Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Introduction to Global Health
1: Definition, Principles, and Evolution of Global Health
References
2: The Changing World of Global Health
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Global Health Advocacy in the New Millennium
2.3 An Era of Transitions: Potential Headwinds
2.4 An Era of Transitions: Potential Tailwinds
2.5 How Will Health Challenges and Opportunities Balance Out in the Next Decades?
2.6 Conclusions
References
Part II: The Global Burden of Disease: Introduction
3: The Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
3.1 Measuring the Burden of Disease
3.2 Burden of Disease Data
3.3 The Leading Causes of Deaths and DALYs
3.4 Causes of Deaths and DALYs by Sex
3.5 The Burden of Deaths and Disease Within Countries
3.6 The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Burden of Disease
3.7 Risk Factors
3.8 The Demographic Transition
3.9 The Epidemiologic Transition
References
4: The Health Status of the World
4.1 The Importance of Data and Key Health Indicators
4.2 Trends in Key Indicators
4.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Population Health
References
5: Demographic Perspectives on Global Health
5.1 Demographic Transition and Global Demographic Trends
5.2 Education as Another Key Source of Demographic Heterogeneity
5.3 Health Implications of Changing Demographic Structure, Distribution and Composition
References
Part III: The Global Burden of Disease: Health Throughout the Life Course
6: Newborn Health
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and International Targets
6.3 Determinants and Risk Factors for Illness and Death
6.4 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
6.5 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
References
7: Child and Adolescent Health
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Global Situation on Child Mortality
7.3 Indicators on Child Mortality
7.4 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
7.5 Major Causes and Risk Factors of Child Mortality
7.6 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control of Childhood Diseases
7.7 Adolescent Health
7.8 Healthy Lifestyle as Prevention of Adult Illness
References
8: Child Health and Nutrition
8.1 Definitions, Features, and Epidemiology
8.1.1 International Targets and Progress
8.1.2 Determinants and Risk Factors
8.1.2.1 Challenges
8.2 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
8.2.1 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
8.3 Responsibilities of Institutions
References
9: Maternal Health
9.1 Determinants and Risk Factors for Maternal Deaths
9.2 Approaches and Strategies for Preventing Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
9.3 Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights and Policies
9.4 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
References
10: Aging and Health: Aiming at Healthy Longevity
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Health Burden: Epidemiology and Assessment
10.3 Approaches to Unique Challenges: Determinants and Risk Factors
10.4 International Targets
10.5 Responsibilities in a Multi-sector Approach
10.6 Way Forward
References
Part IV: The Global Burden of Disease: Communicable Diseases
11: HIV
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Epidemiology
11.3 Pathogenesis
11.4 Determinants of Risk
11.5 HIV Prevention and Treatment
11.6 International, Regional, and Country Responses
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: Tuberculosis
12.1 Introduction and Definitions
12.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Global Burden of Tuberculosis
12.3 International Targets
12.4 Determinants and Risk Factors
12.5 Challenges to TB Control and Elimination
12.6 Strategies for Control and Elimination
12.7 Economic Considerations
12.8 Conclusions
References
13: Malaria
13.1 Definitions and Main Features of Malaria
13.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden
13.3 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
13.4 Determinants and Risk Factors
13.5 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
13.6 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment/Control/Elimination
13.7 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
13.8 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
References
14: Hepatitis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Epidemiological Background
14.3 Towards Global Elimination
14.4 How to Make Public Health Elimination Feasible
References
15: Poliomyelitis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Global Polio Eradication
15.3 Risks to the Eradication Goal
15.4 Challenges
15.4.1 Approaches and Strategies
15.4.2 Responsibilities
Further Reading
16: Neglected Tropical Diseases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Global Burden and Challenges
16.3 Strategic Approach
16.4 Interventions for Prevention and Control
16.5 Role of WHO in the Control of NTDs
References
17: HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer
17.1 HPV and Cervical Cancer
17.2 Epidemiology and Global Burden
17.3 International Targets
17.4 Determinants and Risk Factors
17.5 Challenges to Control and Elimination
17.6 Strategies for Prevention and Control
17.7 Economic and Financial Considerations
17.8 Role of National and International Institutions
References
18: Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Global Burden of Vaccine Preventable Diseases
18.3 Progress Toward Achievement of International Targets
