease
Definition
Radiological features
Simple pulmonary eosinophilia (Löffler’s syndrome)
CXR/CT
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
CXR
HRCT
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
CXR/HRCT
Alveolar Proteinosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
HRCT
Pearl
1.10 Paediatric Chest
Congenital Chest Abnormalities
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations (CPAM)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MRI (prenatal)
Fetal USS
Fetal MRI
Pearls
Scimitar Syndrome (Hypogenetic Lung, Pulmonary Venolobar Syndrome)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Congenital Chest Abnormalities
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
In utero US
CXR
CTA/MRA
MRI
Pearl
Congenital Chest Abnormalities
Congenital Lobar Overinflation
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
V/Q scintigraphy
Pearls
Pulmonary Agenesis and Hypoplasia Complex
Definition
Radiological Features
Pulmonary agenesis
CXR
Scintigraphy
Angiography
Pulmonary hypoplasia
CXR
Pearl
Causes of Neonatal Respiratory Distress
Transient Tachypnoea of the Newborn (Wet Lung Syndrome)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
Definition
Pathophysiology
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Pearls
Prevention
Treatment
Causes of Neonatal Respiratory Distress
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
Pearl
Treatment
Neonatal Pulmonary Infection
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Normal Paediatric Chest and Problems With Mechanical Ventilation
The Normal Paediatric Chest
Common Artefacts
Ideal Positioning of Tubes and Lines
Mechanical Ventilation
Early effects of mechanical ventilation
CXR
Late effects of mechanical ventilation
CXR
CXR
1.11 Miscellaneous ITU Chest Conditions
Lung Transplantation
Lung Transplantation
Definition
Single lung transplantation
Bilateral sequential lung transplantation
Preoperative Imaging
Perioperative Imaging
Reperfusion oedema (reimplantation syndrome)
Definition
CXR/HRCT
Early Graft Dysfunction
Definition
CXR/HRCT
Postoperative Imaging
Infection
Definition
CT
Acute rejection
Definition
CXR
HRCT
Bronchial anastomotic complications
Definition
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB)
Definition
CXR
HRCT
Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)
Definition
CT
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
Pearls
ITU Chest Imaging
Support and Monitoring Apparatus
Ideal Positioning
Itu Chest Imaging
Atelectasis
Definition
CXR
Aspiration
Definition
CXR
Pulmonary Oedema
Causes
CXR
Pneumonia
Definition
CXR
Pulmonary Embolism
Causes
CXR
CTPA
Haemorrhage
Definition
CXR
Extrapulmonary Air
Causes
CXR/CT
Pleural Effusions
Definition
CXR
2 Cardiovascular System
2.1 Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction
Cardiac Development
The Fetal Circulation
Circulatory Changes at Birth
Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease
Causes of a Central Cyanosis
Eisenmenger’s Syndrome
Definition
CXR/CT
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Tetralogy of Fallot
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Transthoracic echocardiography
CMR
Pearls
Pulmonary Atresia With a Ventricular Septal Defect
Definition
Radiological features
CXR
CMR
Pearls
Pulmonary Atresia With an Intact Ventricular Septum
Definition
Radiological features
CXR
Pearls
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Transposition of the Great Arteries (D-TGA)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
Transthoracic echocardiography
Pearls
Congenitally Corrected Transposition (L-TGA)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CMR
Pearl
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Definition
Radiological Features
CMR
Pearls
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CMR
Pearl
Anomalous Coronary Arteries
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR/CT
Pearl
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Hypoplastic Left Heart (Shone) Syndrome (HLHS)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
CMR
Pearl
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (TAPVD)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Infracardiac type
Cardiac/supracardiac types
Radiological features
CXR
CT/CMR
Pearls
Associations
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD)
Scimitar syndrome
CXR
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Common Arterial Trunk (Truncus Arteriosus)
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
CMR
Pearls
Cor Triatrium
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
Echocardiography
Pearls
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Aortic Coarctation
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Echocardiography
CXR
Contrast-enhanced MRI
Pearls
Anomalies of the Aortic Arch (Vascular Rings)
Vascular Rings and Aortic Arches
Double Aortic Arch
Right Aortic Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery and Left Ligamentum Arteriosum
Right Aortic Arch With Mirror-Image Branching and a Retro-Oesophageal Ligamentum Arteriosum
Left Aortic Arch With Right Descending Aorta and Right Ligamentum Arteriosum
Normal Left Aortic Arch With an Aberrant Retro-Oesophageal Right Subclavian Artery
Septal Defects
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Transoesophageal echocardiography
Transthoracic echocardiography
CMR
Pearls
Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)
Definition
Radiological features
CXR
Echocardiography
Angiography
Pearls
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Echocardiography
CMR
Pearls
Other Anomalies
Left Pulmonary Artery Sling
Definition
Radiological features
Pearl
Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Other Anomalies
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Pearls
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Pearls
2.2 Non-Ischaemic Acquired Heart Disease
Acquired Mitral Valve Disease
Mitral Regurgitation
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Pearls
Mitral Stenosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Pearls
Acquired Aortic Valve Disease
Aortic Regurgitation
Definition
Radiological features
Acute
CXR
Transoesophageal US
CMR
Chronic
CXR
CMR
Pearls
Aortic Stenosis
Definition
Radiological features
Calcific aortic stenosis
CXR
Echocardiography
CT
CMR
Rheumatic aortic stenosis
CXR
Pearls
Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease
Tricuspid Valve Disease
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Causes
Clinical presentation
CXR
Echocardiography
CMR
Pearls
Tricuspid Stenosis
Causes
CXR
Echocardiography
Pearl
Pulmonary Valve Disease
Pulmonary Stenosis
Definition
Acquired causes
CXR
Pulmonary Regurgitation
Definition
Prosthetic Valves
Prosthetic Cardiac Valves
Cardiac Valve Prostheses in Current Use and of Historical Interest
Diagnostic Imaging Following Valve Implantation
Echocardiography
PA CXR
CMR
Complications
Pearl
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)/Congestive Cardiomyopathy
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Echocardiography
CMR
Pearls
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
Echocardiography
MRI
Pearls
Cardiomyopathies
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Definition
Radiological features
Echocardiography/CMR
Pearls
Amyloid heart disease
Clinical presentation
Echocardiography
CMR
Sarcoidosis
CMR
Haemochromatosis
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Definition
CMR
Unclassified Cardiomyopathy
Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC)
Echocardiography/CT/CMR
Takotsubo CMP (transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome)
Echocardiography
CMR
Cardiac Tumours
Primary Cardiac Tumours
Definition
Clinical features
Echocardiography
CT
CMR
Benign Cardiac Tumours
Cardiac myxoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
CXR/CT
Echocardiography
CMR
Pearls
Lipoma
Clinical presentation
CT
MRI
Rhabdomyoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT/MRI
Pearl
Fibroma
CT
MRI
Malignant Cardiac Tumours
Sarcomas
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT/MRI
Cardiac Metastases
Cardiac Trauma
Penetrating Trauma
Blunt Trauma
Injuries Common to Both Types of Trauma
Perforation of the Ventricular Septum
False Aneurysm
CXR
CT
Valve Disruption
Coronary Artery Trauma
Pericardial Trauma
2.3 Pulmonary Circulation and Thromboembolism
Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
Perfusion (Q) Scintigraphy
Ventilation (V) Scintigraphy
Pearls
Pulmonary Vascular Patterns
Pulmonary Venous Hypertension (PVH)
Definition
Radiological Features
Vascular redistribution (grade I)
Interstitial oedema (grade II)
Alveolar oedema (grade III)
CT findings of oedema
Pearls
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR/CT
MRI
Pearls
Pulmonary Vascular Patterns
Asymmetric Pulmonary Vascularity
Definition
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation (PAVM)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
CT
Selective angiography
Pearls
Pulmonary Vascular Patterns
Pulmonary Overcirculation (Plethora)
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
Pearls
Pulmonary Oligaemia
Definition
Radiological Features
CXR
Congenital Abnormalities of the Pulmonary Artery
Congenital Absence of the Pulmonary Artery
Definition
CXR
Pulmonary Valve Abnormalities
Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
Definition
CXR/CT
Associations
Pulmonary Artery Aneurysms
Definition
CXR/CT
2.4 The Aorta
Aortic Rupture
Traumatic Aortic Injury (TAI)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
CT/angiography
DSA
Pearls
Aortic Dissection
Aortic Dissection
Definition
Potential dissection precursors
NECT
CECT
Predisposing factors
Mechanisms of branch vessel ischaemia
Classification
Clinical Presentation
Aortic Dissection
Aortic Dissection
Radiological features
NECT
CECT
MRI
Transoesophageal echocardiography
Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
Pearls
Acute aortic syndrome
Intramural haematoma
Definition
Radiological features
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU)
Definition
Radiological features
Pearl
Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Management
Endovascular treatment of a type B dissection
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Aortic Aneurysms
Aortic Aneurysms
Definition
True aneurysm
False aneurysm (pseudoaneurysm)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (95%)
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (15%)
Pathological Aneurysm Types
Atherosclerotic aortic aneurysms
Inflammatory aneurysms
Aneurysms commonly affecting the aortic root, ascending aorta and aortic arch
Mycotic aneurysms
Infective aneurysms
Connective tissue diseases
Aortitis
Clinical Presentation
Aortic Aneurysms
Aortic Aneurysms
Radiological Features
CXR
AXR
US
CT
MRI
Imaging features to be addressed with a thoracic aneurysm
Imaging features to be addressed with an abdominal aneurysm
Pearls
Treatment
Mid-Aortic Syndrome and Takayasu’s Disease of the Aorta
Mid-Aortic Syndrome
Definition
von Recklinghausen’s disease (type 1 neurofibromatosis)
Alagille’s syndrome
Williams’ syndrome
Congenital aortic coarctation
Clinical presentation
Granulomatous Vasculitis (Takayasu’s Disease)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Angiography
US/CT/contrast-enhanced MRI
Pearls
Treatment
Aortic Occlusive Disease
Acute Aortic Occlusive Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Catheter angiography/MRA
Pearls
Treatment
Chronic Aortic Occlusive Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Angiography
MRA
Pearls
Management
Interventional Endovascular Management
Interventional Endovascular Management
Aortic intervention
Endovascular repair complications
Traumatic Aortic Injury (TAI)
2.5 Peripheral Vascular Disease
Gastrointestinal Vascular Disorders
Mesenteric Haemorrhage
Upper gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage
Lower GI haemorrhage
DSA
Embolization
Red cell scintigraphy
CT angiography
Visceral Artery Aneurysms
Endovascular treatment
Mesenteric Occlusive Vascular Disease
Acute mesenteric ischaemia
Chronic mesenteric ischaemia
Pearls
Carotid Artery Stenosis
Carotid Artery Stenosis
Definition
Radiological Features
Doppler US
CTA/MRA
DSA
Pearls
Endovascular treatment of a carotid arterial stenosis
Peripheral Vascular Disease of the Lower Extremities
Lower Extremities
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
DSA
CTA
Pearls
Treatment
Iliac artery disease
Common femoral artery
Profunda femoris
Superficial femoral artery (SFA)
Popliteal artery
Calf vessels (tibial and peroneal vessels)
Disorders of the Venous System
Lower Extremity Venous Obstruction
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT venography
Pearls
May–Thurner syndrome
Upper Extremity Venous Obstruction
Thoracic outlet syndrome (Paget–Schroetter syndrome)
Occlusive disease related to a dialysis fistula
Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Obstruction
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT/DSA/radioisotope scanning
Pearls
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filters
Definition
Pearls
Miscellaneous Vascular Disorders
Peripheral Vascular Disease of the Upper Extremities
Definition
Pearls
Endovascular treatment
Carotid Body Tumour
Definition
Radiological features
US
CECT
DSA
Pearl
Carotid artery aneurysm
Bronchial Artery Embolization
Definition
Radiological features
Treatment
2.6 Ischaemic Heart Disease
Conventional Coronary Angiography and Echocardiography
Conventional Coronary Angiography
Technique
Considerations during coronary angiography
Echocardiography
2D echocardiography
Doppler echocardiography
Contrast medium echocardiography
Indications
Stress echocardiography
CT Imaging in Ischaemic Heart Disease
Cardiac CT and CT Angiography (CTA)
3D Image Reconstruction
Coronary Calcification
Coronary CTA
Other cardiac CT indications
MR Imaging in Ischaemic Heart Disease
Cardiac MRI (CMR) and MR angiography (MRA)
Spin-echo imaging
Gradient-echo imaging
Phase shift velocity mapping
Myocardial perfusion imaging
Contrast-enhanced MRA
Myocardial tagging
Cardiac gating
CMR imaging planes
Cardiac MRI (CMR)
CMR indications and applications
Nuclear Cardiac Imaging
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Perfusion Agents
Thallium
99mTechnetium MIBI (Sestamibi)
Nuclear Cardiac Imaging
Nuclear Cardiac Imaging
Pearls
Stress testing
Multiple gated acquisition (MUGA) study
Manifestations of Atheromatous Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary Artery Stenosis
Definition
Treatment
Coronary Artery Aneurysms
Definition
Pearl
Kawasaki’s disease
Intraluminal Lesions
Thrombus
Dissection
Impaired Ventricular Function
Definition
Evaluation
Manifestations of Atheromatous Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Infarction
Coronary angiography
MRI
Myocardial Infarction Complications
Cardiac Rupture
Left Ventricular Aneurysm
