Global Pandemic and Human Security: Technology and Development Perspective

✍ Scribed by Rajib Shaw (editor), Anjula Gurtoo (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 434
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book highlights how the human security aspect has been affected by the global pandemic, based on the specific case study, field data, and evidence. COVID-19 has exemplified that the pandemic is global, but its responses are local. The responses depend on national governance and policy framework, use of technology and innovation, and people’s perceptions and behavior, among many others. There are many differences in how the pandemic has affected the rich and the poor, urban and rural sectors, development and fiscal sectors, and developed and developing nations and communities.Echoing human security principles, the 2030 Agenda emphasized a “world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want… free of fear and violence… with equitable and universal access to quality education, health care, and social protection….to safe drinking water and sanitation… where food is sufficient, safe, affordable and nutritious… where habitats are safe, resilient and sustainable…and where there is universal access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy.” These basic human security [PA1] principles and development agenda are highly affected by the global pandemic worldwide, irrespective of its development and economic status. Thus, the book highlights the nexus between human security and development issues. It has two major pillars, one is the development and the other is technology issues. These two inter-dependent topics are discussed in the perspective of the global pandemic, making this the most important feature of this book.While the world is still in the middle of a pandemic, and possibly other natural and biological hazards may affect peoples’ lives and livelihoods in the future, this book provides some key learning, which can be used to cope with future uncertainties, including climate risks. Thus, the book is timely and relevant to wider readers.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
About the Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: Global Pandemic, Human Security, Technology and Development
1.1 Introduction: Global Pandemic
1.2 Human Security Dimension and Development Issues
1.2.1 Human Security Concept
1.2.2 Evolution of Human Security and Development Issues
1.2.3 Human Security, Climate Change, and Disaster Risk Reduction
1.2.4 Sustainable Development Goals and Related Frameworks
1.3 Technology Perspectives
1.4 About the Book
1.5 Future Perspective
References
Part I: Overview
Chapter 2: Developmental Agenda and the Global Pandemic
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods and Material
2.2.1 The Framework
2.2.2 Literature Review
2.2.3 Content Analysis
2.3 Review Results
2.3.1 Health
2.3.1.1 Mental Health
2.3.1.2 Physical Health
2.3.2 Economy
2.3.3 Food Security
2.3.3.1 Food Availability
2.3.3.2 Food Accessibility
2.3.3.3 Food Utilisation
2.3.3.4 Food Stability
2.3.3.5 Food Sustainability
2.3.4 Education
2.3.5 Environment
2.3.6 Personal Security
2.3.7 Community Security
2.3.8 Political Security
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Co-evolution of Pandemic, Human Security, and Technology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Harmonizing Public Health and Human Care
3.2.1 Definition of Health
3.2.2 Definition of Cure and Care
3.3 Historical Approach of Epidemic and Human Security Implications
3.3.1 Beginning of Science Technology for Epidemics
3.3.2 Remaining Issue From MDGs
3.4 Fostering Science Technology for Individual Human Security and Health
3.4.1 Technology Dimension of Pandemic
3.4.2 Rethinking of Community
3.4.3 Technological Literacy for Human development
3.5 Cases
3.6 Technology for Health: Global Responsibility to Protect and Provide Individual Care and Mobility for All
3.7 Way Forward
3.7.1 Importance of Implementation Science
3.7.2 Disseminate Lessons Learned at the Regional Level and Implement Standing Agreements Between Regional, Provincial, and Di...