18.4 Determinants of Incomplete Vaccination Coverage
18.5 Challenges to Achieve Full Vaccination Coverage
18.6 Strategies for Prevention and Control
18.7 Economic Gains
18.8 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
References
19: Influenza
19.1 Influenza Pandemic
19.2 Prevention and Treatment
19.3 Strategies for Control
References
20: Recent Pandemics: SARS, MERS, Ebola, and Zika
20.1 Epidemics Caused by Coronaviruses: SARS and MERS
20.2 Zika Virus Disease
20.3 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
References
21: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)
21.1 The COVID-19 Pandemic
21.2 Socioeconomical Impact
21.3 Containment and Elimination
21.4 An International Issue: The Role of Supranational Organizations
21.5 An Open Issue: Challenges and Future Prospects
References
22: Antimicrobial Resistance
22.1 Definitions and Main Features
22.2 Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance
22.3 Determinants and Challenges of Antimicrobial Resistance
22.4 International Goals and Targets on Antimicrobial Resistance
22.5 The Quadripartite Collaboration for AMR
References
23: Foodborne Diseases
23.1 Definition
23.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Global Burden Assessment
23.3 International Targets
23.4 Determinants and Risk Factors
23.5 FBD Control Challenges
23.5.1 Cost-Effectiveness
23.6 Responsibilities
References
Part V: The Global Burden of Disease: Non-communicable Diseases
24: Cardiovascular Diseases
24.1 Definitions and Main Disease Features
24.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden
24.3 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
24.4 Determinants and Risk Factors
24.5 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment, Control and Elimination
24.6 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
24.7 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
24.8 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
References
25: Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Epidemiology and Disease Burden
25.3 Determinants and Risk Factors
25.4 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
25.5 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
25.6 Challenges Faced by National Programmes
25.7 National and International Efforts
References
26: Cancer
26.1 Introduction to the Issue, Background, and Aims of the Chapter
26.2 Description of the Issue
26.2.1 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Cancer Burden
26.2.2 International Targets and Progress Toward Their Achievements
26.2.3 Determinants and Risk Factors
26.3 Approach to Solutions
26.3.1 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment/Control/Elimination
26.3.2 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
26.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
26.3.4 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
26.4 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
27: Diabetes
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden [1, 2]
27.2.1 Prevalence and Global Burden
27.2.2 Incidence
27.3 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control of the Diabetes
27.4 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
27.5 Information Technology as Means of Addressing the Diabetes Pandemic
27.6 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
References
28: Endocrinological Disorders of Population-Level Importance
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Iodine
28.3 Calcium and Vitamin D
28.4 Role of Information Technology in Combating These Deficiencies
References
29: Mental Health and Substance Abuse
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Methodological Considerations
29.3 An Overview: Global Burden of Disease
29.4 Distribution of the MNSS Burden in Men and Women
29.5 Political and Financial Considerations
29.6 Conclusion
References
30: Violence Prevention
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Global Burden of Violence
30.3 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
30.4 Determinants and Risk Factors
30.5 Challenges Faced for Prevention and Control
30.6 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
30.7 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
30.8 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
References
31: Blindness and Vision Impairment
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Definitions and Classification of Vision Impairment and Blindness
31.3 The Global Burden of Vision Impairment
31.4 Causes of Vision Impairment
31.5 Trends of Vision Impairment Over Time
31.6 Impact of Vision Impairment
31.6.1 Human and Social Impact
31.6.2 Economic Impact
31.7 Solutions and Strategies to Address the Increasing Burden of Vision Impairment
31.7.1 At the Global and International Level
31.7.2 At Regional Level
31.7.3 At Country Level
31.8 Conclusion
References
32: Global Oral Health
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Assessment of the Global Burden
32.3 International Targets and Progress Towards Their Achievements
32.4 Determinants and Risk Factors
32.5 Challenges to Be Faced for Containment, Control and Elimination
32.6 Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Control
32.7 Cost-Effectiveness and Financial Considerations
32.8 Responsibilities of Different National and International Institutions
References
33: Unintentional Injuries
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Impact of Unintentional Injuries
33.3 Interventions
33.4 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Social Determinants of Health