ECG
CXR
CT/MRI
False or Pseudoaneurysm
CT/MRI
Post-Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
CXR
Echocardiography
Post-Infarction Mitral Regurgitation
Ventricular Thrombus
Manifestations of Atheromatous Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Stunning and Myocardial Hibernation
Myocardial Stunning
Definition
Radiological features
Myocardial Hibernation
Definition
Pearl
Dobutamine stress MRI imaging
Angina Pectoris
Definition
Radiological features
Dressler’s Syndrome
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Myocardial viability imaging
PET
Echocardiography
3 Gastrointestinal
3.1 Oesophagus
Hiatus Hernia and Reflux
Hiatus Hernia
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Barium swallow
Pearls
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Barium swallow
Radionuclide study
Pearls
Oesophagitis and Benign Strictures
Oesophagitis and Benign Strictures
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Barium swallow
Pearls
Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
Pemphigoid
Intramural pseudodiverticulosis
Benign and Malignant Oesophageal Tumours
Benign Tumours
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Barium swallow
Pearls
Malignant Tumours
Definition
Radiological features
Barium swallow/CT
Oesophageal Carcinoma
Oesophageal Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Barium swallow
CT
MRI
EUS
FDG PET and FDG PET-CT
Oesophageal Carcinoma
Pearls
Normal oesophageal wall layers on Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
Mechanisms of tumour spread
Treatment and palliation of oesophageal cancer
Barrett’s Oesophagus
Definition
Radiological Features
Pearls
Oesophageal Dysmotility Disorders
Achalasia
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Barium swallow
Pearls
Diffuse Oesophageal Spasm
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Barium swallow
Other Causes of Dysmotility
GORD
Presbyoesophagus
Scleroderma
Barium swallow
Chagas disease
Barium swallow
Miscellaneous Oesophageal Conditions
Oesophageal diverticula
Pulsion diverticulum
Traction diverticulum
Varices
Definition
Barium swallow
CT
Oesophageal webs
Definition
Barium swallow
Pearl
Extrinsic lesions
Trauma
Definition
Radiological features of a full-thickness tear
CXR
CT
Contrast swallow
3.2 Stomach
Benign Gastric Ulcers
Benign Gastric Ulcers
Definition
Causes
Radiological features
Location
Double-contrast barium studies (en face)
Double-contrast barium studies (in profile)
Pearls
Double-contrast barium studies
Gastritis
Gastritis Due to Helicobacter pylori Infection
Definition
Pathophysiology
Radiological Features
Barium meal
Hypertrophic Gastritis
Definition
Radiological Features
Barium meal
Atrophic Gastritis
Definition
Radiological Features
Barium meal
Other Types of Infectious Gastritis
Granulomatous infections
Barium meal
Moniliasis
Barium meal
Immunocompromised patients
Barium meal
Strongyloides
Barium meal
Gastritis
Granulomatous Gastritis
Definition
Pearl
Crohn’s disease
Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
Definition
Radiological features
Barium meal
Eosinophilic Gastritis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Corrosive Gastritis
Definition
Radiological features
Barium meal
Benign and Malignant Gastric Tumours
Benign Tumours
Definition
Mucosal polyps
Hyperplastic polyps
Adenomas
Hamartomas/inflammatory polyps
Submucosal lesions
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)
Radiological features
Barium meal
Hyperplastic polyps
Adenoma
Malignant Tumours
Definition
Histological types
Lymphoma
GIST
Metastases
Radiological features
Lymphoma
Barium meal/CT
FDG-PET
Haematogenous metastases
Barium meal
Gastric Carcinoma
Gastric Carcinoma
Definition
Radiological features
Barium meal
CT
EUS
Gastric Carcinoma
Gastric Carcinoma
Pearls
Lymph nodes
Staging
Treatment and prognosis
Gastric Surgery
Gastric Surgery
Surgery Types
Billroth
Gastric bypass surgery
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band
Sleeve gastrectomy
Fundoplication
Partial gastrectomy and gastroenterostomy
Complications
Acute
Acute or chronic
Chronic
Gastric band complications
Miscellaneous Gastric Conditions
Gastric Volvulus
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Erect XR
Barium meal
Pearls
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
Barium meal
Pearl
Ménétrier’s Disease
Definition
Radiological features
Barium meal
Miscellaneous Gastric Conditions
Air Within the Gastric Wall
Definition
Radiological features
AXR/CT
Pre-Pyloric Web (Antral Mucosal Diaphragm)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Barium meal
Gastric Distension
Obstructive causes
Non-obstructive causes
Gastric Diverticula
Definition
Pearl
Intramural or partial gastric diverticula
Gastric Varices
Definition
Radiological features
Barium study/CT
Ectopic Pancreas (Pancreatic Rest/Aberrant Pancreas)
Definition
Radiological features
Barium meal
3.3 Duodenum
Peptic Ulceration, Gastric Heterotopia, Duodenal Diverticula
Peptic Ulceration
Definition
Radiological features
Barium studies
Pearls
Gastric Heterotopia
Definition
Radiological features
Barium meal
Pearls
Duodenal Diverticula
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Pearl
Benign and Malignant Duodenal Tumours
Benign Tumours
Types and Appearances on Barium Studies
Lipoma
Brunner’s gland hyperplasia
Adenomatous polyps
Villous adenomas
Benign lymphoid hyperplasia
Carcinoid
Other benign tumours
Pearl
Malignant Tumours
Types and Appearances on Barium Studies
Primary tumours
Adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater
Non-papillary adenocarcinomas of the duodenum
GIST/lymphoma
Secondary tumours
Carcinoma or lymphoma of the stomach
Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas
Carcinoma of the colon (particularly the hepatic flexure)
Carcinoma of the gallbladder
Enlarged neoplastic retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Miscellaneous Duodenal Conditions
Crohn’s Disease
Definition
Barium meal
Tuberculosis
Definition
Barium meal
Radiation Damage
Definition
Barium meal
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Definition
Barium meal
Intramural Haematoma
Definition
Barium meal
CT
Traumatic Rupture
Definition
CT
Superior Mesenteric Artery Compression Syndrome
Definition
Barium meal
CT
Aortic Aneurysmal Compression
Definition
Pearl
Aortoduodenal Fistula
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT
Bouveret’s Syndrome
Definition
Barium meal
3.4 Small Bowel
Crohn’s Disease (CD)
Crohn’s Disease
Definition
Radiological features
Barium studies
CT
Magnetic resonance enterography/enteroclysis
Pearls
Infections/Infestations of the Small Bowel
Tuberculosis (TB)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Barium follow through (ileocaecal tuberculosis)
CT
Yersinia
Definition
Barium follow through (BaFT)
Actinomycosis
Definition
BaFT and CT
Giardiasis
Definition
BaFT
Strongyloidiasis
Definition
BaFT
Anisakiasis
Definition
BaFT
Ascariasis
Definition
BaFT
Cytomegalovirus
Definition
BaFT
Cryptosporidiosis
Definition
BaFT
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs) and Carcinoid Tumours
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs)
Definition
Clinical features
Radiological features
Barium meal
CT
MRI
Pearls
Carcinoid Tumours of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
BaFT
CT
Pearls
Benign and Malignant Small Bowel Tumours
Benign Tumours
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
BaFT
CT
DSA
CT
Malignant Tumours
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Adenocarcinoma
BaFT
CT
Carcinoid/lymphoma/malignant GIST:
Pearls
Direct invasion
Lymphatic extension
Peritoneal seeding
CT
Blood borne embolic metastases
Causes of Small Bowel Obstruction
Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction
Causes
Radiological features
Erect AXR
Supine AXR
US
CT
Intussusception
Definition
Radiological features
AXR
US
CT
Pearls
Miscellaneous Small Bowel Disorders
Jejunal Diverticula
Definition
Clinical presentation
BaFT
Meckel’s Diverticulum
Definition
99mTc-pertechnetate
Enteroclysis
Angiography
Whipple’s Disease
Definition
BaFT
CT
Small Bowel Fistulae
Definition
Fistulogram
Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT
Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Definition
BaFT
Miscellaneous Small Bowel Disorders
Coeliac Disease (Non-Tropical Sprue/Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy)
Definition
Clinical presentation
BaFT
CT
Pearls
Gallstone Ileus
Definition
AXR/CT
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Definition
BaFT
Associations
Small Bowel Disorders Due to Cellular Infiltration: Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Definition
BaFT
Small Bowel Disorders Due to Cellular Infiltration: Mastocytosis
Definition
BaFT
Miscellaneous Small Bowel Disorders
Intestinal lymphangiectasia
Definition
Radiological features
BaFT
CT
AIDS
Definition
Radiological features
BaFT
CT
Graft-versus-host disease
Definition
Radiological features
BaFT
Chronic radiation enteritis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
BaFT
CT
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Definition
Radiological features
BaFT
Amyloidosis
Definition
Radiological features
BaFT
CT
Behçet’s disease
Definition
Radiological features
BaFT
CT
3.5 Colon
Ulcerative Colitis and Toxic Megacolon
Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Double-contrast barium enema (DCBE)
US
CT
Pearls
Toxic Megacolon
Definition
Radiological features
Colitis
Ischaemic Colitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR
CT
Pearls
Infectious Colitis
Parasitic Colitis
Radiation Colitis
Definition
CT
Neutropenic Colitis
Definition
CT
Pseudomembranous Colitis
Definition
XR
CT
Polyps
Polyps
Definition
Types
Epithelial adenoma
Non-epithelial
CT
Non-neoplastic
Unclassified
Radiological features
DCBE appearances of polyps
CT colonography (CTC) appearances of polyps
Polyposis Syndromes
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
Definition
Gardner’s Syndrome
Desmoid Tumour
CT
MRI
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Definition
Juvenile Polyposis
Definition
Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
Definition
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Double-contrast barium enema
CT
MRI
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
FDG PET-CT
Endorectal US
Pearls
Approximate distribution
Liver metastases
Treatment
Differential
Complications
Disease recurrence
Dissemination of other tumours to the colon via
Diverticulosis and Large Bowel Strictures
Diverticulosis
Definition
Diverticulum
Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis
Location
Radiological features
CT
Pearls
Large Bowel Strictures
Definition
Radiological features
Double-contrast barium enema
Further clues to the underlying aetiology (on DCBE and CT)
Large Bowel Obstruction
Mechanical Large Bowel Obstruction (Lbo)
Definition
Radiological features
AXR/instant unprepared barium enema/CT
Pearls
Large Bowel Volvulus
Definition
Radiological features
Caecal volvulus
AXR/CT
Sigmoid volvulus
AXR/CT
Contrast enema/CT
Paralytic Ileus
Definition
Radiological features
AXR
Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie’s Syndrome)
Definition
Pearls
Miscellaneous Disorders of the Large Bowel
Acute Appendicitis
Definition
Radiological features
AXR
US
CT
Pearl
Anal Fistula
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
Miscellaneous Disorders of the Large Bowel
Chronic Megacolon
Definition
Pelvic Lipomatosis
Definition
Radiological features
XR
CT/MRI
Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome
Definition
Radiological features
DCBE
Evacuation proctography
Endometriosis
Definition
Radiological features
DCBE
MRI
Differential diagnosis
Local Complications in the Postoperative Colon
Definition
Radiological features
Water-soluble contrast enema
CT
Pearls
Retrorectal Lesions
Definition
3.6 Liver
Anatomy and Imaging Techniques
Anatomy
Couinaud classification
Vascular anatomy
Riedel’s lobe
Liver Imaging Techniques
US
Normal texture
Hepatic artery
Portal vein branches
Hepatic vein branches
Contrast-enhanced US
CT
NECT
CECT
MRI
Contrast agents
Normal imaging appearances
Liver scintigraphy
Benign Diffuse Liver Disease
Fat Infiltration/Steatosis
Definition
US
CT
MRI
Hepatitis
Definition
US
Colloid scintigraphy
CT/MRI/angiography
Haemochromatosis and Haemosiderosis
Haemochromatosis
Haemosiderosis
US
NECT
MRI
Neonatal Hepatitis
Causes
US
99mTc-DISIDA
Pearls
Wilson’s Disease
Definition
US
CT
MRI
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis
Definition
Radiological Features
US
Doppler US
CT
MRI
Colloid scintigraphy
Angiography
Pearls
Advanced cirrhosis
Complications
Benign Solid Liver Lesions
Hemangioma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
CT
MRI
Sulphur colloid studies
Blood pool studies (e.g. 99mTc-labelled red cells)
DSA
Pearls
Diagnosis
Kasabach–Merritt syndrome
Benign Solid Liver Lesions
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
NECT
CECT
MRI
Sulphur colloid
DSA
Pearls
Focal Confluent Fibrosis
Definition
Radiological features
NECT
CECT
MRI
Benign Solid Liver Lesions
Hepatic Adenoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
CT
MRI
Sulphur colloid
HIDA
DSA
Pearls
Atypical Regenerative Nodules
Definition
Radiological features
US
T1WI
T2WI
T1WI + Gad
DWI
Pearl
Benign Solid Liver Lesions
Focal Fat
Definition
Radiological Features
MRI – ‘chemical shift’ or ‘in- and out-of-phase’ imaging
NECT/US
Biliary Hamartomas
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Pearl
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Malignant Solid Liver Lesions
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) / Hepatoma
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT
MRI
Pearls
Malignant Solid Liver Lesions
Metastases
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT
MRI
Colloid scintigraphy
Pearls
Angiosarcoma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Malignant Solid Liver Lesions
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma (FLC)
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT
CECT
MRI
Pearls
Hepatoblastoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
AXR
US
CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma
Definition
Radiological features
US
NECT
CECT
MRI
Hepatic Lymphoma
Definition
CT
Hepatic Vascular Lesions
Budd–Chiari Syndrome
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Acute
US
CT
Chronic
CT
Other investigations
MRI
Sulphur colloid
DSA
Cavography
Pearls
Hepatic Vascular Lesions
Portal Venous Hypertension (PH)
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT
MRI
DSA
Pearls
Portal Vein Thrombosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Early
Late
US
MRI
CT
Pearl
Hepatic Vascular Lesions
Veno-Occlusive Disease (VOD)
Definition
Radiological Features
Pearl
Diagnosis
Vascular Shunts: Arterioportal
Definition
Causes
Radiological Features
US
CECT/DSA
