Global Midwifery: Principles, Policy and Practice

✍ Scribed by Joy Kemp, Gaynor D. Maclean, Nester Moyo

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 301
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This textbook is the first authoritative, in-depth publication about global midwifery and the contribution of skilled professional midwives to the provision of high quality maternity care, reductions in maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. It demonstrates actions that are contributing to the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals through partnership with women and their families, enabling them to ‘survive, thrive and transform’.
The textbook explores how the world is becoming more connected through globalisation, advances in technology and innovation and yet more inequitable as women and children are disproportionately affected by issues such as poverty, environmental vulnerability, hunger, conflict, violence, and discrimination. It considers how midwives contribute to maternal and newborn health, leading to greater equity and empowerment and, ultimately, strengthening health systems.
The ‘three pillars’ of midwifery are discussed: regulation, education and professional midwives’ associations. The importance of evidence-based care is explored along with diff erent models of midwifery and the challenges of developing professional leadership. This textbook also considers women’s human rights to sexual and reproductive health and respectful maternity care, stressing the importance of cultural sensitivity and contextually appropriate approaches.
Midwives and other professionals will benefi t from this reliable resource that indicates direction and provides information about the principles and practice of professional midwifery. This text also provides universities, organisations, and individuals with a highly relevant resource to better equip them for international midwifery practice. It finally offers policy makers a reliable source of evidence-based information for consideration in various evolving national and international situations.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Part I: Midwifery on the Global Scene
1: Midwifery in Global Health
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Sustainable Development Goals
1.3 Early Historical Landmarks
1.4 Geographical Variations
1.5 Political Issues
1.6 Contemporary Challenges
1.7 The 2030 Agenda
1.8 Conclusion
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
2: Global Maternal and Newborn Health
2.1 The Launch of the Safe Motherhood Initiative
2.2 The Millennium Development Goals
2.3 The Launch of Skilled Attendance Initiatives
2.4 Change of Focus
2.5 A Further Shift in Emphasis
2.6 Conclusion
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
3: The Contribution of Midwifery to Global Health and Development
3.1 Evidence on the Value of Midwives’ Contribution
3.2 Positioning and Profiling Midwifery into the Global Health Agenda
3.3 Midwifery Services, Global Health and Development
3.4 Emphasising the Critical Nature of Midwifery and Midwives’ Contribution
3.5 Some Successful Evidence-Based Midwifery Pathways
3.5.1 The ICM Midwifery Services Framework (MSF)
3.5.2 The Midwifery Pathway 2030
3.5.3 The Framework for Quality Maternal and Newborn Care (QMNC)
3.5.4 State of the World’s Midwifery Reports 2011 and 2014
3.6 Challenges to Effective Full Potential Midwifery Contribution to These Initiatives
3.7 Mapping Midwifery Across the Globe
3.8 Regional Distribution of Midwives
3.9 Across Different Economic Groupings
3.10 Midwifery in High-Income Countries
3.11 Midwifery in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
3.12 Impact of Global Movements, Epidemics and Pandemics on Distribution of Midwives
3.12.1 Migration
3.12.2 Epidemics and Pandemics
3.13 Where There Is No Midwifery
3.14 Health Systems and the Identity of Midwives
3.15 Conclusion
3.15.1 Principles
3.15.2 Policy
3.15.3 Practice
Annex 3.1: The International Confederation of Midwives Midwifery Services Framework (MSF)
Annex 3.2: Steps of the Midwifery Service Framework, Under Review, at the Time of Writing