34: Poverty, Inequities, Inequalities, and Social Protection
34.1 Introduction to the Issue
34.1.1 Poverty, Inequity, and Health
34.2 Social Protection as a Policy Instrument and Response to Counter Health Inequality and Poverty
34.3 The Future: Towards Universal Social Protection
34.4 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
35: Nutrition and Health
35.1 Current Status and Trends
35.2 Addressing Multiple Forms of Malnutrition: Cost-Effective Actions to Address Unhealthy Diets
References
36: Migration and Health
36.1 Introduction and Background
36.2 Aims of the Chapter
36.3 Migration and Health
36.3.1 Defining “Migration” and “Migrant”: The Spider Web
36.3.2 The Drivers of Migration: Why Are People Urged to Move?
36.3.3 The Impact of Migration on Health: What Are the Main Health Issues Migrants May Face?
36.3.4 Accessing Health Services: The Case of Migrants
36.3.5 International Initiatives to Improve the Health of and the Access to Care for Migrants
36.3.6 Migrant-Sensitive Health Systems and Health Promotion
36.4 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
37: Environmental Exposures and Health
37.1 Background and Aim of the Chapter
37.2 Overall Impact on Environmental Hazards on Mortality and Morbidity
37.2.1 Air Pollution
37.2.2 Chemicals
37.2.3 Water and Sanitation
37.3 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
38: Power and Commercial Determinants of Health
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Definitions and Frameworks
38.3 Tactics of Corporations
38.4 Governance Models
38.5 Conclusion
References
Part VII: Health Systems
39: Health Systems Frameworks
39.1 Introduction to the Issue
39.2 Background
39.3 Aims of the Chapter
39.4 Description of the Issue
39.5 Approach to Solutions
39.6 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
40: Global Health and Systems Change
40.1 Emerging Global Health Challenges
40.2 The Missing Systems-Wide Approach
40.3 What is Needed to Accelerate a Systems-Wide Approach?
References
41: Primary Health Care and Global Health
41.1 Primary Health Care and Its Evolution over Four Decades in Global Health
41.2 Primary Health Care in the Twenty-First Century
41.3 The Bumpy Road to Primary Health Care
References
42: Universal Health Coverage (UHC): From Global Consensus to National Action
42.1 A Global Movement for UHC
42.2 The Moral and Economic Basis for UHC
42.3 Transforming Health Systems Towards UHC
42.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
43: Governance of Health Systems
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Health Systems Governance: Towards a Definition
43.3 Common Principles and Core Functions
43.4 Key Actors for Governance
43.5 Governance Dynamics
43.6 Governance: An Emerging Frontier in Health Systems Research
References
44: Health System Financing
44.1 Introduction to Health Financing
44.2 Background
44.3 Aims
44.4 The Objective of Health Financing
44.5 Revenue Mobilization
44.6 Pooling
44.7 Purchasing
44.7.1 To Do or to Make?
44.8 Conclusions
References
45: Human Resources for Health: Health Workers, The Health System’s Most Valuable Resource
45.1 Introduction and Aims of the Chapter
45.2 Description of Key Points
45.2.1 Health Workers Matter
45.2.2 A Chronic and Growing Crisis
45.2.3 Putting HRH on the Global Health Agenda
45.2.4 Framing the Health Workforce for Action
45.3 Conclusions
References
46: Health Information Systems
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Aims of the Chapter
46.3 Background
46.4 Country Health Information Systems
46.5 Why Produce Statistical Estimates?
46.6 Who Generates Global Health Estimates?
46.7 Limitations and Risks of Global Estimates
46.8 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
47: Strengthening Health Service Delivery for Universal Health Coverage Through Synergistic Partnerships Between the Public and Private Health Sector
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Engaging the Private Health Service Delivery Sector