Vascular Shunts: Intrahepatic Portosystemic
Definition
Radiological Features
Vascular Shunts: Arteriovenous
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Miscellaneous Liver Conditions
Hepatic Trauma
Definition
Radiological findings
US
CT
Angiography
MRI
Pearl
Complications
Liver Abscess
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT
MRI
Pearl
Treatment
Miscellaneous Liver Conditions
Liver Cysts
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearl
Peliosis hepatis
Hydatid Disease
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
US
CT
MRI
Pearl
Miscellaneous Liver Conditions
Hepatic Calcification
Definition
Radiological Features
AXR
US
NECT
MRI
Aerobilia
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
Pearl
Portal Vein Gas
Definition
Radiological Features
US
XR/CT
Parenchymal Gas
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
Liver Transplantation and Interventional Techniques
Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Technique
Recipient assessment
Living donor assessment
Perioperative imaging
Graft failure
Diffusion-Weighted Mr Imaging of the Liver
Diffusion Weighted Mr Imaging of the Liver
Technique
Theory
Mr Contrast Agents and the Liver
Mri Contrast Agents
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)
3.7 Biliary
Methods of Investigation
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Technique
Normal anatomy
Imaging pitfalls
Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis
Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
AXR
US
CT
Pearls
US
Choledocholithiasis
Definition
Choledocholithiasis
Hepatolithiasis
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
EUS
NECT
CT-IVC
MRCP
Pearl
Cholecystitis
Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
Definition
US
CT
Hepatobiliary scintigraphy
Gangrenous Cholecystitis
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT
Emphysematous Cholecystitis
Definition
US
CT
Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis
Definition
US
Chronic Calculous Cholecystitis
Definition
US/CT
Chronic Acalculous Cholecystitis
Definition
US
Cholescintigraphy
Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US/CT
Miscellaneous Gallbladder Conditions
Adenomyomatous Hyperplasia
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Cholesterolosis (Strawberry Gallbladder)
Definition
Radiological Features
US
Gallbladder Fistulae
Definition
Porcelain Gallbladder
Definition
Radiological Features
US
XR/CT
Milk of Calcium Bile/Limey Bile
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT/XR
Gallbladder Polyps
Definition
Radiological Features
US
Benign Biliary Strictures
Postoperative strictures
Definition
MRCP
Sclerosing cholangitis
Definition
Cholangiography
US
CT/MRI
Mirizzi syndrome
Definition
US
Cholangiography
IgG4-related sclerosing disease
Pancreatitis-related stricture
Definition
Cholangiography
HIV cholangiopathy
Definition
US/cholangiopathy
Acute bacterial cholangitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
Pearl
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis/oriental cholangiohepatitis
Definition
US
Cholangiography
CT
Complications
Malignant Biliary Tumours
Cholangiocarcinoma
Definition
Radiological features
Pearls
Gallbladder Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
US/CT
MRI
Differential
Biliary Atresia and Hypoplasia
Biliary Atresia
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
99mTc-DISIDA
Preoperative PTC/PTTC and MRI
Cholangiogram
Pearls
Treatment
Late complications
Other causes of neonatal jaundice
Biliary Hypoplasia (Alagille Syndrome)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
99mTc-DISIDA
Cholangiography
Pearls
Miscellaneous Bile Duct Disorders
Haemobilia
Definition
US
CT
Cholangiography
Biliary Leaks and Bile Duct Injuries
Definition
US/CT/MRCP
HIDA scintigraphy/CT-IVC/ERCP
High-quality cholangiography
Biliary Cystic Disease (Choledochal Cystic Disease)
Definition
Clinical presentation
ERCP, CT-IVC, PTC or contrast-enhanced MRCP
Caroli’s Disease
Definition
US/CT
Liver Atrophy
Definition
Lobar or Segmental Duct Obstruction
Causes
Clinical presentation
MRCP
Parasitic Infections: Ascaris Lumbricoides
Definition
Clinical presentation
US/cholangiography
Hydatid Disease
Pearl
3.8 Pancreas
Congenital Abnormalities
Embryology
Congenital Anomalies
Pancreas Divisum
Definition
ERCP/MRCP
Annular Pancreas
Definition
Barium studies
CT
ERCP/MRCP
Pancreatic Agenesis, Hypoplasia and Ectopic Pancreas
Definition
Barium studies
Multisystem Diseases With Pancreatic Involvement
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
US/CT
Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Definition
Pearls
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Definition
Osler–Weber–Rendu Disease
Definition
Angiography
Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Definition
Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
Barium studies
US
CECT
Pearls
Chronic Pancreatitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US/CT
ERCP/MRCP
Pearls
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
Barium studies
Cholangiography
CT
MRI
ERCP
EUS and laparoscopic US
FDG PET
Pearls
Assessment of resectability (CT/MRI):
Cystic Pancreatic Tumours
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pearls
Tumour markers (CA 19-9, CA 242, CEA)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cystic Pancreatic Tumours
Definition
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
MRCP/MDCT/EUS/ERCP
Serous cystadenoma vs mucinous cystic tumour
Endocrine and Islet Cell Pancreatic Tumours
Endocrine Pancreatic Tumours and Islet Cell Tumours
Definition
Functioning tumours
Insulinoma
Gastrinoma
Glucagonoma
VIPoma
Somatostatinoma
Non-functioning tumours
Radiological Features
US
Intraoperative US
CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Venous sampling
Pancreatic Trauma, Transplant and Intervention
Trauma
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
ERCP/MRCP
Pancreatic Transplant Imaging
Imaging can detect rejection
US (acute rejection)
US (chronic rejection)
Scintigraphy
MRI
Imaging can detect other complications
Transplant pancreatitis and associated perigraft fluid collections
Disruption of the cystoduodenostomy and an anastomotic leak
Other complications
Interventional Radiology in the Pancreas
Biopsy of A Pancreatic Lesion
US-guided biopsy
CT-guided biopsy
Complications
Percutaneous Drainage of A Pancreatic Fluid Collection
Other Interventional Radiological Procedures
Percutaneous access into dilated pancreatic ducts
Percutaneous cystgastrostomy
3.9 Spleen
Miscellaneous Splenic Conditions
Normal variants and congenital anomalies
Splenosis
CT
Benign mass lesions
CT
US
NECT
MRI
Malignant mass lesions
Other splenic disorders
CT
CT
MRI
CT
XR/CT
3.10 Peritoneum, Mesentery and Omentum
Benign Diseases
Ascites
Definition
Radiological features
CT
Intraperitoneal Air
Definition
Radiological features
CT
Peritoneal Infection
Peritoneal abscess
CT
Peritonitis
CT
Tuberculous peritonitis
CT
Sclerosing Peritonitis
Definition
CT
Infarction of Omentum or Epiploic Appendage (Epiploic Appendagitis)
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT
Developmental Anomalies of the Mesentery
Rotational Anomalies of the Small Bowel Mesentery
Definition
Developmental Defects
Definition
Lymphangioma
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Enteric Duplication Cyst
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT/MR
Mesothelial Cyst
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
Infective/Inflammatory Conditions of the Mesentery
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
Definition
US/CT
Small bowel perforation
Definition
CT
Graft-vs-host disease
Definition
CT
Whipple’s disease
Definition
CT
Mesenteric panniculitis
Definition
CT (mesenteric panniculitis)
MRI (mesenteric panniculitis)
CT (retractile mesenteritis)
MRI (retractile mesenteritis)
Non-inflammatory oedema
Definition
CT (mesenteric ischaemia)
Radiation
Definition
CT
Mesenteric lymphoedema
Causes
Mesenteric and small bowel injuries
Definition
CT
Intestinal obstruction
CT (strangulating obstruction)
CT (closed-loop obstruction)
Neoplastic Peritoneal/Omental Disorders
Neoplastic Peritoneal Disorders
Neoplastic Omental Disorders
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Neoplastic Mesenteric Disorders
Primary Neoplasms
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma:
CT
Cystic mesothelioma:
Fibromatosis:
CT
MRI
Lipoma:
CT
MRI
Liposarcoma:
CT/MRI
Pearl
Secondary Neoplasms
Metastatic carcinoma
Intraperitoneal tumour dissemination
Embolic metastases
CT
Lymphatic dissemination
CT
3.11 Plain Abdominal Radiograph
Abnormal Gas Distribution
Pneumoperitoneum
Definition
Radiological Features
Erect CXR
Left lateral decubitus AXR
Supine AXR
CT (lung window settings)
Gas Within the Retroperitoneum
Definition
Radiological Features
AXR/CT
Gas Within the Bowel Wall
Causes
Intestinal infarction
AXR/CT
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (pneumatosis coli)
Definition
AXR/CT
Treatment
3.12 Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders
Abdominal Wall Defects
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis (literally meaning ‘split stomach’)
Cloacal Exstrophy
Prune Belly (Eagle–Barret) Syndrome
Gastrointestinal Causes of Neonatal Vomiting
Non-Bilious Vomiting
Definition
Radiological findings
Prenatal
US
Postnatal
AXR
Upper GI series
US
Bilious Vomiting
Definition
Duodenal Atresia and Stenosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Antenatal
US
Postnatal
AXR
Upper GI study
Small Bowel Atresia and Stenosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological findings
AXR
Pearl
Oesophageal Atresia (OA) and Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula (TOF)
Oesophageal Atresia (OA) and Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula (TOF)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CXR
Upper GI study
Pearls
Complications following surgical repair
Malrotation
Malrotation
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
AXR
Upper GI study
US
Pearls
Delayed Passage of Meconium
Hirschsprung’s disease
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR
Contrast enema
Pearls
Immature left colon (meconium plug syndrome or small left colon)
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR
Contrast enema
Colonic atresia
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR
Contrast enema
Abdominal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
Abdominal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
Meconium ileus
Definition
Clinical presentation
Complications
AXR
US
Contrast enema
Pearls
Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR
Treatment
Fibrosing colonopathy
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR/MRI/US
Contrast enema
Treatment
Pancreatic insufficiency
Definition
AXR
US
CT/MRI
Miscellaneous
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
AXR
Contrast enema
US
Pearls
Anorectal Malformations
Anorectal Malformations
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Inverted lateral XR
Supine AXR
Transperineal US
Augmented pressure colostogram
Pearls
Neuroblastoma (NB)
NEUROBLASTOMA (NB)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CXR
AXR
Long bones
US
US/cross-sectional imaging
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Miscellaneous Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
USS
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Definition
AXR
Diagnosis
Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
USS
Enteric Duplication Cysts
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR
USS
99mTc-pertechnate
Mesenteric Cysts (Intra-Abdominal Lymphangioma)
Definition
Clinical presentation
AXR
USS
MRI
4 Genitourinary
4.1 Kidneys
Renal Parenchymal Disease
Glomerulonephritis
Definition
US/CT/MRI
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
Definition
US
IVU (oliguric phase)
Acute cortical necrosis
Definition
AXR
US
CECT
Papillary necrosis
Definition
CT/IVU
Medullary sponge kidney
Definition
AXR
IVU
Megacalycosis/polycalcycosis
Definition
Focal reflux nephropathy (chronic atrophic pyelonephritis)
Definition
IVU/CT
Nephrocalcinosis
Definition
CT/IVU
Renal Tract Infection/Inflammation
Acute Pyelonephritis
Definition
Radiological features
IVU
US
NECT
CECT
MRI
DMSA
Pearls
Renal Tuberculosis (TB)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
IVU/CT
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
Definition
Radiological Features
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Emphysematous pyelitis
Perinephric emphysema
Emphysematous cystitis
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (XGP)
Definition
Radiological Features
IVU/US/CT
MRI
Renal Abscess
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Perinephric Abscess
Definition
Radiological Features
IVU
CT
Squamous Metaplasia, Leukoplakia, Malacoplakia, and Cholesteatoma
Definition
Squamous metaplasia
Leukoplakia
Malacoplakia
IVU
US
Urinary cholesteatoma
Pyeloureteritis Cystica
Definition
Radiological Features
IVU
Bilharzia (Urinary Schistosomiasis)
Definition
Radiological Features
Ureters
Bladder
Complications
Fungal Infections
Definition
Radiological Features
US/CT
Pyonephrosis
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS)
Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS)
Definition
Atheromatous RAS
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
Takayasu’s disease
Radiological features
US
Duplex US
Angiotensin-coverting enzyme (ACE) renography
CTA
MRA
DSA
Pearls
Renal angioplasty and stenting
Middle aortic syndrome
Renal Vascular Abnormalities
Renal Artery Aneurysms
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT/MR angiography
Pearl
Treatment
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MR angiography
Arteriovenous Malformations and Fistulae
Definition
Radiological Features
Doppler US
Angiography/CT
Treatment
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
IVU
US
CECT
MRI
DSA
Renal Infarction
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
IVU
Dynamic DTPA imaging
Doppler US
CECT
MRI
DSA
Benign Renal Masses
Serous Renal Cyst
Definition
US
CT
MRI
Parapelvic and Peripelvic Cysts
Definition
Parapelvic cyst
Peripelvic cyst
US
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease (ACKD)
Definition
US
Hydatid (Echinococcal) Cysts of the Kidney
Definition
US
Adenoma
Definition
Haemangioma
Definition
US/IVD/CT
Angiomyolipoma
Definition
US
CT
MRI
Angiography
Pearl
Renal Parenchymal Malignancies
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
CT
Preferred method for staging
MRI
Pearls
Other Malignancies
Oncocytoma
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
Sarcoma
Definition
Radiological Features
Lymphoma
Definition
Radiological Features
US
NECT
CECT
MRI
CT/MRI
US
CT
Pearl
Tumours Metastatic to the Kidney
Definition
Radiological Features
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features of TCC