Annex 3.3: Midwifery 2030
Annex 3.4: Quality Maternal and Newborn Care Framework
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
Videos
Map
Further Reading
References
Part II: Midwifery Education, Regulation and Association Development
1.1 Section Summary
References
4: Midwifery Education
4.1 Impact of Qualified Midwives
4.2 History of Midwifery Education
4.2.1 Africa
4.2.2 Asia
4.2.3 Europe
4.2.4 The Americas
4.2.4.1 Why Focus on Midwifery Education?
4.3 Factors Impacting on Midwifery Education
4.3.1 The Global Health Agenda
4.3.2 Individual Country Needs
4.4 Midwifery Education Programmes Accross The Globe
4.5 The Skilled Birth Attendants
4.6 Pre-service Midwifery Education
4.6.1 The Teachers of Midwives
4.6.2 Direct Entry Midwifery
4.6.3 Midwifery Post-Nursing
4.6.4 Midwifery Integrated into Nursing
4.6.5 Short Programmes
4.6.6 Lifelong Learning in Midwifery
4.7 The Impact of Technological Advnaces
4.8 Opportunities, Challanges and Threats to Midwifery Education
4.8.1 Opportunities
4.8.2 Challenges and Threats
4.9 Cross-Cutting Issues Impacting on Midwifery Education Globally
4.9.1 Gender
4.9.2 Leadership
4.10 Protecting the Title ‘Midwife’
4.11 Enhancing Quality
4.12 Strengthening Partnerships in the Provision of Midwifery Education
4.13 Conclusion
4.13.1 Principles
4.13.2 Policy
4.13.3 Practice
Annex 4.1: Distribution of Midwifery Programmes According to Type Amongst 114 ICM Member Countries as of 2017
Annex 4.2: Education Models, Technological Advances and Innovations Instructional Technologies in Midwifery Education
Annex 4.3: Resources Available for the Strengthening of Midwifery Education Globally
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
Videos
Some Examples of Mobile Applications and Some Videos
References
5: Midwifery Regulation
5.1 The Work of Midwives
5.2 What Is Midwifery Regulation?
5.3 Characteristics of Midwifery Regulation
5.4 The Purpose of Midwifery Regulation
5.4.1 Maintenance of Standards
5.4.2 Protection of the Public, the Care Provider and Quality Assurance
5.4.3 Professional Self-Regulation
5.5 The Values and Principles of Midwifery Regulation
5.6 The Functions of Midwifery Regulation
5.6.1 Defining the Midwife and Midwifery
5.6.2 Setting the Scope of Practice
5.6.3 Stipulating Pre-registration Education and Qualifications
5.7 Foundation Documents and Tools
5.8 Registration, Licensure and Re-licensure
5.9 Mechanisms for Addressing Complaints and Issues of Discipline
5.10 Mechanisms for Enforcing Codes of Conduct and Ethics
5.11 The Midwifery Regulatory Body
5.12 Models of Midwifery Regulation
5.12.1 Through Legislation
5.12.2 Through the Government
5.12.3 By the Professional Association
5.12.4 Through a Government-Approved Organisation
5.12.5 Regulation by Another Profession
5.12.6 Through a Regulatory Collaborative
5.12.7 Through a Nurses and Midwives Council
5.12.8 Through a Midwives’ Council
5.13 Midwifery Regulation Across the World
5.14 Barriers to Midwifery Regulation
5.15 Building a Case for Midwifery Regulation
5.16 Why Midwifery Regulation and Strengthening Midwifery?
5.17 Developing and Strengthening Midwifery Regulation
5.18 Conclusion
5.18.1 Principles
5.18.2 Policy
5.18.3 Practice
Annex 5.1: Definition of Terms
Annex 5.2: The 73 Countdown Countries
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
6: Midwives’ Associations
6.1 What Is a Midwives’ Association?
6.2 The Purpose of Midwives’ Associations
6.3 Types of Midwives’ Associations
6.3.1 The International Confederation of Midwives
6.3.2 The Purpose of the International Confederation of Midwives
6.3.3 Regional Midwives’ Associations
6.3.4 National Midwives’ Associations
6.4 Midwives’ Associations Across the World
6.5 Strengthening Midwifery Globally
6.5.1 Why Midwives’ Associations and Strengthening Midwifery?
6.6 The Roles of Midwives’ Associations
6.6.1 Unifying the Profession
6.6.2 Legal Roles
6.6.3 Education, Training and Keeping Members Up to Date
6.6.4 Service Provision and Health System Strengthening
6.6.5 Communication and Advocacy
6.6.6 Gate Keeping in Midwifery Practice
6.6.7 Contributing to Implementation of Global Strategies
6.7 Creating, Nurturing and Sustaining a Midwives’ Association
6.7.1 The Role of Leadership in Midwives’ Associations
6.7.2 Some Causes of Association Failure
6.8 Conclusion
6.8.1 Principles
6.8.2 Policy
6.8.3 Practice
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
Part III: Midwifery Practice
7: Models of Midwifery Practice
7.1 Models of Care
7.2 The Transition of Philosophies of Care
7.3 The Emergence of Midwife-Led Care
7.4 The Concept of Continuity
7.5 Disrespect and Abuse: A Pandemic to be Tackled!
7.6 Respectful Maternity Care
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
8: Midwifery and Quality of Care in Different Settings
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Barriers and Facilitators to Quality Care