3.7.3 Creating a More Networked Society and Enabling Greater Collaboration Among Citizens
3.7.4 Human Centric
References
Chapter 4: Fiscal Policies and Post-COVID-19 Development Challenges: An Overview
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fiscal Stimulus: An Overview
4.3 Fiscal Policies and Stimulus Packages: Case Analysis
4.3.1 Germany
4.3.2 Japan
4.3.3 United States
4.3.3.1 Phase 1: Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act
4.3.3.2 Phase 2: Families First Coronavirus Response Act
4.3.3.3 Phase 3: Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act)
4.3.3.4 Phase 4: Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act)
4.3.4 Bangladesh
4.3.5 India
4.4 Fiscal Boosting and Addressing Human Security Issues
References
Part II: Development
Chapter 5: Climate Change and Human Security in the Context of the Global Pandemic: Emphasising Responses that Maximise Synerg...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Causal Loops of Human Security, Climate Change and Pandemics
5.2.1 Human Security and Climate Change
5.2.2 Human Security in International Climate Change Discussions
5.2.3 Climate Change and Pandemics
5.2.4 Human Security and Pandemics
5.3 Maximising Human Security Outcomes
5.3.1 Socioeconomic and Political Initiatives
5.3.2 Technology Initiatives
5.3.3 Environmental Interventions
5.3.4 Legal Interventions
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Global Pandemic and Human Security: Using Health-EDRM Risk Assessment Framework to Enhance Technology Support for D...
6.1 Introduction
6.2 COVID-19 Pandemic as a Biological Hazard
6.3 WHO Health-EDRM Framework
6.4 Health-EDRM Assessment Framework
6.4.1 Biological Hazard Assessment
6.4.2 Exposure Assessment
6.4.3 Vulnerability Assessment
6.4.4 Manageability and Resilience Assessment
6.5 Discussion: Health-EDRM and Human Security
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Those Above Poverty Line: Development and Vulnerability to the Pandemic
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of Pandemic and Relief Management in India
7.3 Method
7.4 Antenarratives of Subjects
7.4.1 Meena
7.4.2 Pradeep
7.4.3 Prabhat
7.4.4 Sanjay
7.5 The Stories These Narratives Tell
7.5.1 Dynamic of Decline
7.5.2 Trauma of Decline
7.6 Insights and Implications
7.7 Epilogue
References
Chapter 8: Urban-Rural Linkages and Their Implication to Human Security in Pandemic Time
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Human Security Concept
8.3 Urban-Rural Linkages and Disproportionate Impacts of Pandemic
8.4 COVID-19 Impacts on Human Security from Urban-Rural Linkage Perspective
8.4.1 COVID-19 Impacts on Economic Security in Urban-Rural Context
8.4.2 COVID-19 Impacts on Food Security in Urban-Rural Context
8.4.3 COVID-19 Impacts on Health Security in Urban-Rural Context
8.4.4 COVID-19 Impacts on Environmental Security in Urban-Rural Context
8.4.5 COVID-19 Impacts on Personal Security in Urban-Rural Context
8.4.6 COVID-19 Impacts on Community Security in Urban-Rural Context
8.4.7 COVID-19 Impacts on Political Security in Urban-Rural Context
8.5 Key Lessons and Way Forward
8.5.1 Adopting a Community-Centric Approach to Regional Development
8.5.2 Enhancing Service Delivery in Remote Areas by Upscaling the Use of Digital Tools
8.5.3 Stimulating Urban-Rural Partnerships for Coordinated Development
References
Chapter 9: International Migration and Human Security Under the COVID-19 Pandemic
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Human Security, Migration, and Crisis
9.3 Migration as a Threat
9.4 Migrants and the Pandemic
9.5 Migration as a Means for Security
9.6 Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 10: Fragility and Resilience in Food Systems: What Can We Learn from the COVID-19 Crisis?