Pearls
Renal Failure
Renal Failure
Definition
Radiological Features
US/NECT/MRI
99mTc-MAG3 dynamic radionuclide renography
High-dose IVU
Pearls
Contrast medium nephrotoxicity
Renal Transplantation: Assessment
Preoperative Investigation of Living Related Donors
Aims of preoperative imaging
Investigations
US
CTA
IVU/CT and IVU/MR urography
51Chromium-EDTA GFR measurement + 99mTc-DMSA renal imaging
Renal conditions affecting kidney donation
Surgical technique
Postoperative Investigation of the Transplanted Kidney
US
Radionuclide imaging
CT
DSA
MRI
Renal Transplantation: Postoperative Complications
Renal Transplantation: Postoperative Complications
Rejection
US
MRI
Radionuclide imaging
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
US
Radionuclide imaging
MRI
Obstruction
Urine Leak
Fluid collections
Vascular complications
Urolithiasis
Urolithiasis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
KUB
IVU
US
NECT
Magnetic resonance urography (MRU)
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Treatment
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Methods of Imaging in Obstruction
Methods of Imaging in Obstruction
Pathophysiology
Radiological features
IVU
US
CT
Radionuclide radiology
MR urography (MRU)
Dilatation of the Urinary Tract
Non-Obstructive Dilatation of the Upper Urinary Tract
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR)
Postobstructive dilatation
Megacalyces
Polycalycosis
Primary megaureter
Mechanical Urinary Tract Obstruction
Congenital ureteric obstruction (e.g. ureteric duplication)
Acquired ureteric obstruction
Extrinsic causes
Bladder causes of ureteric obstruction
Upper Urinary Tract Trauma
Upper Urinary Tract Trauma
Definition
Radiological Features
US
Renal angiography
CT of minor renal injury (grades I, II)
CT of major renal injury (grade III)
CT of catastrophic renal injury (grade IV and V)
Upper Urinary Tract Trauma
Pearls
Suggested CT technique for renal trauma
Management
Ureteral Injury
Definition
Radiological features
CT urogram
Retrograde pyelography
4.2 Bladder
Miscellaneous Bladder Conditions
Congenital Anomalies
Bladder agenesis
Bladder hypoplasia (dwarf bladder)
Bladder duplication
Bladder diverticula
Urachal anomalies
Bladder exstrophy/prune-belly syndrome
Inflammatory Disease
Chronic cystitis
AXR/CT
Cystitis emphysematosa
AXR/CT
Causes of gas within the bladder wall and pneumaturia
Fungus ball
US
NECT
CTU
Differential diagnosis
Tuberculosis/malacoplakia/schistosomiasis
Bladder Tumours
Bladder Tumours
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
CT
MRI
CT/MRI
Pearls
Risk factors
Treatment
Monitoring response to therapy
Lower Urinary Tract Trauma
Bladder Injury
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT cystography
Scrotal Injury
Definition
US
Urethral Trauma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Retrograde urethrography
MRI
4.3 Prostate
Prostate: Benign Disorders
Acute and Chronic Prostatitis
Definition
Voiding cystourethrogram
TRUS
MRI
Pearls
Granulomatous prostatitis
Prostatic TB
KUB
Cystourethrogram
Prostatic Abscess
Definition
Antegrade/retrograde cystourethrogram
TRUS
MRI
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
Definition
Cystourethrography
IVU/retrograde cystogram
TRUS
CT
MRI
Pearl
Carcinoma of the Prostate
Prostate Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
TRUS
CT
Radionuclide bone scintigraphy
MRI
Prostate Anatomy and Imaging
Prostate Carcinoma Pearls
Screening
Diagnosis
Gleason score
Pattern of tumour spread
Treatment
Monitoring patients after therapy
Prostate anatomy and imaging
Normal anatomy
Zonal anatomy
Radiological investigations
Transrectal US (TRUS)
MRI
4.4 Urethra
Urethra: Benign Disorders
Congenital Anomalies
Müllerian duct cysts
MRI/US
Prostatic utricle
Posterior urethral valves (PUV)
Clinical presentation
MCUG or prenatal US
Other urethral anomalies
Urethral Diverticulum
Definition
Clinical presentation
Urethrography
CT/MRI
Urethritis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Urethrography
Strictures
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tumours of the Urethra
Benign Tumours
Urethral Carcinomas
Definition
Clinical features
Radiological features
Urethrography
CT
MRI
Urethral Metastases
4.5 Male Reproductive System
Cryptorchidism and Testicular Torsion
Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)
Definition
Radiological features
US
CT/MRI
Pearls
Testicular Torsion
Definition
Radiological features
US
Colour Doppler US
99mTc scintigraphy
Pearls
Missed testicular torsion
Torsion of the testicular appendix (hydatid of Morgagni)
US
Primary Testicular Malignancies
Primary Testicular Malignancies
Definition
Clinical features
Radiological features
US
Doppler US
CT
Pearls
Miscellaneous Scrotal Lesions
Cysts
Definition
Epidermoid Cyst
Definition
US
MRI
Testicular Abscess
US
Tubular Ectasia
Definition
MRI
Testicular Microlithiasis
Definition
US
Hydrocele
Definition
US
Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst
Definition
Varicocele
Definition
US
Acute Epididymitis
Causes
US
Orchitis
Definition
US
Miscellaneous Penile Conditions
Erectile Failure
Definition
Radiological features
Dynamic infusion cavernosometry
Iodinated contrast cavernosogram
Doppler US
Other Penile Conditions
Peyronie’s disease
Definition
US
Contrast cavernosography
MRI
Penile trauma
Definition
US/MRI
Penile carcinoma
Definition
Staging
US
MRI
4.6 Paediatric Genitourinary Disorders
Duplex Kidney
Duplex Kidney
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
IVU
99mTc-MAG3
Micturating cystourethrography
Pearls
Ureterocele
IVU
US
Congenital Renal Anomalies
Abnormalities of Fusion
Horseshoe Kidney
Definition
US
99mTc-DMSA
CT/MRI
Pancake kidney
Cross-Fused Renal Ectopia
Definition
Clinical presentation
US
99mTc-MAG3 study
99mTc-DMSA scintigram
MCUG
Pancake Kidney
Abnormalities of Position
Malrotated Kidney
Ectopic Kidney
Congenital Renal Anomalies
Unilateral Renal Agenesis
Definition
Associations
Radiological Features
US/CT/MRI
99mTc-DMSA
Tuberous Sclerosis
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
Supernumerary Kidneys
Septum of Bertin
Dromedary Hump
Sinus Lipomatosis
Persistent Fetal Lobulation
Congenital Renal Cystic Disease
Juvenile Nephronophthisis/Medullary Cystic Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
DMSA scintigram
Pearls
Dysplasia/Cystic Dysplasia
Definition
Radiological Features
US
99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy
MCUG
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
Indications for surgery
Prognosis
Congenital Renal Cystic Disease
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
IVU
99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy
HIDA scintigram
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
IVU
US
CT
MRI
Pearl
Childhood Renal Malignancies
Wilms’ Tumour (Nephroblastoma)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Pearls
Nephroblastomatosis
Definition
Radiological Features
MRI
US/CT/MRI
US
CT/MRI
Rhabdoid Tumour of the Kidney
Definition
CT
Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney
Definition
Clinical presentation
US
CT
Bone scintigraphy
Lymphoma and Leukaemia
Definition
US
CT
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Definition
Clinical presentation
US
US and CT
99mTc-DMSA
Multilocular Cystic Nephroma (MLCN)
Definition
Clinical presentation
US
CECT
Isotope imaging
Paediatric Pelvic and Scrotal Malignancies
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
Other Presacral Lesions
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
MRI
Pearls
Paediatric Scrotal Masses
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
CT/MRI
Pearl
5 Musculoskeletal System
5.1 Skeletal Trauma
Introduction
General Considerations
XR
Scintigraphy
CT
MRI
US
Fracture Description
Assessment of Cervical Spine Injuries
Assessment of Cervical Spine Injuries
Normal Radiological Anatomy (Lateral XR)
Normal Radiological Anatomy (AP View)
Normal Radiological Anatomy (Open Mouth View)
Radiographic Signs of Instability
Pearls
Spinal Injuries
Jefferson Fracture (C1)
Definition
Mechanism
AP XR
Lateral XR
Posterior Arch Fracture (C1)
Definition
Mechanism
Hangman’s Fracture (C2)
Definition
Mechanism
Odontoid (Dens) Fracture (C2)
Definition
Mechanism
AP XR
Lateral XR
Extension Teardrop Fracture (C2)
Definition
Mechanism
Flexion Teardrop Fracture (C3–C7)
Definition
Mechanism
XR
Unilateral Locked Facets/Unlateral Interfacetal Dislocation (C3–C7)
Definition
Mechanism
AP XR
Lateral XR
Bilateral Locked Facets/Bilateral Interfacetal Dislocation (C3–C7)
Definition
Mechanism
Lateral XR
Clay Shoveller’s Fracture (C6–T1)
Definition
Mechanism
Hyperflexion Sprain (C3–C7)
Definition
Mechanism
Lateral XR
Pearl
Simple Wedge (Compression) Fracture (T1–L5)
Definition
Radiological features
XR
Pearls
Lesions that may mimic a compression fracture
Burst fracture
Fracture–Dislocation (T10–L2)
Definition
Radiological features
AP XR
Pearls
XR
Chance Fracture (L1–L5)
Definition
Radiological features
AP XR
Lateral XR
Shoulder Injuries
Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Clinical Presentation
Hill–Sachs fracture
Bankart lesion
‘Pseudodislocation’
Luxatio erecta
Posterior Shoulder Dislocation
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Pearl
Fractures of the Scapula and Clavicle
Definition
Scapula
Clavicle
Pearl
Acromioclavicular Joint Injury
Anatomy
Clinical Presentation
Grade I injuries
Grade II injuries
Grade III injuries
Grade IV injuries
Pearl
Sternoclavicular Dislocation
Definition
Anterior dislocation
Posterior dislocation
Radiological Features
XR
Proximal Humeral Fractures
Definition
Slap Lesions
Definition
Mechanism
Pearl
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome/Rotator Cuff Tears
Anatomy
Mechanism
Radiological Features
XR
US
MRI
Arthrography/MR arthrography
Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)
Definition
Radiological Features
Arthrography
Upper Extremity Injuries
Supracondylar Fracture
Definition
Lateral XR
Epicondylitis of the Elbow
Definition
XR
US
MRI
Elbow Dislocation
Definition
Radial Head Dislocation
Capitellum Fracture
Definition
Olecranon Fracture
Definition
Proximal Radial Fracture
Definition
XR
Positive fat pad sign
Forearm Fractures
Definition
Monteggia fracture dislocation
Galeazzi fracture dislocation
Carpal Bone Injuries
Scaphoid Fracture and Avascular Necrosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Technique
XR/CT
MR
Treatment
Kienböcks Disease (Lunatomalacia)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
MR staging
Carpal Fractures
Definition
Triquetral fracture
Hamate fracture
Trapezium fracture
Carpal Dislocations
Definition
Scapholunate dissociation (the most common)
Perilunate dislocation
Lunate dislocation
Carpal instability
Pearl
Wrist and Hand Injuries
Colles’ and Related Fractures
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Metacarpal Fractures
Definition
Gamekeeper’s/Skier’s Thumb
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
US/MR
Volar Plate Fracture
Definition
Radiological Features
Lateral XR
Mallet (Drop) Finger/Boutonnière Injury
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Pelvic Injuries
Pelvic Injuries
Extra-Articular Hip Pain
Hip Injuries
Intracapsular Neck of Femur Fracture
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
CT
MRI
Bone scintigraphy
Clinical Presentation
Garden classification
Occult fracture
Pearls
Extracapsular Neck of Femur Fracture
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Isolated greater trochanter fracture
Isolated lesser trochanter fracture
Subtrochanteric fractures
Posterior Dislocation of the Hip
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
Clinical Presentation
Anterior dislocation
Iliopsoas Bursitis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Labral Tears
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MRI
Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (Sufe)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Avascular Necrosis of the Hip
Avascular Necrosis of the Hip
Definition
Mechanism
Radiological Features
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease
XR
US
MRI
Other examples of AVN (and the affected region)
Transient osteoporosis of the hip (top)
MRI
Knee and Lower Leg Fractures
Tibial Plateau Fracture
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Patellar Fracture
Definition
Segond Fracture
Definition
Tibial Stress Fracture
Radiological Features
XR
Scintigraphy/MR
Bumper Fracture
Definition
Osteochondral Fracture
Definition
Radiological Features
MRI
Knee and Lower Leg Fractures
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Pearls
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injury
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Patellofemoral Dislocation
Definition
Clinical presentation
True Knee Dislocation
Definition
Knee Soft Tissue Injuries
Meniscal injury
Pearls
Medial Collateral Ligament Damage
Definition
Radiological features
Pearls
Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex and Posterolateral Corner Injury
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
Pearl
Extensor Mechanism Abnormalities
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
Osgood–Schlatter disease
MRI
Pearls
Patellar dislocation
MRI
‘Housemaid’s knee
Ankle Injuries
Ankle Fractures
Weber A fracture
Weber B fracture (the most common)
Weber C fracture
Pilon fracture
Tillaux and triplanar fractures
Trimalleolar fracture
Maisonneuve fracture
Achilles Tendon Rupture
Definition
Normal tendon
MRI
Achilles tendinosis
MRI
Achilles tendon tear
Lateral XR
MRI/US
Posterior tibialis tendon injury
MRI
Ankle Ligament Injuries
Definition
XR of a mid-ligament rupture
XR of a rupture at a bone insertion
MRI
Foot Injuries
Talar Fracture
Definition
Calcaneal Fracture
Definition
XR
CT
Lisfranc Fracture Dislocation
Definition
Normal anatomy
Metatarsal Stress Fracture
Definition
XR
5Th Metatarsal Avulsion Fracture
Definition
XR
Freiberg’s Infraction
Definition
XR
Tarsal Coalition
Plantar Fasciitis
US/MRI
5.2 Paediatric Fractures
Specific Paediatric Fractures
Greenstick/Torus Fracture/Plastic Bowing
Definition
Epiphyseal Injuries
Definition
CT
MRI
Supracondylar Fracture
Definition
XR
Medial Condylar/Epicondylar Fracture
Definition
XR
Pearl
Toddler’s Fracture
Definition
Ankle Fractures
Definition
Triplane fracture
Tillaux fracture
Radiology of Non-Accidental Injury
Radiology of Non-Accidental Injury (NAI)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Specific injuries
CXR
Lateral soft tissue neck XR
Contrast study
CT / MRI
Skeletal Injuries in Non-Accidental Injury
General features
Features associated with possible NAI
RCR Referral Guidelines
Fractures that occur infrequently with a high specificity for abuse
Fractures with moderate specificity for abuse
Fractures that occur frequently but have a low specificity for abuse
Radiological features
Skeletal survey
Skeletal scintigraphy
MRI
US
Skeletal and Brain Injuries in Non-Accidental Injury