47.3 Public-Private Health Sector Engagement in the TB Response: A Case Study
47.4 Key Challenges and Opportunities
47.5 Conclusion
References
48: Community Engagement: Non-Governmental and Faith-based Organizations
48.1 Aims of this Chapter
48.2 Introduction: Community Engagement as a Means to Grant Continuum of Care
48.3 Background
48.4 Description of the Issue
48.4.1 Lack of Data
48.4.2 Inequity and Impediments to Access
48.4.3 Ignoring Culture and Tradition
48.5 Approach to Solutions
48.6 Illustrating the Power of Community Engagement
48.6.1 Improving Maternal and Child Health (MNCH) Outcomes [11]
48.6.2 Provision of Culturally Sensitive Services
48.7 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
49: Selection and Use of Essential Medicines
49.1 Introduction
49.2 WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
49.3 Transparency on What Is Essential
49.4 One List with Broad Coverage
49.5 Availability and Access Gaps
49.6 International Strategies to Improve Access to Essential Medicines
49.7 National Essential Medicines Lists
49.8 Medicine Monitoring
References
50: Equitable Access to Medicines, Vaccines, and Medical Devices
50.1 Access to Medicines
50.1.1 Intellectual Property Protection of Health Technologies
50.1.2 The AIDS Crisis and Access to Medicines
50.2 Vaccines
50.3 Diagnostics
50.4 Intellectual Property and Innovation
50.4.1 Mechanisms to Stimulate Innovation that Do Not Lead to High Prices
50.5 Covid-19
50.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
51: Essentials of Global Surgery
51.1 Aims of the Chapter
51.2 Introduction and Background
51.3 Barriers to Surgical Care
51.4 Political Commitment
51.5 Approach to Solutions
51.5.1 National Surgical, Obstetric and Anaesthesia Planning Manual (NSOAP)
51.5.2 Surveillance and Standardisation of Procedures
51.6 Conclusions
References
52: Health Conversations Through Personal Communication Networks
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Background
52.3 Personal Communications
52.4 Culture-Sensitive Conversations Across Health Areas
52.5 Conclusions
References
53: The Private Sector in Global Health: Roles and Opportunities
53.1 What Is the Private Sector, and How Is it Relevant to Global Health?
53.2 Who Are Private Sector Actors and What Roles Do They Play?
53.3 Future Directions
References
54: Health Systems Resilience
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Description of the Issue
54.3 Approaches to Building Health System Resilience
54.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
55: Epidemic Preparedness and Response
55.1 Introduction and Aims
55.2 Some Definitions, Functions and Models
55.3 A Health Systems Approach
55.4 Lessons Learned: From Context to Systems
55.5 Conclusions
References
56: Precision Global Health and Epidemic Forecasting
56.1 Background
56.2 Aims of the Chapter
56.3 Description of the Issue
56.4 Approach to Solutions
56.5 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part VIII: Innovations in Global Health
57: Genomics and the “-Omics”
57.1 Definition of “Omics”
57.2 Technologies Adopted for the “Omics” Studies
57.2.1 Genomics
57.2.2 Epigenomics
57.2.3 Transcriptomics
57.2.4 Proteomics
57.2.5 Metabolomics
57.2.6 Microbiomics
57.3 Contribution of Omics to Global Health
57.4 Challenges to Implement Omics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
References
58: Digital Technology for Global Health
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Why Digital Health?
58.3 Digital Health and Global Commitments
58.4 Recent Developments
58.5 What Role for Digital Technologies in Global Health?
58.6 Creating Systems that Last: Principles
58.7 Conclusion
References
59: Data Science for Global Health
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Examples of Data Science for Global Health
59.3 Opportunities and Challenges of Data Science for Global Health
59.3.1 Equitable Data Science
59.3.2 Data Sharing
59.3.3 Crossing Traditional Domains
59.3.4 Ancillary Care Obligations
59.3.5 Privacy Challenges
59.3.6 Individual vs Aggregate Results
59.4 Conclusion
References
60: How Innovations Can Impact on people’s Life: The Continuum of Research in Global Health
60.1 Introduction
60.2 From Bench to Bed to Health Policies: The Continuum of Research
60.2.1 Basic and Fundamental Research
60.2.2 Translational Research
60.2.3 Operational/Implementation Research
60.2.4 Research in Global Health and Policy-Making
60.3 The Importance of the End-to-End Vision to Structure Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
60.4 Conclusion
References
61: Evaluation of Interventions in Global Health
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Background
61.3 Aim
61.4 Policy-Relevant Evidence
61.4.1 Health Outcomes
61.4.2 Acceptability and Feasibility
61.4.3 Cost-Effectiveness and Affordability
61.5 Approaches to Evaluating Effectiveness
