GPS and GNSS for Land Surveyors

✍ Scribed by Jan Van Sickle

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 452
• Edition: 5
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Based on the success of the previous four editions, this new fifth edition includes Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in the title, which is part of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The book provides an introduction to the concepts needed to understand and use GPS and GNSS. Neither simplistic nor overly technical, the new edition is thoroughly updated with the changes in GPS and GNSS hardware, software, and procedures. It describes why modern GNSS positions can be acquired with more certainty, increased stability, and improved tracking in obstructed areas. The book offers a rare combination of knowledge and skills that every land surveyor needs to master.

FEATURES

• Written by a well-known land surveyor with extensive knowledge in satellite navigation and the ability to explain difficult concepts to a broad audience

• Includes a useful set of self-assessment exercises and explanations at the end of each chapter

• Takes a practical approach to the rapid and continuous technological progress in GNSS

• Provides the latest information on GNSS and GPS

• Minimizes the reliance on mathematical explanations and maximizes the use of illustrations and examples that allow the reader to visualize and grasp the concepts

Intended for both novices and professionals in the field, this book explains broad concepts in an accessible way. It provides support to undergraduate students in Civil Engineering, Geomatic Engineering, and those taking introductory GPS and GIS Mapping Courses, as well as professionals in the field, a practical approach to GPS and GNSS technology.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition
About the Author
Chapter 1: The Signal
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Signal
GNSS and Trilateration
A Passive System
Time
Control
Atmosphere
At Least Four
Satellite ID
Codes
Wavelength and Frequency
The NAV Messages
The Precise P(Y) and Coarse/Acquisition (C/A) Codes
P Code
The C/A Code
Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Precise Positioning Service (PPS)
Time, UTC, and TAI
GPS Time
Satellite Clocks
GPS Week
Julian Date
The Broadcast Ephemeris
Atmospheric Correction
The Almanac
Satellite Health
Telemetry and Hand Over Words
The Production of a Modulated Carrier Wave
EDM Ranging
GNSS Ranging
Oscillators
A Chain of Electromagnetic Energy
Phase Shift
Two Observables
Encoding by Phase Modulation
Pseudoranging
Propagation Delay
Code Correlation
Autocorrelation
Correlation Peak
Lock and the Time Shift
Imperfect Oscillators
A Pseudorange Equation
A 1-Percent Rule of Thumb
Carrier-Phase Ranging
The Integer Ambiguity Problem
Carrier-Phase Comparisons
Beat
The Doppler Effect
GNSS and the Doppler Effect
A Carrier-Phase Approximation
An Illustration of the Integer Ambiguity Problem
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 2: Biases and Solutions
Biases
A Look at the Error Budget
User Equivalent Range Error
The Ionospheric Effect, dion
Ionized Plasma
Ionosphere and the Sun
Ionospheric Stratification
The Ionospheric Effect
Group Delay and Phase Delay
Different Frequencies Are Affected Differently
Broadcast Correction
The Satellite Clock Bias, dt
Relativistic Effects on the Satellite Clock
Satellite Clock Drift
The Receiver Clock Bias, dT
Typical Receiver Clocks
The Orbital Bias, dp
The Tropospheric Effect, dtrop
Multipath
Limiting the Effect of Multipath
Antenna Design and Multipath
Receiver Noise
Some Methods of Data Collection
Static and Kinematic
Single Point
Relative Positioning
Differencing
Between-Receivers Single Difference
Between-Satellites Single Difference
Double Difference
Triple Difference
Repairing Cycle Slips
Components of the Carrier-Phase Observable
Post-Processing
Correlation of Biases
Organization Is Essential
Control
Least-Squares Adjustment
Network Adjustment
Using an Online Processing Service
Summary
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 3: The Framework
Technological Forerunners
Consolidation
Terrestrial Radio Positioning
Satellite Advantages
Optical Systems
Extraterrestrial Radio Positioning
Minitrack
Very Long Baseline Interferometry
TRANSIT
System 621B and Timation
NAVSTAR
Requirements
Secure, Passive, and Global
Expense and Frequency Allocation
Large Capacity Signal
The Satellite Constellation
The Perfect System?
GPS in Civilian Surveying
Federal Specifications
Interferometry
GPS Segments
The Space Segment
GPS Constellation
Orbital Period
Dilution of Precision
Satellite Positions in Mission Planning
Satellite Blocks
Satellite Names
GPS Satellites
The GPS Operational Control System (OCS)
Kalman Filtering
The User Segment
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 4: Receivers and Methods
Common Features of GPS Receivers
Receivers for GNSS Surveying
The Antenna
Bandwidth
Nearly Hemispheric Coverage
Antenna Orientation
Receiver Processes
Channels
Tracking Loops
Pseudoranging
Carrier-Phase Measurement