Metaphyseal Fractures (‘Corner’ or ‘Bucket Handle’ Fractures)
Definition
Mechanism of injury
Clinical presentation
Location
XR
Long Bone Diaphyseal Fractures
Definition
Location
XR
Pearl
Impaction Fractures
Definition
XR
Periosteal New Bone
Definition
XR
Vertebral Injuries
Cervical Spine Injuries
Rib Fractures
Definition
Clinical presentation
XR
Brain Injury in Non-Accidental Injury (NAI)
Mechanisms
Types of injury
‘Whiplash shaken baby syndrome’
Complications of brain injury
Parenchymal brain injuries
Subdural haematoma
Diffuse hypoxic-ischaemic lesions
CT
MRI
Radiological investigations
SXR
Transfontanellar US
CT
MRI
5.3 Soft Tissue Imaging
Localized Calcification and Ossification
Localized Calcification and Ossification
Definition
Localized Calcification – Trauma
Definition
Localized Calcification – Tumours
Definition
Heterotopic Ossification
Definition
Myositis Ossificans
Definition
Angiography
Scintigraphy
MRI
Generalized Soft Tissue Calcification
Metabolic Disorders
Arterial Calcification
Venous Calcification
Bacterial Infection
Parasitic Infection
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (Myositis Ossificans Progressiva)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Connective Tissue Disorders (Acquired)
Tumoral Calcinosis
Definition
Radiological features
Pearl
Soft Tissue Masses
Synovial Cyst, Bursae, Ganglia
Definition
Synovial ‘cysts’
Bursae
Ganglia
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Lipoma
Definition
XR
US
CT
MRI
Liposarcoma
Definition
Radiological features
Vascular Tumours
Definition
Clinical presentation
XR
USS
MRI
Pearl
Desmoid Type Fibromatosis (Aggressive Fibromatosis/Extra-Abdominal Desmoid)
Definition
Radiological features
USS
MRI
Pearl
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Definition
Radiological features
Pearl
Synovial sarcoma
Benign Nerve Sheath Tumours
Schwannoma
MRI
Neurofibroma
Benign nerve sheath tumour imaging features
Morton’s neuroma
US
MRI
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour (MPNST)
Definition
MRI
5.4 General Characteristics of Bone Tumours
General Characteristics of Bone Tumours
Age at Presentation
Rate of Growth
Benign and low-grade malignant neoplasms
High-grade malignant tumours
Lodwick pattern I (geographical)
Lodwick pattern II (moth-eaten)
Lodwick pattern III (permeative)
Periosteal Reaction
Thick well-formed (solid) periosteal reaction
Laminated (‘onion peel’) periosteal reaction
Codman’s triangle
Spiculated, vertical or ‘hair-on-end’ periosteal reaction
Matrix Mineralization
5.5 Benign Bone Tumours
Chondroid Origin
(En)Chondroma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Periosteal chondroma
Ollier’s disease
Maffucci’s syndrome
Chondromyxoid Fibroma (CMF)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearl
Osteochondroma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
Radiological features
XR
US/CT/MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Diaphyseal aclasia (multiple hereditary exostosis)
Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP)
Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor’s disease)
Chondroblastoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Pearl
An ‘aggressive’ (atypical) chondroblastoma
Osteoid Origin
Osteoblastoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Bone Island (Enostosis)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Osteopoikilosis and osteopathia striata
Osteoid Origin/Tumours of Neural Tissue
Osteoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR/CT
Pearl
Osteoid Osteoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR/CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearl
Tumours of Neural Tissue
Definition
Pearl
Neurofibromatosis
Cystic Lesions
Simple Bone Cyst (Unicameral Bone Cyst)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Pearl
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Giant Cell Tumour/Lipomatous Bone Lesions
Giant Cell Tumour (GCT) (Osteoclastoma)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Lipomatous Bone Lesions
True intraosseous lipoma
CT/MRI
Parosteal lipoma
Fibrous Origin
Non-Ossifying Fibroma (NOF) (Fibroxanthoma)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Fibrous cortical defect
Jaffe–Campanacci syndrome
Benign fibrous histiocytoma
Desmoid (Desmoplastic Fibroma)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Pearls
Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumour
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Vascular Origin
Haemangioma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
Radiological features
Spine
XR/sagittal CT
Axial CT
MRI
Long bones
Flat bones
Pearls
Aggressive haemangiomata
Lymphangioma
Maffucci’s syndrome
Cystic Angiomatosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
Radiological features
XR
Pearls
Massive Osteolysis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Pearls
Miscellaneous Bone Lesions
Fibrous Dysplasia (Lichtenstein–Jaffe Disease)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Monostotic (70–85%)
Polyostotic
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Cherubism
Leontiasis ossea
McCune–Albright syndrome
Mazabraud’s syndrome
Implantation Epidermoid
Definition
Location
Radiological Features
XR
Pearl
Osteofibrous Dysplasia
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearl
Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
Scintigraphy
MRI
Pearls
Post-Traumatic Cortical Desmoid
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR/MRI
Pearls
5.6 Malignant Bone Tumours
Chondroid Origin
Chondrosarcoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
CT/MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Periosteal chondrosarcoma (juxtacortical chondrosarcoma)
XR
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
XR
Clear cell chondrosarcoma
XR
Osteosarcoma
Conventional central osteosarcoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
MRI
FDG PET
Pearls
Other Varieties of Osteosarcoma
Other Varieties of Central Osteosarcoma
Primary multicentric osteosarcoma
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma
Location
XR
CT / MRI
Small cell osteosarcoma
Low-grade intramedullary osteosarcoma
Location
XR / CT
Surface Osteosarcoma
Definition
Parosteal
Location
XR
MRI
Differential
Periosteal
Location
XR
MRI
High-grade
Paget’s sarcoma
Location
XR / CT
Post radiation sarcoma
XR / CT
MRI
Fibrous Origin
Malignant Fibrous Histiocystoma (MFH)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
Scintigraphy
MRI
Pearls
Fibrosarcoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearl
Medullary Origin
Ewing’s Sarcoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
CT
MRI
FDG-PET
Pearls
Miscellaneous Malignant Bone Tumours
Chordoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Pearl
Adamantinoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Pearl
Malignant Vascular Tumours
Haemangioendothelioma
XR
Angiosarcoma
XR
Anaplastic sarcoma
XR
Bone Metastases
Bone Metastases
Definition
Location
Radiological Features
XR
Scintigraphy
MRI
FDG PET-CT
Typical features
Pearls
5.7 Metabolic and Endocrine Skeletal Disease
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
Radiological features
XR
MRI/scintigraphy
Pearls
Insufficiency fractures
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (type I)
Senile osteoporosis (type II)
Disuse and reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD/Sudeck’s atrophy)
Transient osteoporosis of the hip
XR
MRI
Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis
Osteoporosis of young adults
Secondary osteoporosis
Treatment
Vitamin D Deficiency
Osteomalacia
Definition
Radiological Features
Looser’s zone (pseudofracture/Milkman’s fracture)
XR
Scintigraphy
Pearl
Rickets
Definition
Location
Radiological Features
XR
Pearls
Vitamin D resistant rickets
Vitamin D dependent rickets
Acquired hypophosphataemic rickets (tumour-induced oncogenic rickets)
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasias
Endocrine Bone Disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Definition
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Intracortical bone resorption (cortical ‘tunnelling’)
Chondrocalcinosis
Brown tumours (osteitis fibrosa cystica)
XR
Osteosclerosis
Osteoporosis
Metastatic calcification
Pearls
Parathyroid carcinoma
Cushing’s
Cushing’s syndrome
Cushing’s disease
Clinical presentation
XR
Hypoparathyroidism
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
Pearls
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP)
XR
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP)
Thyroid Disease
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Pearl
Acromegaly
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Pearl
Metabolic Bone Disorders
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Brittle Bone Syndrome)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
Pearls
Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Autosomal recessive lethal type
Autosomal dominant benign type (Albers–Schönberg disease)
Autosomal recessive intermediate type
Radiological Features
Autosomal recessive lethal type
Autosomal dominant benign type
Autosomal recessive intermediate type
Hypophosphatasia
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Less severely affected children
Severely affected neonates
Adult onset
Pearl
Metabolic Bone Disorders
Hyperphosphatasia
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
Scintigraphy
Renal Osteodystrophy
Definition
Radiological Features
Untreated
Treated
Chronic renal failure, long-term haemodialysis and renal transplantation
Pearls
Renal tubular defects
Hypervitaminosis A
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Toxic Poisoning
Lead poisoning
XR
Vinyl chloride poisoning
Fluorosis
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Scurvy
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Vitamin D Intoxication
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
5.8 Joint Disease
Introduction
Clinical and Radiological Findings in Joint Disease
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
Hand
Knee
Hip
Foot/ankle
Spine
Pearls
Erosive OA
XR
Haemophilic and Neuropathic Arthropathies
Haemophilic Arthropathy
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
XR
MRI
Pearls
Intraosseous subperiosteal or soft tissue pseudotumours
MRI
Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
Atrophic form
Hypertrophic form
Pearl
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Dish
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
Early
Late
Peripheral joints
Spine/sacroiliac joints
Pearls
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (Dish) (Forestier’s Disease)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Spine
Extraspinal features
Pearl
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
Osteopenia
Joint space changes
Erosions
Periostitis
Soft tissue changes
Hand
Foot
Hips
Shoulder
Spine
MRI
Pearls
Jaccoud’s arthritis
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
Spine
Sacroiliac joints
XR
MRI
Peripheral joints (30%)
XR
Enthesitis
XR
Pearl
Complications
Psoriatic Arthropathy
Definition
Radiological features
Location
Pearls
Reiter’s Syndrome
Definition
Radiological features
Location
Pearl
Depositional Arthropathy
Gout (Podagra)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
Pearls
Related conditions
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Saturnine gout
Other types of depositional arthropathy
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (lipoid dermatoarthritis)
Location
XR
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (Pseudogout)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
Chondrocalcinosis
XR
Pearls
‘Crowned dens’ syndrome
Basic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) Deposition Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
Haemochromatosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
XR
Pearls
Wilson’s disease
XR
Amyloidoisis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
XR
Pearl
Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
XR/CT
Polyarthritis Associated With Other Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
Pearl
Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
Pearls
CREST syndrome
Mixed connective tissue disease
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy (HPOA)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Pachydermoperiostosis
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
CT
MRI
Pearls
Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath
XR
US
MRI
Lipoma arborescens
MRI
Synovial (Osteo-) Chondromatosis
Definition
Radiological Features
Location
XR
CT arthrography
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MRI
Pearls
Sarcoidosis
Definition
Radiological Features
Location
Diffuse sarcoidosis
Circumscribed sarcoidosis
Mutilating sarcoidosis
Other features
5.9 Bone and Soft Tissue Infection
Acute Osteomyelitis
Acute Osteomyelitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Early
XR / CT
Skeletal scintigraphy
US
MRI
Intermediate (after several days)
XR
US
MRI
Pearls
General patterns
Differential diagnosis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
US
XR/CT
CT
99mTc-MDP
111In-labelled white cell studies and 99mTc-sulphur colloids
MRI
Pearls
Brodie’s abscess
XR
MRI
Sickle cell disease
Infected prosthesis
USS
MRI
Gallium imaging
Combined labelled leucocyte and 99mTc-sulphur colloid
Paediatric MSK Infections
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
XR
USS
CT
MRI
NM
Pearls
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
XR
MRI
SAPHO syndrome
Definition
Clinical presentation
Location
Sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garré
Definition
Clinical presentation
XR
Miscellaneous Bone and Soft Tissue Infections
Soft Tissue Infection
Abscess
Definition
US
CT
MRI
Pyomyositis
Definition
US
MRI
Cellulitis
Definition
US
MRI
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Pearls
Diabetic Arthropathy
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Pearls
Tuberculous Infection
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Bone
Vertebral bodies
Tuberculous dactylitis (spina ventosa)
Joints
CT
MRI
Septic Arthritis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
MRI
US
Pearls
5.10 Congenital Skeletal Anomalies
Developmental Skeletal Anomalies
Osteochondrodysplasias
Dysotoses (Localized Disorders With Predominant Cranial and Facial Involvement)
Osteo-onychodysostosis (nail-patella syndrome, Fong syndrome)
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Apert’s syndrome
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome)
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Chromosomal Disorders
Trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome)
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
45XO (Turner’s syndrome)
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Neurofibromatosis