61.5.1 Experimental Study Designs
61.5.2 Quasi-Experimental Study Designs
61.6 Generalizability and Pragmatism: Recommendations
References
Part IX: Governance of Global Health
62: Global Governance in Health
62.1 Introduction
62.2 From International to Global Governance in Health
62.3 Negotiation and Power Relations
62.4 The Quest for a New Ethical Framework
References
63: The World Health Organization
63.1 Introduction
63.2 The First Years of the WHO: 1948–1988
63.3 The Coexistence of Two Socio-Medical Approaches to Protect Health
63.4 The Struggle of Adapting to Recent Global Geo-Political Changes and to the Proliferation of Global Health Players
63.5 Conclusion
Further Reading
64: Global Health and International Politics During the COVID-19 Pandemic
64.1 Introduction
64.2 Multilateralism and Global Institutions
64.3 The Italian G20 Presidency and the Rome Declaration
64.4 International Politics and Finance for Health Preparedness
64.5 Conclusions
References
65: Essentials of Global Health Diplomacy
65.1 Introduction
65.2 Historical Roots
65.3 Global Health and Foreign Policy
65.4 Multifaceted Complexity
65.5 “For Health” Diplomacy
65.6 The Roadmap Ahead
References
66: Financing Global Common Goods for Health
66.1 Introduction
66.2 Types of Global Common Goods for Health
66.3 The Case for Investing in Global CGH
66.4 Trends in Financing Global CGH
66.5 The Financing Gap for High Priority CGH
66.6 Mechanisms to Close the Financing Gap
References
67: Performance-Based Funding for Health
67.1 Introduction
67.2 Measuring and Managing for Results
67.3 Implementing Performance-Based Funding
67.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of a Focus on Results
67.5 The Diplomacy of Data
References
68: International Cooperation and Development
68.1 The State of the World
68.2 International Cooperation: How it Started and How it Continues
68.3 Rethink the Future of International Cooperation
References
69: International Law and Global Health
69.1 Introduction
69.2 The WHO’s Legal Instruments
69.2.1 The Constitution of the WHO
69.2.2 WHO Regulations
69.2.3 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
69.3 Global Health and International Human Rights
69.3.1 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
69.3.2 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
69.4 International Drug Control
69.5 Conclusions
Further Reading
70: Advocacy and Communication in Global Health
70.1 Introduction
70.2 Strategies and Tools Used in Advocacy and Communication in Global Health
70.3 Areas of Global Health Communication
70.4 The Importance of Engaging Stakeholders: Major Players in Global Health Governance Advocacy
70.4.1 Media Representation: Social Media
References
Further Reading
Part X: New Visions in the Era of Sustainable Development
71: From MDGs to SDGs
71.1 Aim of the Chapter
71.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
71.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
71.4 Transition from MDGs to SDGs and the Impact of COVID-19
71.5 Conclusions
References
72: Globalization, Socio-Economic Development, and Health
72.1 Introduction
72.2 Three Interconnected Dimensions of Globalization
72.3 Development
References
73: Aiming for Better Health in Cities
73.1 Introduction
73.2 Background
73.3 Urbanization and Health
73.4 Approach to Solutions
73.5 Main Conclusions
References
74: Climate Change and Human Health
74.1 Introduction
74.2 Climate-Sensitive Health Risks
74.2.1 Direct Health Impacts
74.2.2 Indirect Health Impacts
74.3 Health Co-benefits of Climate Change Mitigation
74.4 Actions for a Healthy Population and Planet
74.4.1 Build Climate Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems
74.4.2 Achieve Global Health and Climate Change Goals
74.4.3 Mobilize the Strength of the Health Community
References
75: The Ecology of Agri-Food System
75.1 Historical Background of the “Green Revolution”
75.2 The Impact of Food on Human and Planetary Health
75.2.1 Non-communicable Diseases
75.2.2 Communicable Diseases
75.2.3 Environmental Pollutants in Food
75.3 Approach to Solutions
75.3.1 The Double Helix of Agroecology
References
76: One Health
76.1 Introduction: Historical Basis and Definitions
76.2 Methods and Approaches
76.3 Major Areas of Application
76.3.1 Zoonoses
76.3.2 Food Safety and Food Security
76.3.3 Antimicrobial Resistance
76.4 Main Conclusions
References
77: Planetary Health: From Concept to Action
77.1 Introduction
77.2 What Is Planetary Health?
77.3 Key Components of Planetary Health
77.4 What Is the Value Added to Global Health?
77.5 Challenges and Responses Toward Securing Planetary Health
77.5.1 Imagination Challenges
77.5.2 Knowledge Challenges
77.5.3 Implementation Challenges
77.6 Concluding Remarks
References
78: Equity, Inclusivity, and Diversity as Drivers of Global Health—Recommendations for Global Health Research, Education, and Practice
