Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Acronyms
The Changing Face of COVID-19
Introduction
The Initial Response
Emergence of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The Race to Develop a Vaccine
New Variants and Changing Pandemic Dynamics
Efficacy of Multiple Vaccines
Virus Variants Continue
Context of the Book
Health Systems Response
Addressing the Urgency and Magnitude of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India by Improving Healthcare Workforce Resilience
Comprehensive Care Response and Systematic Management of COVID-19 in Querétaro, Mexico
Bridge over Troubled Waters: Women-Led Community Response to Maternal and Child Health Services in India Amidst COVID-19
COVID-19: An Accelerant to a Sustainable Health System in Kenya
Economics, Politics, and Education
COVID-19 and the Economy: Constructing Roadmaps to An Inclusive Recovery
Crafting Data-Driven Strategies to Understand the Amplification of Disease Spread due to Socio-economic Disparities
The Long Shadow of COVID-19
COVID-19 Vaccination: A Necessitated Drive Becoming an Unsolved Puzzle
Impact of COVID on Adolescents, Nodal Teachers, and Frontline Workers
Impact of COVID on Our Digital Lives
Media and Communications
Unmasking Realities: Public Health Communication During India’s COVID-19 Pandemic
Social Media in the Time of a Pandemic
Communications Strategies for Reaching Vulnerable Populations in the US for Building Trust, Vaccine Confidence, and Digital Connections
Exploring a Vaccine for the Misinformation Virus in a Global Pandemic: Media Literacy, COVID, and Science Communication
Vulnerable Populations
Preventable Losses: Threatening Rise in Suicides During the Pandemic
We Are Not all in the Same Boat: Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Context of COVID-19
Stigma Mechanisms in a Globalized Pandemic in India: A Theoretical Framework for Stigma
The Social, Education, Health, and Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Kenya’s Adolescents
Country Experiences
The Public Health Response to COVID-19 in the UK: A View from the Frontline
Social and Behavior Change Preparedness for COVID-19 Prevention: Evidence and Experience from Ethiopia
COVID-19 in Mexico: How the Systems Approach Can Improve Our Response?
Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan
COVID-19 in Brazil: Overall impact and singularities
Iran’s Experience with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on Vulnerable Populations
References
Health System Response
Addressing the Urgency and Magnitude of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India by Improving Healthcare Workforce Resilience
Introduction
Jhpiego’s Innovative Response for Critical Care Management of COVID-19 Patients in India Through RISE Project
Hub and Spoke Model
Improving Vaccine Coverage
Strengthening Oxygen Ecosystem
Strengthening Competency and Resilience of Healthcare Workforce
Enhancing Laboratory Capacity for COVID Testing
Strengthening Biomedical Waste Management
Building Cross-Sectoral Partnerships for Large-Scale Response
A “Learning Laboratory” Approach: Model COVID-19 Care Clinics
Outcome and Insights
Way Forward: Toward Resilient Healthcare Systems
References
Comprehensive Care Response and Systematic Management of COVID-19 in Querétaro, Mexico
Introduction
Health Policies in Mexico and Querétaro
Local Strategies to Respond to COVID-19
Detection Area
Clinical Household Follow-Up Program
Rehabilitation: Post-COVID-19 Program
References
Bridge Over Troubled Waters: Women-led Response to Maternal and Child Health Services in India Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
COVID-19 and Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health
Global Context
The Indian Context
Community Health Workers’ Support to the Health System’s Efforts
The Gendered Impacts of the Pandemic
Women-led Initiatives to Enhance Maternal and Child Health Services: The 3R Response
Decentralized and Integrated Ways to Generate COVID-19-Related Awareness at the Grassroot Level
SHG and Their Federations in Disseminating MCH and Nutrition Messages in the Community
Extending Support to Community Health Workers for Delivering Maternal and Reproductive Health Services
Addressing Breastmilk Pleas: Women’s Initiatives
Conclusion
References
COVID-19: An Accelerant Toward a Sustainable Health System in Kenya
The Beginning
Evolution of the Pandemic
Containment Measures
Risk Communication, Health Promotion, and Public Education
Disease Surveillance
Public Health Cultural Tension
Impact on Mental Health
Impact on Availability of Medicines and Health Commodities
Oxygen Woes
Effect on Human Resources for Health
Health Facility Preparedness
Economic Impact
Impact on Health Targets
Contraception
HIV
Collective Action to Build Back Better
Oxygen Supply
Donor Support
Going Forward
References
Politics, Economics, and Education
COVID-19 and the Indian Economy: Constructing Roadmaps to an Inclusive Recovery
Introduction
Methodology
Unearthing Realities–A Review of India’s Macroeconomic Performance Since Liberalization
Growth in GDP and Per Capita Income
Sectoral Time Series Trends
Growth Drivers of the Economy
Impact on Employment
Pre-COVID-19 Employment Structure
Impact of COVID-19
Impact on Employed Persons by Gender and Area
Impact on Employed Persons by Occupation Groups
Impact on Employed Persons by Industry Groups
Impact of COVID-19 on Incomes
Poverty and Increasing Inequality
Rising Poverty
Growing Income Inequalities
A Roadmap to Recovery: Key Principles to Ensure an Inclusive Agenda
Promoting Balanced Growth and Attainment of Sustainable Development Growths (SDGs) Across States
Facilitating Gender-Inclusive Economic Recovery
Transitioning to a Green Economy
Concluding Comments
Appendix 1: List of Definitions
Appendix 2: List of Tables and Figures
References
Crafting Data-Driven Strategies to Disentangle Socioeconomic Disparities from Disease Spread
Introduction
Where Can Data be Found?