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Selected Osteochondrodysplasias
Achondroplasia (Group 1)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Pearls
Achondrogenesis
Hypochondroplasia (Group 1)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Thanatophoric Dysplasia (Group 1)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia (Jeune’s) (Group 9)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Metatropic Dysplasia (Group 8)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (Group 13)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Ellis–Van Creveld (Chondroectodermal Dysplasia) (Group 9)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita (Group 2)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda (Group 8)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Chondrodysplasia Punctata (Cdp) (Group 12)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Pseudoachondroplasia (Group 10)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia (Fairbank’s Disease) (Group 10)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Cleidocranial Dysplasia (Group 32 – Dysplasias With Predominant Membranous Bone Involvement)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Campomelic Dysplasia (Group 21 – Bent Bone Dysplasias)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Mucopolysaccharidoses (Group 27 – Dysostosis Multiplex)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Hurler syndrome (MPS type 1)
Morquio syndrome (MPS type IV)
Pyknodysostosis (Group 23)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Osteopoikilosis (Group 23)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Osteopetrosis (Group 23)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Melorheostosis (Lèri’s Disease) (Group 23)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann Disease) (Group 24)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Caffey’s Disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis) (Group 22)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Localized Disorders of the Skeleton
Sprengel’s Deformity (Congenital Elevation of the Scapula)
Definition
XR
Madelung’s Deformity
Definition
XR
Femoral Dysplasia (Idiopathic Coxa Vara)
Definition
Idiopathic coxa vara
Proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD)
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Definition
Risk Factors
Radiological Features
Static and dynamic US examination
Follow-Up
Tibia Vara
Definition
Blount’s disease
Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
AP XR
Frog lateral view
US
Pearl
Scoliosis
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Pearls
Haemoglobinopathies
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Definition
Sickle cell disease (homozygous HbSS)
Sickle cell trait (heterozygous HbAS)
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Marrow hyperplasia (secondary to a chronic haemolytic anaemia)
MRI
Bone infarcts (due to microvascular occlusions)
XR
MRI
Other manifestations
Pearl
Thalassaemia
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Thalassaemia major (β-thalassaemia)
Radiological Features
XR features (untreated thalassaemia major)
Skull
Spine
Extramedullary erythropoiesis
Ribs
Medullary bone
Long bones
Pearls
Hypertransfusion
DFX therapy
MRI
5.11 Myeloproliferative Disorders
Reticuloendothelial Disorders
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Definition
Letterer–Siwe disease (acute disseminated histiocytosis)
Hand–Schüller–Christian disease (chronic multifocal histiocytosis)
Eosinophilic granuloma (lesions mainly confined to bone)
Radiological features
Letterer–Siwe disease
XR
Hand–Schüller–Christian disease
XR
Eosinophilic granuloma
XR
Scintigraphy
MRI
Gaucher’s Disease
Definition
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Pearls
Bone infarction (AVN)
XR
MRI
Niemann–Pick disease
White Cell Disorders
Leukaemia
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR (children)
MRI
Mastocytosis (Mast Cell Reticulosis/Urticaria Pigmentosa)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Pearls
Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Multiple Myeloma (MM)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
CT
Scintigraphy
18FDG-PET
MRI
Pearls
Poems syndrome
Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Plasmacytoma (Solitary Myeloma)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Location
XR
MRI/18FDG-PET
Pearl
Primary Myelofibrosis (Myeloid Metaplasia/Myelosclerosis)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Pearls
6 Women's Imaging
6.1 Breast
Introduction
Normal Anatomy
2 components
Methods of Imaging
Imaging in mammography
Mammography (digital/analogue) (MMG)
Ultrasound (US)
Elastography
MRI
Benign Mass Lesions
Fibrocystic Change
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
MRI
Cysts
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MMG
US
Pearl
Fat Necrosis (Oil Cyst)
Definition
Radiological Features
MMG
Papilloma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MMG
US
Pearl
Hamartoma
Definition
Radiological Features
MMG
Pearl
Benign Mass Lesions
Fibroadenoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MMG
US
Lipoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MMG
US
Other Benign Mass Lesions
Galactocele
Radial scar (sclerosing duct hyperplasia)
MMG
Microcalcifications
Benign Microcalcifications
Definition
Radiological Features
Vascular calcification
Duct ectasia
Fibrocystic change
Fat necrosis
Fibroadenoma
Fibroadenomatoid hyperplasia
Skin calcification
Calcified suture material
Pearls
Malignant Microcalcifications
Definition
Radiological Features
High histological grade DCIS
Low histological grade DCIS
Pearls
Invasive Breast Carcinoma
Invasive Breast Carcinoma
Definition
Invasive
Non-invasive
Radiological Features
Mammography (MMG)
US
Pearls
Breast cancer screening in the UK
Invasive Breast Carcinoma
Interventional breast radiology
Axillary LN staging
Metastatic disease
Treatment options
Differential diagnosis
Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Breast Cancer
Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Breast Cancer
Indications
Technique
Dynamic IV gadolinium imaging
DWI
MR spectroscopy
Lesion Characterization
Lesion morphology
Benign lesions
Malignant lesions
Assessment of enhancement kinetics
Benign lesions (type I enhancement)
Indeterminate lesions (type II enhancement)
Malignant lesions (type III enhancement)
Pearls
MRI pitfalls
Unenhanced MRI for imaging breast implants
6.2 Gynaecology
Imaging Techniques in Gynaecology
Ultrasound (US)
Indications
Normal US anatomy
Computed tomography (CT)
Indications
Normal CT anatomy
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Indications
Normal MRI anatomy
T1WI
T1 + Gad
T2WI
Other imaging techniques
FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Sonohysterography
Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital Tract
Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital Tract
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features (MRI)
Uterine anomalies
Class I: Müllerian (uterine) agenesis or hypoplasia
Class II: unicornuate uterus
Class III: uterus didelphys
Class IV: bicornuate uterus
Class V: septate uterus
Class VI: arcuate uterus
Class VII: in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
Vaginal anomalies
Congenital absence of Müllerian ducts (vaginal aplasia, MRKH syndrome)
Disorder of vertical fusion
Disorder of lateral fusion
Vaginal cysts
Pearls
Benign Uterine Conditions
Leiomyoma (Fibroid)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Pearl
Endometrial Polyps
Definition
Radiological Features
TVS
US HSG
MRI
Hysteroscopy
Pearl
Adenomyosis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
TVS
Doppler US
MRI
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
TVS
US HSG
MRI
Pearl
Uterine Infections
Definition
Radiological feature
US/CT/MRI
Endometrial Carcinoma
Endometrial Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical features
Radiological features
TVUS
CECT
MRI
Imaging approach
TVS
MRI
CT
FDG-PET
Pearls
Patterns of tumour spread
Diagnosis
Carcinoma of the Cervix
Carcinoma of the Cervix
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
CECT
MRI
FDG-PET
Pearls
Benign Ovarian Tumours
Benign Ovarian Tumours
Definition
Histological types
Radiological features
TVS
MRI
Endometriosis, Polycystic Ovaries and Physiological Ovarian Cysts
Endometriosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US (endometrioma)
MRI
Pearls
Atypical sites
Polycystic Ovarian Disease (Stein–Leventhal Syndrome)
Definition
Radiological Features
US
Follicular Cyst
Definition
US
Lutein Cysts
Definition
US
MRI
Definition
Ovarian Carcinoma
Ovarian Carcinoma
Definition
Radiological features
US (TAS and TVS)
CT
MRI
FDG-PET/PET/CT
Ovarian Carcinoma
Pearls
The Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)
Miscellaneous Gynaecological Conditions
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Definition
Clinical presentation
US
CT
MRI
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Definition
Radiological Features
US
CT
MRI
Miscellaneous Gynaecological Conditions
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
Definition
Pearl
Vulvar and Vaginal Malignancies
Definition
Vulvar carcinoma
Vaginal malignancies
Peritoneal Inclusion Cysts
Definition
Radiological Features
US/MRI
Cervical Incompetence
Definition
Radiological Features
US (gravid patient)
MRI
Uterine Sarcomas
Definition
Radiological Features
US/MRI
7 Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology
7.1 Intracranial Tumours
Imaging Techniques and General Features
Computed Tomography
NECT
CECT
CT perfusion
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Usual tumour appearance
Extra-axial enhancement
Intra-axial enhancement
T2*/susceptibility images
Intratumoural haemorrhage or calcification
High SI (T1WI)
Dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced (DSC) MR perfusion imaging
Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging
Permeability imaging – the ‘transfer coefficient’ (KTRANS)
Arterial spin labelling
MR diffusion imaging
MR spectroscopy (MRS)
fMRI
Classification of Intracranial Tumours
Intra-Axial Tumours
Definition
Extra-Axial Tumours
Definition
Patient age and tumour site are useful indicators to the likely tumour type
Radiation Necrosis
Gliomas
Astrocytoma
Definition
WHO classification
Radiological Features
Pilocytic astrocytoma
CT
MRI
CT
MRI
Diffuse astrocytoma
CT
MRI
Anaplastic astrocytoma
CT
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
MRI
Pearls
Gliomatosis cerebri
MRI
Gliomas
Oligodendroglioma
Definition
Radiological Features
Location
CT
MRI
Ependymoma
Definition
Location
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Pearls
Treatment
Subependymoma
Differentiating features of a medulloblastoma
Infratentorial Tumours
Cerebellar Haemangioblastoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Angiography
Brainstem Glioma
Definition
Diffuse type
CT/MRI
Focal type
CT/MRI
Medulloblastoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
NECT
MRI
MRS
Pearls
Associations
Treatment
Cerebellar Low-Grade Astrocytoma
Definition
Radiological Features
MRI
Pearl
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumours
Definition
Radiological Features
NECT
CT/MRI
Pearl
Clinical Presentation
Ependymoma
Supratentorial Tumours
Supratentorial Tumours
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Embryonal Tumours
Definition
Radiological Features
Supratentorial PNET
NECT
CECT
Other tumour types
Ganglioglioma/Gangliocytoma
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MR
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma (DIG)
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumour (DNET)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
NECT
T1WI
Extra-Axial Tumours
Cranial Nerve Sheath Tumours (Schwannoma)
Definition
Radiological Features
Vestibular schwannoma
Pearls
Epidermoid and Dermoid Tumours (‘Pearly Tumours’)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Meningioma and Skull Base Tumours
Meningioma
Definition
Radiological features
Angiography
CT
MR
PET
Pearls
Chordoma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MR
Glomus Jugulare Tumour (Chemodectoma)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Cerebral and Meningeal Metastases
Cerebral Metastases
Definition
Radiological Features
NECT
CECT
MR
Pearls
Meningeal Metastases
Definition
Carcinomatosis of the dura mater
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
Pearl
Intraventricular Tumours
Neuroepithelial Tissue Origin – Central Neurocytoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Neuroepithelial Tissue Origin – Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Pearl
Neuroepithelial Tissue Origin – Ependymoma
Non-Neuroepithelial Tissue Origin – Colloid Cysts
Definition
Radiological Features
NECT
MRI
Non-Neuroepithelial Tissue Origin – Meningioma
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Pituitary Region Tumours
Pituitary Adenomas
Definition
Clinical presentation
Asymptomatic
Endocrine activity
Mass effect
Radiological features
MRI
Microadenoma
MRI
Macroadenoma
NECT
MRI
Pearls
Pituitary apoplexy
Rathke’s Cleft Cysts
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Pituitary Region Tumours
Craniopharyngioma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Location
CT
MRI
Parasellar Meningioma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Pearl
Optic Nerve Glioma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MRI
Pearl
Infundibular Tumours
Germinomas and Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
MRI
Hypothalamic hamartoma
CT
MRI
Pineal Region Tumours
Clinical Presentation
Parinaud’s syndrome
Tumours of Germ Cell Origin (60%)
Germinoma
NECT
MRI
Teratoma
CT/MRI
Choriocarcinoma
Yolk sac tumours and embryonal carcinoma
Tumours of Pineal Cell Origin (40%)
Pineocytoma
CT/MRI
Pineoblastoma
CT
MRI
Pearls
7.2 Cerebrovascular Disease and Non-Traumatic Haemorrhage
Cerebral Ischaemia
Cerebral Ischaemia
Definition
Stroke
Causes
Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
Penumbra
Watershed ischaemia (border zone infarction)
Clinical Outcome
Proximal occlusions
Emboli / occlusions of terminal branch
Perforator vessel occlusion
Imaging Strategies in Acute Stroke
Benefits of urgent neuroimaging
Objectives of penumbral imaging
CT
MRA/CTA
Doppler US
Treatment
Cerebral Ischaemia
Cerebral Ischaemia
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Advanced techniques
Proton MR spectroscopy (MRS)
Perfusion CT (CTP) / perfusion-weighted MRI (PW-MRI)
DWI
Other Patterns of Cerebrovascular Disease
Small Vessel Ischaemic Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
DWI
Pearls
Moyamoya
Definition
Associations
MRA/CTA/MRI
Pearl
Treatment
Other Patterns of Cerebrovascular Disease
Global Cerebral Hypoperfusion and Anoxia
Definition
Radiological Features
MRI
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Angiography