78.1 Introduction to the Issue
78.2 Background
78.3 Aims of the Chapter
78.4 Description of the Issues
78.5 Approach to Solutions and Options
78.6 Conclusions
References
79: Rethinking Knowledge in Global Health
79.1 Colonial History in Global Health Knowledge Ecosystem
79.1.1 Introduction to Decolonial Science
79.1.2 Brief History of Global Health Education Colonial Origins
79.1.3 How Can we Foster Knowledge Cultivation?
79.2 Critical Steps to Understand and Change the Current Knowledge Ecosystem
79.2.1 Common Barriers to Knowledge Ecosystem Change
79.2.2 From Saviourism to Unleashing Agency of Communities
79.2.3 From Hierarchies of Knowing to Global Public Health
79.2.4 From the Foreign Gaze to Reconnecting Knowledge to its Context
79.3 Freeing Public Health Interventions from Colonial Legacies
79.3.1 A Framework to Reimagine Global Health Knowledge Ecosystem
79.3.2 Defining Emancipatory Health Interventions and Example in Practice
79.4 Conclusion
References
80: Strengthening Global Health and Health Diplomacy Capacity in the Global South
References
Part XI: Methods in Global Health
81: Quantitative Methods: Basics of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
81.1 Epidemiological Indicators
81.1.1 Measure of Occurrence
81.1.2 Measures of Effect
81.2 Epidemiological Reasoning and Study Design
81.3 Statistical Reasoning
References
82: Methods in Global Health: Disease Modelling
82.1 Introduction
82.2 Background
82.3 Aim of the Chapter
82.4 Description of the Issue
82.5 Approach to Solutions
82.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
83: Qualitative Methods for Global Health in Operational, Implementation and Health Systems Research
83.1 Introduction to the Issue
83.2 Background
83.3 Aims of the Chapter
83.4 The Issue
83.4.1 Operational Research
83.4.2 Implementation Research
83.4.3 Health Systems Research
83.5 Systems Thinking to Grasp Systemic Complexity
83.6 Qualitative Methods a Brief Overview
83.6.1 Realist Evaluation
83.7 Main Conclusions and Recommendations
References
84: GRADE: A Transparent Approach for Evidence-Based Recommendations and Decisions in Health
84.1 Introduction
84.2 The Role of Systematic Reviews and GRADE in Decision-Making
84.3 The Certainty of the Evidence, Quality of the Evidence, or Strength of the Evidence
84.3.1 Evidence on the Effects of Interventions
84.3.2 Five Domains Can Lower the Certainty of the Evidence from RCTs and NRS
84.3.3 Three Factors Can Increase the Certainty of the Evidence of NRS
84.3.4 GRADE Evidence Profiles and Summary of Findings Tables: Summaries of Evidence
84.3.5 How Is the Overall Certainty of the Evidence for a Decision or Recommendation Determined?
84.4 Developing Recommendations and Making Decisions Based on Evidence
84.5 Outlook
References
85: Methods in Surveillance and Monitoring and Evaluation
85.1 Introduction and Background
85.2 Public Health Surveillance
85.2.1 Indicator-Based Surveillance
85.2.1.1 Syndromic Surveillance
85.2.1.2 Laboratory-Based Surveillance
85.2.2 Disease-Specific and Integrated Disease Surveillance
85.2.2.1 Special Surveys
85.2.2.2 Active and Passive Surveillance
85.2.3 Event-Based Surveillance
85.2.4 Public Health Surveillance and Digitalization
85.3 Demographic Surveillance Strategies
85.3.1 Census
85.3.2 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics
85.3.3 Health and Demographic Surveillance System
85.4 Monitoring and Evaluation
85.5 Conclusions
Suggested Reading
86: Economics of Global Health
86.1 Introduction
86.2 The Relationship Between Population Health and Economic Development
86.3 Health Financing Systems: The Role of Health Insurance and Incentives of Provider Payments
86.4 Impoverishing Effects of Health Expenditure
86.5 How to Reduce Waste in Health Systems
86.6 Using Burden of Disease for Priority Setting
86.7 Conclusion
References
87: Priority Setting: How to Increase Value for Money in Health Investments
87.1 Introduction
87.2 Where Does Priority Setting Take Place?
87.3 Governing Principles
87.4 Stages of the Priority Setting Process
87.5 Conclusion
References
88: Principles of Global Health Project Management
88.1 Why Project Management Is Key in Global Health
88.2 The Project Management Cycle [2]
88.3 Some Remarks on Project Managers
References
Correction to: Global Oral Health
Correction to: Chapter 32 in: M. C. B. Raviglione et al. (eds.), Global Health Essentials, Sustainable Development Goals Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33851-9_32