10.1 Introduction: COVID-19 and Food Security
10.2 Why a Food Systems Approach?
10.3 Understanding the Food System in the Era of COVID-19
10.3.1 The Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Components of the Food System
10.3.2 External Drivers of the Food System and Their Linkages to the COVID-19 Pandemic
10.3.2.1 Climate Change
10.3.2.2 Globalization and Trade
10.3.2.3 Income Growth and Distribution
10.3.2.4 Urbanization
10.3.2.5 Population and Migration
10.3.2.6 Policies and Leadership
10.3.2.7 Socio-Cultural Context
10.3.3 Food System Outcomes and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
10.3.3.1 The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security
10.3.3.2 The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Economic Outcomes of the Food System
10.3.3.3 The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Social Outcomes of the Food System
10.3.3.4 The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Environmental Outcomes of the Food System
10.4 How to Make the Food System Resilient?
10.4.1 What Is Resilience in the Food System?
10.4.2 Resilience Capacities
10.4.3 Resilience in Globalized Food Supply Chains and Fragility in Local Food Systems
10.4.4 How to Impart Resilience to the Entire Food System?
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Challenges and Solution Pathways in Water Use Through the Lens of COVID-19
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Challenges in Water Use Due to COVID-19
11.3 Solution Pathways
11.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 12: Education in the Time of a Pandemic
12.1 Context
12.2 School Closures in the Time of COVID
12.3 COVID-19 Impact on Primary Education
12.4 The Challenges When Schools Are Closed
12.5 Blended Solutions
12.6 The Pilot
12.7 The Process of Engaging Students
12.8 Process of Engaging Parents, Teachers, and the Community
12.9 Learning Outcomes
12.10 Concluding Observations
References
Chapter 13: Implications on Gender During the Pandemic
13.1 Background
13.2 Coping with the Pressures of Online Teaching
13.2.1 Initial Response for Class Online Teaching
13.2.2 Challenges of Online Classes
13.2.3 Technology-Related Challenges
13.2.4 Online Bullying
13.2.5 Work-Life Balance
13.3 Pandemic and the WASH Challenges of the Urban Poor Women
13.3.1 The Bengaluru Situation
13.3.2 Capturing WASH Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Bengaluru Slums
13.3.3 Prevalence of Awareness
13.3.4 Access to Water and Sanitation Facilities
13.3.5 Incidence of COVID-19
13.4 Discussion and Conclusion
13.4.1 Recommendations to Promote Human Security
References
Chapter 14: Access to Green Spaces: Consider Green Infrastructure Implementation with/Post-COVID-19 World
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Method
14.2.1 Data Collection
14.2.2 Analysis
14.3 Results
14.3.1 Statistical Characteristics
14.3.2 Annual Average by Countries and Region in 2020
14.3.3 Changes in Green Open Access by COVID-19 Waves
14.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 15: A Sustainable and Resilient Urban Transportation System
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Review
15.2.1 Resilience in Transport
15.2.2 Resilience Transportation Dimensions
15.2.3 Pandemic and Transportation
15.3 Conceptual Framework
15.3.1 Urban Transportation Resilience Indicators
15.3.2 Indicator Measurements
15.3.3 Relationship Between Proposed Indicators and Key Resilience Properties
15.4 Discussion
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Responses for COVID-19 in the Pacific Small Island Countries
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The United Nations Guidelines on Socio-economic Responses to COVID-19
16.3 National Government Measures
16.4 Communities Response
16.5 Human Security and International Aid
16.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Between Protection and Empowerment COVID-19: Haiti´s Older People´s Perception and Behavior
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Contextual Overview and RNA Process and Methodology
17.2.1 Contextual Overview
17.2.2 RNA Process and Methodology
17.3 Contribution to Measure the Overall Human Security of Older People in Haiti
17.4 The May 2020 UN Policy Brief on the Impact of COVID-19 on Older Persons
17.5 Operationalizing the Promise That the Human Security Framework Represents for Older People in Haiti
17.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 18: Government Responses to COVID-19 and Their Implications on Food Security in Indonesia
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methodology
18.3 COVID-19 and Global Food Security Threat and Responses
18.4 Indonesia Government´s Responses to the Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security
18.5 Social Protection and Safety Nets
18.6 Food Estate
18.7 Discussion
18.8 Strengthening Social Protection with One Data Policy
18.9 Strengthening Local Food System
18.10 Conclusion
References
Part III: Technology
Chapter 19: Preparing for the Future Crisis: Frontier Technologies Hold the Key
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Risk Assessment Tools Must Be ``Actionable´´ and More Dynamic
19.3 Technologies Must Empower At-Risk Communities
19.4 Risk Is Global, Resilience Is Local
19.5 Managing Risk to Managing Uncertainty Is a New Normal
19.6 Bridging the Gap in Knowledge and Understanding of Systemic Risks
19.6.1 Frontier Technologies
19.6.2 Data Science
19.6.3 National Innovations System
19.6.3.1 The Roots of Resilience Lie in Managing Systemic Risks
References
Chapter 20: Emerging Technologies and Global Pandemic
20.1 Human Security in a Nutshell
20.1.1 Impact of COVID-19 on Human Security
20.1.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Industry 4.0 and Abrupt Advent of Technology