Follow-Up
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT)
Definition
Radiological Features
NECT
CECT
MRI
Pearl
Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection
Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection
Definition
Clinical Features
Carotid arterial dissection
Vertebral arterial dissection
Radiological Features
US
CECT
MRI
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) / CT angiography (CTA) / MR angiography (MRA)
Pearls
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
Non-Traumatic Intracranial Haemorrhage
Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
CTA/MRA
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Pearls
Complications
Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
Definition
Aneurysm types
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Carotid circulation (90%) ▸ vertebral or basilar arteries (10%)
Anterior circulation aneurysms
Posterior circulation aneurysms
DSA
CT
CTA
MRI
MRA
Pearl
Aneurysm complications
Treatment
Arteriovenous Malformations
Arteriovenous Malformations
Definition
An abnormal collection of arteries and veins without a normal intervening capillary bed
Cerebral (subpial) AVM
Dural arteriovenous fistulae
Cavernous angioma (cavernoma)
Developmental venous anomaly (DVA)
Capillary telangiectasia
Clinical Presentation
Cerebral (subpial) AVM
Dural arteriovenous fistulae
Cavernous angioma
DVA
Capillary telangiectasia
Radiological Features
DSA
Cerebral AVM
DSA
CT
MRI
Dural arteriovenous fistulae
DSA
CT/MRI
CTA/MRA
Cavernous angioma
CT
MRI
DVA
DSA/CT/MRI
Capillary telangiectasia
MRI
Pearls
7.3 Brain Infection, AIDS and Demyelinating Diseases
Intracranial Infection
Brain Abscess
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Pearls
Other intracranial infections
Intracranial Infection
Encephalitis
Herpes encephalitis
Definition
Adult
Definition
CT
MRI
Neonate
Definition
CT
MRI
Meningitis
Pyogenic Meningitis
Definition
CT
MRI
Tuberculosis
Definition
Tuberculous meningitis
CT
MRI
Tuberculoma (parenchymal granuloma)
CT
MRI
Intracranial Infection
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Definition
Radiological Features
MRI
Pearls
Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy
Parasitic Infection – Neurocysticercosis
Cysticerci
Intraventricular cysticercosis
Subarachnoid cysticercosis
Racemose form
Parasitic Infection – Hydatid Cysts
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Hiv Infection and Aids
Hiv Encephalopathy
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
MRI
MR spectroscopy
PET/SPECT
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Definition
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
T2WI
DWI
Primary Cerebral Lymphoma
Definition
Radiological Features
NECT
MRI
Pearls
Cryptococcosis
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MRI
Pearl
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MRI
Other CNS Infections
Tuberculosis
Candidiasis
Herpes viruses
Neurosyphilis
MRI
Spinal Cord Disorders
AIDS-associated vacuolar myelopathy
MRI
Primary HIV myelitis
MRI
Other diseases affecting the spinal cord in AIDS
Demyelinating and Inflammatory Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Pearls
Other Diseases
Neurosarcoidosis
Behçet’s disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Toxic Brain Disorders
Ethanol intoxication
Hepatic encephalopathy
Osmotic myelinolysis
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Opioids (heroin/morphine)
7.4 Brain Trauma, Degenerative Disorders and Epilepsy
Head Injury
Subdural Haemorrhage (SDH)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT (acute bleed)
CT (chronic bleed)
MRI
Pearls
Extradural (Epidural) Haemorrhage (EDH)
Definition
Radiological features
CT
Pearl
Primary and Secondary Cerebral Injury
Primary Cerebral Injury
Superficial primary cerebral damage
Definition
CT
MRI
Deep primary cerebral damage
Definition
CT
MRI
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
Definition
Secondary Cerebral Injury
Hyperaemic brain swelling (brain oedema)
Definition
CT/MRI
Cerebral herniation
Definition
Subfalcine herniation
Transtentorial (uncal) herniation
Tonsillar herniation
Dementias and Epilepsy
Dementias – Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Definition
CT/MRI
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) SPECT
FDG PET
Dementias – Frontotemporal Dementia (E.G. Pick’s Disease)
Definition
CT/MRI
rCBF SPECT
Dementias – Lewy Body Dementia
Definition
CT/MRI/rCBF SPECT
HMPOA SPECT
FDG PET
Dementias – Vascular Dementia
Definition
CT/MRI
Functional imaging
Pearl
Dementias – Prion Diseases
Definition
CT
MRI
Chronic Epilepsy
Definition
MRI
Functional imaging
Skull Bone Disease
Fibrous Dysplasia
Sclerotic form
SXR/CT
Cystic form
Paget’s Disease
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
XR/CT
MRI
Pearls
Complications
Tumours of the Skull Vault
Haemangioma
XR/CT
External carotid arteriography
Intraosseous epidermoid
XR/CT
Osteoma
XR/CT
Myelomatosis
XR/CT
Tumours
XR/CT
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
Definition
Non-communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus
Communicating hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Clinical presentation
Children <2 years old (open fontanelles)
Older children or adults (closed fontanelles)
Radiological features
Non-communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus
CT/MRI
Communicating hydrocephalus
CT/MRI
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
CT/MRI
Pearls
Treatment
Shunt complications
CT/MRI
CT/MRI
Choroid plexus tumours
7.5 Paediatric Neuroradiology
Cerebellar Malformations
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Dandy–Walker Complex
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Dandy–Walker malformation
Dandy–Walker variant
Mega cisterna magna
Pearl
Joubert’s Syndrome
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Other Cerebellar Malformations
Rhombencephalosynapsis
Lhermitte–Duclos or dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma
MRI
Chiari Malformations
Definition
Chiari I Malformation (Cerebellar Ectopia)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Associations
Chiari Ii Malformation
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Associations
Complications
Chiari Iii Malformation
Definition
Chiari Iv Malformation
Definition
Cerebral Malformations
Disorders of Dorsal Induction
Definition
Anencephaly
Cephalocele
Radiological Features
MRI
Disorders of Ventral Induction
Definition
Holoprosencephaly
Malformations of Commissural and Related Structures
Definition
Agenesis of the septum pellucidum
Septo-optic dysplasia (de Morsier’s syndrome)
Agenesis or dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
Associations
Radiological features
MRI
Pearl
Malformations of Neuronal Migration and Cortical Organization
Schizencephaly
Definition
Location
Clinical presentation
CT/MRI
Lissencephaly–Agyria–Pachygyria
Lissencephaly (a ‘smooth’ brain) (type 1)
Cobblestone lissencephaly (type 2)
Agyria (complete lissencephaly)
Pachygyria (incomplete lissencephaly)
Grey Matter Heterotopias
Definition
MRI
Subependymal heterotopia
Subependymal hamartomas seen in tuberous sclerosis
Focal subcortical heterotopia
Band heterotopia or ‘double cortex’
Polymicrogyria
Definition
MRI
Transmantle Cortical Dysplasia
Definition
MRI
Hemimegalencephaly
Definition
MRI
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1)
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 (NF-1)
Definition
Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs)
CT/MRI
Non-neoplastic hamartomatous changes of NF-1
MRI
Plexiform neurofibromas
CT
MRI
Neurofibromas
MRI
Non-CNS tumours
Associated findings
Neurofibromatosis type 2
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville Disease)
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Radiological criteria
CNS lesions
Periventricular subependymal hamartomas or nodules
MRI (infants <3 months old)
MRI (older children and adults)
Cortical and subcortical peripheral tubers
CT
MRI
White matter hamartomatous lesions
MRI
Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
MRI
Ocular manifestations
Other findings
Sturge–Weber Syndrome
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
SXR
CT/MRI
Inborn Metabolic Brain Disorders
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Alexander’s Disease
Definition
MRI
Canavan Disease
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Wilson’s Disease
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Menke’s Disease
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Leigh’s Disease
Definition
MRI
Melas Syndrome
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Krabbe’ Disease
Definition
MRI
Zellweger’s Syndrome
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Congenital Skull Anomalies
Craniosynostosis
Definition
Clinical features
Radiological features
Pearl
Apert’s syndrome
Crouzon’s syndrome
Choanal Atresia/Stenosis
Definition
Clinical features
Radiological features
CT
Congenital Intracranial Infections
Congenital Intracranial Infections
Definition
CMV
Toxoplasmosis
HSV
Rubella
HIV
Clinical Presentation
CMV
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
HIV
Radiological Features
CMV
Toxoplasmosis
HSV
Rubella
HIV
Paediatric Meningitis
Paediatric Meningitis
Definition
Viral meningitis
Pyogenic meningitis
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Uncomplicated meningitis
Complicated meningitis
CT/MRI
CT
MRI
NECT
CECT
MR venography
MRI
CT
MRI
CT
MRI
Hypoxic–Ischaemic Injury in the Developing Brain
Hypoxic–Ischaemic Injury in the Developing Brain
Preterm Patterns of Hypoxic–Ischaemic Injury
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Profound hypoxic–ischaemic injury
Partial hypoxic–ischaemic injury
Periventricular leucomalacia (PVL)
Focal (fPVL)
USS (early)
USS (late)
USS (end stage)
MRI (impending fPVL)
MRI (established fPVL)
Diffuse (dPVL)
USS
MRI
Germinal matrix or periventricular haemorrhage
US
Intraventricular haemorrhage
Term Patterns of Hypoxic-Ischaemic Injury
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Profound hypoxic-ischaemic injury
Partial hypoxic-ischaemic injury
Pearls
7.6 The Spine
Spinal Dysraphism
Spinal Dysraphism
Definition
Meningoceles
Definition
Pearl
Congenital Spinal Anomalies
Tethered Cord Syndrome
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Spinal Lipoma
Lipomyelomeningodysplasias
Definition
Clinical presentation
XR
MRI
Neurenteric Cyst
Definition
XR
MRI
Diastematomyelia
Definition
XR
CT myelography/MRI
Spinal Dermoid/Epidermoid Cyst
Definition
CT/MRI
Dorsal Dermal Sinus
Definition
MRI
Caudal Agenesis
Definition
MRI
Syringomyelia
Definition
Location
Associations
XR
MRI
Intraspinal Arachnoid Cyst
Definition
Clinical presentation
XR
MRI
Skeletal Abnormalities
Achondroplasia
Definition
XR
The Mucopolysaccharidoses
Definition
Morquio–Brailsford type
Hurler’s type
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
Definition
Neurofibromatosis
Definition
Vertebral Fusion Anomalies
Definition
Klippel–Feil syndrome
Spondylothoracic and spondylocostal dysplasia
Transitional Vertebrae
Transitional lumbosacral vertebrae
Cervical ribs
Spinal Instability – C2
Os odontoideum
True hypoplasia of the dens
Spondylolysis
Definition
Oblique lumbar XR
Congenital type
Bilateral spondylolysis
Vascular Spinal Lesions
Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (SDAVF)
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Pearl
Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations (SAVMs)
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformation (SCCM)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Spinal Cord Infarction
Definition
MRI
Spontaneous Epidural Haematoma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Spinal Tumours
Spinal Tumour Categories
Intramedullary Tumours
Ependymoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Astrocytoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
Haemangioblastoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
Ganglioglioma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Intradural Extramedullary Tumours
Nerve sheath tumours (schwannoma/neurofibroma)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
MRI
T1WI
MRI
T2WI
Meningioma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Metastases
Definition
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Extradural Tumours – Benign
Vertebral haemangioma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Extradural Tumours – Malignant
Metastases
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Benign Primary Vertebral Tumours
Osteoid osteoma/osteoblastoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
CT
MRI
CT
Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC)
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Eosinophilic granuloma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Locally Aggressive Primary Vertebral Tumours
Chordoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Giant cell tumours
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
CT
MRI
Multiple myeloma/plasmacytoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Chondrosarcoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Ewing’s sarcoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Non-Tumoral Spinal Cord Lesions
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
MRI
Acute transverse myelitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Neuromyelitis optica
Definition
MRI
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
Definition
Clinical presentation
MRI
Sarcoidosis
Definition
MRI
MRI
Spinal cord neurological injury
Spinal Infection
Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
CT
MRI
Gallium imaging
Tuberculous vertebral osteomyelitis
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
XR
Pearls
Infective/Inflammatory Disorders of the Spine
Discitis
Definition
Radiological features
XR/CT
MRI
Pearls
Spinal Meningitis (Arachnoiditis)
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
Spinal Cord Infection
Spinal Cord Trauma and the Postoperative Spine
Spinal Cord Trauma
Definition
Acute post-traumatic myelopathy
Delayed post-traumatic myelopathy
Progressive post-traumatic myelopathy
Radiological features
CT
MRI
The Postoperative Spine
Perioperative hardware complications
Early complications
Late complications
Degenerative Spinal Disease
Degenerative Spinal Disease
Spondylosis
Definition
Pearl
Degenerative spondylolisthesis (pseudospondylolisthesis)
Definition
Schmorl’s node
Definition
Limbus vertebra
Definition
Degenerative disc disease
MRI
Annular disc tears
MRI
Disc bulge
Definition
Disc herniation
Definition
Reactive vertebral body changes
Posterior joints and ligaments
Degenerative spinal canal stenosis
Radiological features
XR
CT
MRI
Pearls
Involvement of neural structures
7.7 The Orbit
The Orbit
Definition
Intraconal (within the muscle cone)
Arising from the muscle cone