Carrier Tracking Loop
Doppler Shift
Typical GPS Doppler Shift
Continuously Integrated Doppler
Integer Ambiguity
Signal Squaring
The Microprocessor
The Control and Display Unit (CDU)
The Storage
The Power
Battery Power
Receivers
Local and Network Accuracy
Mapping Receivers
Surveying Receivers
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 5: Coordinates
A Few Pertinent Ideas about Geodesy for GNSS
Plane Surveying
Development of State Plane Coordinate Systems
GNSS Surveyors and Geodesy
Some Geodetic Coordinate Systems
Three-Dimensional Cartesian Coordinates
Polar Motion
Latitude and Longitude
Elements of a Geodetic Datum
The Deflection of the Vertical
Geocentric, Geodetic, and Astronomic Latitude
Datums and Reference Frames
Development of the Ellipsoidal Model
Biaxial Ellipsoidal Model of the Earth
The Role of an Ellipsoid in a Datum
Regional Ellipsoids
Measurement Technology and Datum Selection
Position Derived from GNSS
The Development of a Geocentric Model
The Geoid
An Equipotential Surface
Geoidal Undulation
The Modern Geocentric Datum
World Geodetic System 1984
North American Datum 1983
NAD27
The Development of the North American Datum 1983
High Accuracy Reference Networks
Continuously Operating Reference Stations
A Step Forward
The International Terrestrial Reference Frame
Frame Reference Epoch
World Geodetic System (WGS84)
ITRF, WGS84, and NAD83
The North American Terrestrial Reference Frame 2022 (NATRF2022)
State Plane Coordinate Systems
Distortion
Decreasing Distortion
Secant and Cylindrical Projections
State Plane Coordinate System Map Projections
SPCS27 to SPCS83
State Plane Coordinates Scale and Distance
Geodetic Lengths to Grid Lengths
Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates
Universal Transverse Mercator Zones of the World
Heights
Ellipsoidal Heights
Orthometric Heights
Spirit Leveling
Evolution of a Vertical Datum
Sea Level
A Different Approach
The Zero Point
The Geoid
Geoid Models
North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 6: Static GNSS Surveying
A Few Words about Accuracy
Standards of Accuracy
New Design Criteria
The Lay of the Land
National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Control
NGS Control Data Sheets
Coordinates
The Station Mark
Significance of the Information
Control from Continuously Operating Networks
NGS Continuously Operating Reference Stations
NGS CORS Reference Points
International CORS
Static Survey Project Design
Horizontal Control
Station Location
Vertical Control
Plotting Project Points
Evaluating Access
Planning Offsets
Planning Azimuth Marks
Obtaining Permissions
Some GNSS Survey Design Facts
Position Dilution of Precision
Polar Plot
An Example
Choosing the Window
Naming the Variables
Receivers
Drawing the Baselines
Horizontal Control
Julian Day in Naming Sessions
Independent Lines
Redundancy
Forming Loops
Finding the Number of Sessions
Ties to the Vertical Control
Static GNSS Control Observations
Equipment
Conventional Equipment
Safety Equipment
Communications
GNSS Equipment
Auxiliary Equipment
Information
Station Data Sheet
Station Name
Photographs
To-Reach Descriptions
Flagging and Describing the Monument
Visibility Diagrams
Working around Obstructions
Approximate Station Coordinates
Multipath
Point Offsets
Monumentation
Logistics
Scheduling
Observation
Setup
Height of Instrument
Observation Logs
Weather
Daily Progress Evaluation
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 7: Real-Time GNSS Surveying
Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Differential GNSS
The General Idea
Radial GNSS
The Correction Signal
DGNSS
Local and Wide Area DGPS
Wide Area Augmentation System
GIS Application
Real-Time Kinematic
Wireless Link
The Vertical Component in RTK
Some Practical RTK Suggestions
Real-Time Network Services
Real-Time GPS Techniques
Dynamic Lines
Planning
A Few RTK Procedures
Site Calibration
Precise Point Positioning
PPP Disadvantage
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 8: GPS Modernization and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
GPS Modernization
Satellite Blocks
Block I, Block II/IIA, Block IIR, and Block III Satellites
Block I
Block II
Block IIA
Block IIR
Block IIR-M
Block IIF
Block III
Power Spectral Density Diagrams
dBW/Hz
L1 Legacy Signals
New Signals
The M-Code
L2C
L5
Practical Advantages
L1C Another Civil Signal
The New Navigation Messages
GPS Evolution
Global Navigation Satellite System
GLONASS
Satellites
Signals and Services
Code Division Multiple Access
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Control Segment
Time Management
Galileo
Satellites
Signals and Services
Control Segment
Time Management
BeiDou
BDS-1
BDS-2
BDS-2 Signals and Services
BDS-3
BDS-3 Signals and Services
BeiDou Message Services
BeiDou Augmentation Services
BeiDou’s Control/Ground Segment
BeiDou Time Management
The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
Satellites
Signals and Services
Control Segment
Time Management
NavIC
Satellites
Signals and Services
Control Segment
Time Management
Progress
Exercises
Answers and Explanations
Glossary
References
Index