8.3 AAAQ: And All That!
8.4 Perceptions of Women and Families
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
9: Innovations for Strengthening Global Midwifery
9.1 What Is Health Innovation?
9.2 Policy Drivers for Innovation
9.3 Responsible Innovation in Health
9.4 Innovations for Midwives and Midwifery
9.4.1 Innovations in Midwifery Practice
9.4.1.1 Group Antenatal Care
9.4.1.2 Midwifery Units
9.4.1.3 The We Care Solar Suitcase®
9.4.1.4 The Cradle Vital Sign Alert (VSA) Device
9.4.2 Innovations in Midwifery Education
9.4.2.1 E-Learning and Mobile Apps
9.4.2.2 Low-Fidelity Simulators for Low-Dose High-Frequency Training
9.4.2.3 Educational Games
9.4.2.4 Films
9.4.2.5 Interprofessional Education for Interprofessional Working
9.4.3 Midwives’ Associations as Innovators
9.5 Lessons in Midwifery Innovation from the COVID-19 Pandemic
9.6 Challenges in Innovation for Midwives
9.7 Turning Ideas into Innovations
9.8 Monitoring and Evaluation of Innovations
9.9 The Future of Innovation by and with Midwives
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
Part IV: The Profession of Midwifery
10: Professionalising Midwifery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Establishing a Definition