20.2 Introduction to Society 5.0
20.2.1 Society 5.0: A Liberator
20.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
20.3.1 How Will AI Help?
20.3.2 Challenges with Artificial Intelligence
20.3.3 Discussion
20.4 Digital Healthcare
20.4.1 How Will Digital Healthcare Help?
20.4.2 Challenges
20.4.3 Discussion
20.5 Internet of Things (IoT)
20.5.1 How Will IoT Help?
20.5.1.1 Phase I: Early Diagnosis
Wearables
Smart Thermometers
20.5.1.2 Phase II: Quarantine
Wearables
Disinfectant Drone
Medical/Delivery Drone
20.5.1.3 Phase III: Recovery
Return to Work
Mobile Applications
20.5.2 Challenges
20.5.3 Discussion
20.6 Blockchain
20.6.1 How Will Blockchain Help?
20.6.2 Challenges
20.6.3 Discussion
20.7 3D Printing
20.7.1 How Can 3D Printing Help?
20.7.2 Challenges
20.7.3 Discussion
20.8 Cloud Computing
20.8.1 How Can Cloud Computing Help?
20.8.2 Challenges
20.8.3 Discussion
20.9 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
20.9.1 How Can Virtual/Augmented Reality Help?
20.9.2 Challenges
20.9.3 Discussion
20.10 Gazing into the Crystal Ball
20.11 The Traversing Arrow Model of Adaption to Society 5.0
20.12 Conclusion
References
Additional Reading
Chapter 21: The Importance of Data Sharing in Managing Public Health Crises
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Examples of Data-Driven Applications Contributing to Public Health
21.2.1 Use-Case Categories and Examples
21.2.1.1 Use-Case 1: Dashboard-Driven Decision-Making for Epidemic Surveillance and Management (Example Studied: BlueDot)
21.2.1.2 Use-Case 2: Phylodynamics Tool for Tracking Pathogen Evolution (Example Studied: Nextstrain)
21.2.1.3 Use-Case 3: Virtual Repositories of Biospecimens and Associated Metadata (Example Studied: UK Biobank)
21.2.1.4 Use-Case 4: Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCC) (Example Studied: Indian Smart Cities)
21.2.1.5 Use-Case 5: Smart Public Infrastructure (Example Studied: South Korean Smart Bus Shelter)
21.2.2 Summary
21.3 Inhibitors in Sharing Data
21.3.1 High-Quality Data Is Not Available
21.3.2 Finding Pertinent Data
21.3.3 Understanding the Data
21.3.4 Privacy and Security Policies for Health Data Sharing
21.4 Enablers for Sharing Data
21.4.1 Data Sharing Platforms
21.4.2 Establishing the System of Data Providers
21.4.3 Development of an Application Ecosystem
21.4.4 Public Investments in Data Sharing Infrastructure or Platforms
21.4.5 Strengthening a Culture of Data Sharing
21.4.6 Economic Models Incentivizing Data Sharing or Reward Systems
21.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Governing Artificial Intelligence in Post-Pandemic Society
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Issues of Automated Decision-Making Using AI
22.3 Aspects of AI in Action: Fairness, Transparency, and Accountability
22.3.1 Fairness
22.3.2 Transparency and Explainablity
22.3.2.1 Traceability, Auditability and Accountability
22.4 AI Governance Framework: Policy Considerations
22.5 Conclusion
References