Disease Revalence Data
Health Data
Mobility Data
Demographic Data
Multivariate Methods
Machine Learning
Interpretability of Multivariate Methods
An Early Insight into Disease Spread in the USA
Understanding Causation
Data in Developing Nations
Data Ethics
References
The Long Shadow of COVID-19
Our Fate is Intertwined with that of Microbes
How Bad is COVID-19?
When will the Global Pandemic Finish?
Best of Times and Worst of Times
Toward Co-existence with the Coronavirus
Tolerating Inequality
Our Private Angst
Our Muddled World
Mood Swings
Future Hopes and Dreams
Damaged Values
References
COVID-19 Vaccination: A Necessitated Drive Becoming an Unsolved Puzzle
Background
Vaccination Rates of Countries
Challenges
Patents on COVID-19 Vaccines
Falsified Vaccines
Waning Immunity and Need for Booster Shots
Vaccine Administration
Scaling Up Vaccine Production and Distribution
Surplus Doses
Extra Doses
Vaccine Wastage
Vaccine Inequity
Role of International Bodies
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI)
COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access Facility (COVAX)
GAVI-COVAX-AMC
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
G7 Countries
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturing Network (DCVMN)
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMG)
Key Factors to Strengthen Vaccine Programs
Vaccine Acceptance
Drivers of Vaccine Confidence
New Technologies
Vaccine Equity
Learnings from Selected Countries
United States of America
India
Bhutan
Kenya
Israel
United Kingdom
Japan
South Africa
Concluding Comments
References
The Impact of COVID-19 on Adolescents, Nodal Teachers, and Frontline Workers
Introduction
Access to Food and Essential Commodities
School Closures, Disruptions in Education, and the Gendered Digital Divide
Barriers in Health Service Delivery
The Crushing Toll on Adolescent Mental Health
Loss of Agency and Increased Vulnerability to Violence and Discrimination
Support from Government Schemes
Responses of Frontline Workers and Teachers
Frontline Workers
Teachers
Recommendations
Ensuring Access to Education
Addressing Safety and Violence
Access to Health Services
Access to Peer Interactions
Support for Mental Health Needs
Conclusion
References
Impact of COVID on Our Digital Lives
Introduction
Elderly Population
Women and Children
Workforce
Healthcare
Service Industry
The Silver Lining
Metaverse: Future Digital Life
Conclusions, Lessons Learnt: Looking Forward
References
Media and Communications
Unmasking Realities: Public Health Communication in India During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
Self-Determination Theory
Relatedness: The Importance of Feeling Connected to Others
Community Engagement: Partnering for a Meaningful Response
Building Trust: Increasing Actionability
Competence: Supporting People to Feel Empowered
Enhancing Credibility: Engaging Community Leaders and Champions
Conclusions
References
Social Media in the Time of a Pandemic
Introduction
And so It Begins: From Phreaking to WhatsAppitis
Free Speech: Who Has the Freedom to Speak?