10.3 The Development of Midwifery Professionalism Across the Globe
10.4 The Influence of Medicalisation and Male Gender Superiority
10.5 Educational Perspectives
10.5.1 Into Higher Education
10.5.2 Professional Identity Amongst Midwives
10.6 Conclusion
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
11: Midwifery Leadership
11.1 The Concept of Leadership
11.2 Leadership Management and Administration
11.3 Definition and the Nature of Leadership
11.3.1 The Leadership Process
11.3.2 Clinical Leadership
11.4 Power and Leadership
11.4.1 Power Bases
11.4.2 Leveraging Power
11.5 Why Midwifery Needs Leadership
11.5.1 Midwifery Leadership Across the World
11.6 The Global Leader of Midwifery
11.7 Factors Impacting on Leadership
11.7.1 Organisational Culture
11.7.2 Gender
11.7.3 Societal Culture
11.8 Concept of Leadership in Other Cultures
11.8.1 Multiculturalism and Leadership
11.8.2 Age
11.8.3 Individual Expectations and Leadership
11.9 Leadership Styles
11.10 The Leader
11.11 The Follower
11.12 Midwifery Leadership Development
11.13 Strengthening Midwifery and Leadership
11.14 Putting It All Together
11.15 Conclusion
Annex 11.1: Characteristics of Leadership Personae Required by Midwifery Leaders
Annex 11.2: Traditional Styles of Leadership
Autocratic Leadership Style
Democratic Leadership Style
Laissez-Faire Style
Annex 11.3: Other Less-Talked-About Leadership Styles
Annex 11.4: Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles
Transformational Leadership
Transactional Leadership
Annex 11.5: Substitutes and Neutralisers of Leadership
Additional Materials
References
12: Strengthening Midwifery Research
12.1 Research: An Indispensable Professional Pillar
12.2 Research and Midwifery Education and Practice
12.2.1 Evidence-Based Midwifery Education and Practice
12.2.2 Intuition and Research
12.2.3 Research as a Basis for Determining a Model of Care
12.2.4 International Research Priorities and Midwifery Research
12.2.5 Categories of Research Evidence
12.3 Research Networks
12.3.1 The Importance of Networks in Research
12.3.2 Examples of Research Networks
12.4 Promoting and Facilitating Midwifery Research Around the World
12.5 Priority Areas for the Development of Midwifery Research
12.6 The Benefits of High-Quality Midwifery Research
12.7 Conclusion
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
Part V: Midwifery Across the Globe
13: Midwifery in Humanitarian and Emergency Settings
13.1 Background to Humanitarian and Emergency Settings
13.2 Terminology Used in Humanitarian and Emergency Settings
13.3 Coordination of Efforts in Humanitarian Settings
13.4 Healthcare in Humanitarian Crises
13.5 Rights in Humanitarian Settings
13.6 What Do Women and Their Newborns Need in Humanitarian Settings?
13.7 Core Documents for Women’s and Newborns’ Health in Crises
13.7.1 Sphere Humanitarian Standard and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response (Sphere 2018)
13.7.2 Interagency Field Manual for Reproductive Health in Humanitarian Settings (IAWG 2018a, b)
13.7.3 Newborn Health in Humanitarian Settings: a Field Guide (UNICEF and Save the Children 2018)
13.8 The Role of the Midwife in Disasters and Emergencies
13.8.1 Coordination of Midwifery in Crises
13.8.2 The Role of Professional Midwives’ Associations in Crisis Situations
13.8.3 Educating and Preparing Midwives for Their Role in Emergencies
13.8.4 Impact of Emergencies on Midwives
13.9 Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness
13.10 Rehabilitation and Recovery
13.11 Case Studies
13.12 Conclusion
Recommended Further Reading
References
14: Crossing Borders: International Consultancies and Student Electives
14.1 Early Beginnings
14.2 Custom and Culture
14.3 Modernization and Development
14.4 Essential Attributes in Cross-Cultural Exchange
14.5 Student Electives
14.6 Finally…
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
15: Global Midwifery Partnerships
15.1 An Introduction to Midwifery Partnerships
15.2 The Purpose of Global Midwifery Partnerships
15.3 Types of Midwifery Partnerships
15.3.1 Twinning Partnerships
15.3.1.1 Twinning at an Individual Level
15.3.1.2 Twinning at an Organisational Level
15.3.2 Partnership with United Nations (UN) Agencies, Multilateral and Bilateral Agencies
15.3.3 Partnerships with Other Healthcare Professional Associations
15.3.4 Partnerships with Local and International Non-governmental Organisations
15.3.5 Partnerships with For-Profit Organisations
15.3.6 Educational Partnerships
15.4 Characteristics of Strong Partnerships
15.5 The Partnership Cycle
15.5.1 Choosing a Partner Organisation
15.5.2 Starting a Global Midwifery Partnership
15.5.3 Funding for Global Midwifery Partnerships
15.6 Facilitating Factors in Implementing a Global Midwifery Partnership
15.6.1 Taking Baseline Measurements
15.6.2 Shared Vision, Goals and Outcomes
15.6.3 Theoretical Underpinning
15.6.4 Human Resources
15.6.5 Shared Governance and Management Structures
15.6.6 Effective Communication
15.6.7 Celebration of Success
15.7 Management of Cross-Cultural Exchange Placements in Partnership Projects
15.8 Challenges to Global Midwifery Partnerships
15.9 Reciprocal Benefits of Global Midwifery Partnerships
15.10 Monitoring and Evaluation of Global Midwifery Partnerships
15.11 Sustainability of Midwifery Partnerships
15.12 The Future of Global Midwifery Partnerships
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
Part VI: Looking Ahead
16: Harmonising Midwifery: Creating a Common Philosophy and Professional Identity
16.1 Definition of Harmonisation, Common Philosophy and Professional Identity
16.1.1 Harmonisation
16.1.2 Common Philosophy
16.1.3 Professional Identity
16.2 Why Midwifery Needs Harmonisation
16.2.1 The State of Midwifery Globally
16.2.2 Relationship with Other Healthcare Professions
16.3 Advantages of Harmonisation
16.3.1 Professional Identity
16.3.2 Raised Profile and Status
16.3.3 Aspects to Be Harmonised
16.4 Challenges to Harmonisation of Midwifery
16.5 Approaches/Strategies for Harmonising Midwifery
16.5.1 The Regional Approach
16.5.1.1 The European Union
16.5.1.2 The South Eastern European Countries
16.5.1.3 The East African Countries
16.5.1.4 The South East Asian Nations
16.6 Lessons from Regulation
16.6.1 Harmonisation Levels
16.6.2 Tools Available
16.6.3 Pre-Requisites for Harmonisation
16.7 Conclusion
16.7.1 Where Are We Now in Harmonising Midwifery; Are Any Landmarks Visible?
16.7.2 What Else Has to be Done and by Whom with What Results?
Additional Resources for Reflection and Further Study
References
17: The Principles, Policy and Practice of Global Midwifery: 2030 and Beyond
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The PESTLE Model
17.2.1 Political Factors
17.2.2 Economic Factors
17.2.3 Social Factors
17.2.4 Technological Factors
17.2.5 Legal Factors
17.2.6 Environmental Factors
17.3 SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats to Midwifery Globally
17.3.1 Strengths
17.3.2 Weaknesses
17.3.3 Opportunities
17.3.4 Threats
17.4 The Leading Principles, Policy and Practice Issues Emerging from the Text
17.4.1 Principles
17.4.2 Policy
17.4.3 Practice
17.5 Recommendations
References