Extraconal (outside the muscle cone)
Within or involving the globe
Conal and Extraconal Disorders
Conal Compartment – Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Conal Compartment – Rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
Clinical presentation
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Extraconal Compartment – Retrobulbar Metastases
Definition
Radiological features
CT
Extraconal Compartment – Dermoid/Epidermoid
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Intraconal Disorders
Idiopathic Orbital Pseudotumour
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Pearls
Lymphoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
CT-PET
Pearls
Intraconal Disorders
Cavernous Haemangioma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Capillary Haemangioma
Definition
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Lymphangioma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Carotid-Cavernous Fistulae
Definition
Radiological features
MRI
MRA
Conventional angiography
Vascular Lesions – Venous Varix
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Intraconal Disorders
Nerve Sheath Tumour
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
MRI
Pearls
Optic Nerve Glioma
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Retinoblastoma
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Pearls
Orbital Infection
Definition
Radiological features
CT/MRI
Pearls
Uveal Melanoma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
Ocular Metastases
Definition
Radiological features
CT
Optic Nerve Meningioma
Definition
Radiological features
CT
MRI
7.8 Ear, Nose and Throat Radiology
Selected Disorders of the Ear
External Ear
Squamous or basal cell carcinoma
HRCT
MRI
Necrotizing otitis externa
Definition
Osteoma of the external ear
Definition
CT
Middle Ear
Chronic suppurative otitis media and acquired cholesteatoma (keratoma)
Definition
CT
MRI
CT
MRI
Congenital cholesteatoma (epidermoid)
Definition
Otosclerosis
Definition
Inner Ear
Glomus tumours
Definition
CT
MRI
CT / MRI
Bell’s (facial nerve) palsy
Definition
MRI
Trauma
Definition
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
CT Assessment of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Osteomeatal complex
Rhinosinusitis
Definition
CT/MRI
Nasal Polyposis
Definition
CT/MRI
Antrochoanal polyp
Mucoceles
Definition
Clinical presentation
CT
MRI
Nasal/Paranasal Tumours
Osteoma
CT
MRI
Inverting papilloma
Juvenile angiofibroma
CT/MRI
Malignant tumours
CT
MRI
The Nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal Anatomy
The nasopharynx
The compartments and their contents
Pathology
Mucosal and parapharyngeal spaces
CT/MRI
Masticator space
Carotid space
MRI
MRI
Parotid space
US
CT
MRI
Disorders of the Oropharynx, Larynx and Soft Tissues of the Neck
Oropharynx – Carcinoma of the Tongue
Definition
CT/MRI
Oropharynx – Carcinoma of the Pharynx
Definition
CT/MRI
Carcinoma of the Larynx
Definition
CT/MRI
Soft Tissues of the Neck – Branchial Cleft Cyst
Definition
CT/MRI
Soft Tissues of the Neck – Thyroglossal Cyst
Definition
Location
Soft Tissues of the Neck – Lymphangioma/Cystic Hygroma
Definition
CT/MRI
Soft Tissues of the Neck – Venous Vascular Malformation (Cavernous Haemangioma)
Definition
CT
MRI
7.9 Dental Radiology
Mandibular/Maxillary Cystic Lesions
General Features
Definition
Odontogenic cysts
Non-odontogenic cysts (uncommon)
Radiological Features
XR
Pearl
Radicular Cyst (‘Residual Cyst’)
Definition
Pearl
Dentigerous Cyst (Follicular Cyst)
Definition
Pearl
Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumour)
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
CT
MRI
Pearl
Solitary Bone Cyst
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Definition
Radiological Features
XR
CT/MRI
Tumours of Bone
Jaw Osteoma
Definition
Osteosarcoma
Definition
Radiological features
XR
CT
MRI
Ameloblastoma
Definition
Radiological features
XR
MRI
Odontome
Other Odontogenic Tumours
Definition
Odontogenic myxoma
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour
Cementoblastoma
Jaw Metastases
Definition
XR/CT
Other Jaw Tumours
Extranodal lymphoma
Myeloma
Ewing’s tumour
Facial Trauma
Orbital Trauma
Blunt trauma
Penetrating intraocular foreign bodies
CT
MRI
Blow-Out Fracture
Definition
Clinical presentation
XR/CT
Mandibular Fracture
Fractures of the Zygomatic Complex
Definition
XR/CT
Le Fort Fractures
Definition
Le Fort I fracture
Le Fort II fracture
Le Fort III fracture
Salivary Glands
Salivary Gland Imaging Techniques
Anatomy
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Radiological Techniques
XR
Sialography
US
CT
MRI
Radionuclide radiology
99mTc-pertechnetate time activity curves
FDG PET
Salivary Gland Disorders
Calculi and strictures
Inflammatory conditions
Definition
US
CT
MRI
Definition
US
MRI
Definition
US
CT
MRI
67Ga scintigraphy
Definition
CT/MRI
Definition
CT
67Ga scintigraphy
Definition
Definition
US
MRI
Definition
MRI
Definition
US
CT
Definition
US
CT
MRI
8 Endocrine System
8.1 Thyroid Disorders
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
US
US-guided FNAC
99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy
123I scintigraphy
PET
CT
Pearls
Diagnosis
Prognostic factors
Treatment
Subsequent follow-up
MRI
US
Multinodular goitre
Miscellaneous Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease
US
99mTc-pertechnetate/123I scintigraphy
Toxic multinodular goitre (Plummer’s disease)
Scintigraphy
Hypothyroidism
Primary hypothyroidism
Secondary hypothyroidism
Tertiary hypothyroidism
99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy
Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis)
US
Scintigraphy
Silent or painless thyroiditis
Scintigraphy
Riedel’s thyroiditis
US
CT
MRI
Congenital Disorders
Ectopic thyroid
Hypoplasia or agenesis of a thyroid lobe
Thyroglossal cysts
US
CT
MRI
8.2 Adrenal Disorders
Non-Functional Adrenal Disorders
Non-Hyperfunctioning Adrenal Adenoma
Definition
Investigation of incidental adrenal mass
MRI
FDG-PET
Infection
CT
Adrenal Hypofunction (Addison’s Disease)
Definition
CT/MRI
Adrenal Cysts
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT/MRI
Adrenal Metastases
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Pearls
Adrenal Haemorrhage
Traumatic
CT
Non-traumatic
CT
Adrenal apoplexy
Primary Adrenal Lymphoma
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
CT
MRI
Scintigraphy
Pearls
Metastases
Associations
Treatment
Adrenal Myelolipomas
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Adrenal Hyperfunction
Endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome
ACTH-dependent Cushing’s disease
Adrenocortical adenoma
Adrenal carcinoma
Carney complex
Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome)
Definition
Causes
Adrenocortical adenoma (Conn’s tumour)
CT
MRI
Venous sampling
Adrenal scintigraphy
Phaeochromocytomas
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
USS
NECT
CECT
MRI
MIBG scintigraphy
FDG-PET
Pearls
10% rule
Malignant lesions
Associations (and the phaeochromocytoma prevalence)
Treatment
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Definition
Radiological Features
CT
Pearls
Congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia
9 Lymphoma
9 Lymphoma
Lymphoma
Introduction
Definition
Hodgkin’s disease (HD)
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
Clinical Presentation
Painless superficial lymph node enlargement
Systemic ‘B’ symptoms (up to 40%)
HD
NHL
Aetiology
Infectious agents
Pre-existing immunosuppression
Genetic factors
Gender and race
Staging
Prognosis
HD
NHL
Treatment
HD
NHL
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Endemic form
XR
Sporadic form
Pearls
Lymph Node Disease in Lymphoma
Specific Forms of Lymphoma
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphomas
Lymphoma in the Immunocompromised
Lymphomas associated with HIV
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD)
CNS Lymphoma
CNS Lymphoma
Definition
Radiological features
Primary lymphoma
CT
MRI
Secondary lymphoma
CT/MRI
Pearls
HIV-infected population
Head and Neck Lymphoma
Waldeyer’s ring
Paranasal sinuses
Pulmonary Lymphoma
Pulmonary Lymphoma
Definition
Radiological features
Hodgkin’s disease
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Pearls
Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Lymphoma of the GI Tract
Definition
Primary extranodal NHL
Primary HD of the GI tract
Secondary lymphomatous involvement of the GI tract
Radiological Features
Oesophagus (very rare)
Stomach (50%)
Barium meal
CT
Small intestine (35%)
Barium follow-through
CT/MRI
Large bowel (15%)
Barium enema/CT
Musculoskeletal Lymphoma
Musculoskeletal System
Bone Marrow Lymphoma
Definition
NHL
HD
Radiological Features
MRI
FDG-PET
Pearl
MRI/FDG-PET
Primary Bone Lymphoma
Definition
Clinical Presentation
Location
Radiological Features
XR
MRI
Pearl
Extranodal Manifestations of Lymphoma
Extranodal Manifestations
General
Thymus
CT
MRI
Spleen
HD
NHL
CT
FDG-PET
Pancreas
CT
Hepatic Lymphoma
Definition
NHL
HLD
Radiological features
Primary lymphoma
Secondary lymphoma
US
CT
MRI
Extranodal Manifestations of Lymphoma
Genitourinary Tract
Kidney
US
NECT
CECT
MRI
Bladder
IVU/CT
CT
Prostate
Testis
US
Female genital tract
MRI
Cardiac
Monitoring the Response to Therapy in Lymphoma
Monitoring the Response to Therapy
Definition
FDG-PET in the Monitoring of Response
Residual Masses
CT
MRI
Gallium-67
FDG-PET
Surveillance and Detection of Relapse
10 Functional Imaging
10.1 Functional Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography - CT (PET-CT)
General principles
Indications for PET-CT in oncology imaging
Technique
Fasting
Strenuous activity
Optional
Image interpretation
Limitations and artifacts of PET-CT
Motion artefact
Attenuation (transmission) correction artifacts
Physiological muscle uptake
Differentiating physiological from pathological uptake
Sites of physiological FDG uptake
Dynamic contrast enhanced CT (DCE-CT)
Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI)
Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (DSC-MRI)
MR spectroscopy (MRS)
Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)
Static molecules
Mobile molecules
Diffusion tension imaging (DTI)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Emerging techniques
Ultrasound
Optical imaging
11 Interventional Radiology
11.1 Interventional Vascular Radiology Techniques
Catheter Angiography
Vascular Access
Contraindications
Potential complications
Vascular sheath
Haemostasis
Catheters
Catheter outer diameter
Catheter inner diameter
Catheter length
Non selective catheters
Selective catheters
Microcatheters
Guide catheters
Guidewires
Steerable
Non steerable
Outer diameter
Length
Angioplasty
Definition
Technique
Specific vessels
Stenting
Definition
Balloon expandable endoprostheses
Self-expanding stents (e.g. Wallstent)
Stent grafts
Embolization
Definition
Embolic agents
Temporary particulate emboli
Permanent particulate emboli (e.g. for benign or malignant tumours)
Thrombolysis
Definition
11.2 Cross-Sectional Vascular Imaging
Multidetector CT Angiography (MDCTA)
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
Unenhanced time-of-flight (TOF) MRA
Contrast enhanced MRA (CEMRA)
Unenhanced phase contrast techniques
11.3 Specific Drainage Techniques
Chest
Liver
Pancreas
Deep Pelvic Collections
11.4 Principles of Tumour Ablation
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
Microwave Ablation (MWA)
Cryoablation
Focused Ultrasound
Irreversible Electroporation (IRE)
Chemical Ablation
Pre-Procedural Planning
Post Procedure Imaging
Renal Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Colorectal Liver Metastases
Lung Tumour Ablation
Bone Tumour Ablation
11.5 Hepatobiliary Intervention
Liver Biopsy
Biliary System
Indications
Technique
Biliary drainage
Complications
Plastic stents
Metallic stents
Covered metallic stents
Benign Disease
Gallbladder
Liver Vascular Interventional Techniques
Transarterial Chemoembolisation (TACE)
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Treatment response
Radioembolisation – Selective Intra-Arterial Radiotherapy
Indications
Hepatic Arterial Embolization
Control of haemorrhage
Portal Vein Embolization (PVE)
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPSS) insertion
Other indications
Hepatic Venous Intervention
11.6 Genitourinary Interventional Radiology
Percutaneous Renal Access
Access needle
Guidewires
Catheters
Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN)
Single puncture USS guided PCN
Single puncture fluoroscopically guided PCN
Double puncture combined USS and fluoroscopy guided PCN
CT guided PCN
Complicated Nephrostomies
Non dilated kidneys
Horseshoe kidney
Transplant kidney
Paediatric PCN
Complications
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Antegrade ureteric stents
Balloon dilatation of ureteric strictures
Interventional Procedures In The Prostate
11.7 Woman’s Imaging – Interventional radiology
Obstetric Haemorrhage
Fibroid Embolization – Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE)
Definition
Radiological features
UAE technique
Post partum haemorrhage (PPH)
Definition
Management
Technique
Abnormal placentation
Definition
Management
12 Appendices
12.1 General Pearls
Intravascular Contrast Media
Barium based contrast agents
Iodine based contrast media
MR contrast agents
USS contrast agents
Intravenous Contrast Agent Administration in Adults
CT
MRI
Sedation and Pain Relief in Interventional Radiology
Contrast Medium Reaction Treatment
Anti-Coagulation Agents and Interventional Radiology
Warfarin
Heparin
Summary of the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (Recist 1.1)
12.2 Anatomy Pearls
Anatomy Pearls
Cervical Lymph Node Levels
Soft Tissues of the Neck – Lymph Nodes
Liver Segment Anatomy
Couinaud classification
Middle Ear Anatomy
Anatomy Pearls
Lung Segment Anatomy
Intraabdominal Peritoneal Compartments
12.3 Pearls in Musculoskeletal Imaging and Pathology
Pearls in Pathology
Stroke Vascular Territories
Radiological Features of Common Endocrinological Conditions
Pearls in Musculoskeletal Imaging
Histological Typing: Bone Tumours
Summary of Radiological Features in Joint Disease
Haematoma MR Appearances
Eponyms for Common Fractures
12.4 Patterns of Tumour Spread
Patterns of Tumour Spread
Initial Common Patterns of Tumour Spread
Ct Characterization of Adrenal Mass Lesions
Follow-Up Imaging
12.5 TNM Staging of Common Cancers
Breast Cancer
American College of Radiology Bi-Rads
Lung Cancer
Iaslc Lymph Node Map
Oesophageal Cancer
Oesophagogastric junction
Stomach Cancer
Rectal Cancer
Definition of tumour deposit
Anal Cancer
Colon Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Upper Renal Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Bladder Cancer
Prostate Cancer
American College of Radiology Pi-Rads
Neuroblastoma
Endometrial Carcinoma
Cervical Cancer
Ovarian Carcinoma
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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