A Tool for Public Health
Infodemic 2.0
The Way Forward
References
Communication Strategies to Build Vaccine Confidence in Vulnerable Populations in the United States
Introduction
Challenges of Disparate Impact
Vaccination Disparities
Distrust in Vaccines
Case Study: How Right Now/Que Hacer Ahora Campaign
Case Study: Better for It Campaign
Case Study: Protect the Ones You Love
Conclusions
References
Exploring a Vaccine for the Misinformation Virus in a Global Pandemic: Media Literacy, COVID, and Science Communication
Introduction
Omicron
COVID-19 Information and Misinformation
Way Forward
References
Vulnerable Populations
Preventable Losses: Threatening Rise in Suicides During the Pandemic
Background
Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Variety of Risk Factors that Trigger Suicidal Attempts
Impact of COVID-19 on Key Populations
Extent of Reporting
Prevention Strategies and Approaches Taken by Government and Other Institutions
Challenges Encountered in Devising and Implementing Mental Health Programs
Limitations
Concluding Comments
References
We Are Not All in the Same Boat: Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Context of COVID-19
Introduction
Terminologies
COVID-19 and the Increased Vulnerability of Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Movement Restrictions
Online Asylum Hearings
Policy: Title 42 in the United States
Accessing Medical Services
Xenophobia and Violence
Narrative of an NGO Volunteer at the US–Mexico Border
Denial of Medical Help for COVID Recovery
The Migrant Protection Protocols
Civil Society Leading the Public Health Fight
Heightened Risks and Exacerbated Realities
Stigma, Denied by the State
Denial of Vaccination
Fault Lines Exposed by COVID-19
Policy: Global Perspective
Refugees and Asylum Seekers as Stakeholders for Their Own Solutions
Moving Forward: Climate Change as an Analogy to the Pandemic
Closing Comments
References
Stigma Mechanisms in a Globalized Pandemic in India: A Theoretical Framework for Stigma
Background
Existing Frameworks of Stigma
Literature Review
Proposed Framework of COVID-19 Stigma
Social Stigma
Self-stigma
Anticipated Stigma
Associated Stigma
Conclusion
Appendix I
References
The Social, Education, Health, and Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Kenya’s Adolescents
Introduction
Methods
Analysis Methods
Limitations
Results
Economic Effects
Mental Health
Gender-Based Violence
School Re-enrollment
Recommendations
Conclusions
References
Country Experiences
The Public Health Response to COVID-19 in the UK: A View from the Frontline
Introduction
Care Homes
Hospitals and Healthcare Settings
Unforeseen Health Consequences
Schools
Workplaces
Prisons
Asylum Seekers
Testing
Local Authority Public Health Response
Test & Trace
Variants
Vaccination
Epilogue
References
Social and Behavior Change Preparedness for COVID-19 Prevention: Evidence and Experience from Ethiopia
Introduction
The COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia
Emergency Preparedness in Ethiopia
COVID-19 Risk Communication in Ethiopia
Risk Communication Systems
Partner and Internal Coordination
Public Communications
Community Engagement
Addressing Uncertainties and Managing Misperceptions
Timeline for RCCE Activities and Pivotal Events
Factors that Contributed to the Success of the RCCE
Adoption of COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors and Adverse Mental Health Outcomes in Ethiopia
COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors in Ethiopia
Face Mask Use
Handwashing with Soap
Social Distancing
The Mental Health Burden During COVID-19
Discussion and Guidelines for SBC Preparedness
Evidence Related to Mask Use, Handwashing with Soap, and Social Distancing
The Magnitude of the Mental Health Burden in COVID-19 Times
References
COVID-19 in Mexico: How the Systems Approach Can Improve Our Response
Introduction
What is Systems Thinking?
Linear Models of Thinking
Why Systems Thinking?
Mexico’s General Perspective
COVID-19 in Mexico
Applying the Systems Approach to the Mexican Context
Building the Systems Map
Important Elements of the Systems Map
Feedback Loops
Leverage Points
Unintended Consequences
A Proposed Strategy Based on the Map
Applications Beyond Mexico
Conclusions
References
Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan
Background
Combating COVID-19
Early Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Containment
Preparedness of Healthcare System
Community Response
The Economic Effects of the Pandemic
Education
Concluding Comments
References
COVID-19 in Brazil: Overall Impact and Singularities
Introduction
A Little on Demographics
Overview of the Chapter
The Wider Scope of the Pandemic
The Brazilian COVID-19 Epidemic: An Overview
Public and Private Healthcare Systems and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
Brazil’s Indigenous Peoples and COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Brazil
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Brazil
The Epidemic Curve in Brazil and Its Latest Trends
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Iran’s Experience with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on Vulnerable Populations
Introduction
Economic Conditions
Health System Response to COVID-19 Pandemic
Vaccination
Mental Health Consequences and Interventions
Social Consequences and Responses
Vulnerable Groups
The Homeless and Substance Users
Women Headed Households
The Children
Disabled People
The Elderly
Lessons Learned
References
Correction to: Global Perspectives of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health, Education, and Role of Media
Correction to: S. Pachauri and A. Pachauri (eds.), Global Perspectives of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health, Education, and Role of Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1106-6