GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems

✍ Scribed by Paul Bolstad

• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 781
• Edition: 6
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

New and updated Sixth Edition of GIS Fundamentals, 6th Edition - the bestselling GIS textbook by Paul Bolstad. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based tools for the entry, maintenance, and analysis of spatial data. GIS are critical for effective resource management, and have been applied across a wide range of science, business, and government endeavours. This book provides an introduction to the theory and application of GIS. It is written for use in a first-year GIS class and as a reference for the GIS practitioner. This sixth edition balances theoretical and practical material, so that students may apply knowledge of GIS in the solution of real-world problems. Improvements over the previous editions are included in each chapter. Topics treated include an introduction to GIS, spatial data models, map projections, data entry, image data, GPS, digital data, database systems in GIS, general spatial analysis, raster analysis, terrain modeling, metadata, standards, and accuracy assessments.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Companion Resources
Contents
Chapter 1 An Introduction to GIS
Introduction
What is a GIS?
Why We Need GIS
GIS in Action
GIS Components
Hardware for GIS
GIS Software
Open Geospatial Consortium
ArcGIS
QGIS
GeoMedia
MapInfo
Idrisi
Manifold
AUTOCAD MAP 3D
GRASS
MicroImages
ERDAS
ENVI
Bentley Map
SuperMap
Spatial R, Python, and GDAL
GIS in Organizations
Summary
The Structure of This Book
Chapter 2 Data Models
Introduction
Coordinate Data
Planar Coordinate Systems
Coordinates on a Sphere
Spherical vs. Ellipsoidal Earth
Converting Arc to Surface Distances
Three-Dimensional, Earth-Centered Coordinates
Geographic and Magnetic North
Attribute Data and Types
Common Spatial Data Models
Vector Data Models
Polygon Inclusions and Boundary Generalization
Vector Topology
Vector Features, Tables, and Structures
Raster Data Models
Models and Cells
Raster Features and Attribute Tables
A Comparison of Raster and Vector Data Models
Conversion Between Raster and Vector Models
Other Data Models
Triangulated Irregular Networks
Object Data Models
Three-Dimensional Data Models
Multiple Models
Data and File Structures
Binary and ASCII Numbers
Pointers and Indexes
Data Compression
Raster Pyramids
Common File Formats
Summary
Chapter 3 Geodesy, Datums, Map Projections, and Coordinate Systems
Introduction
Modern Coordinate Capture, Coordinate Systems, and Datums
Early Measurements
Specifying the Ellipsoid
Surface and Ellipsoidal Coordinates
The Geoid
Horizontal Datums
Datum Adjustment
Commonly Used Datums
Datum Transformations
Vertical Heights and Datums
Vdatum
Dynamic Heights
Local Sea Level Datums
Map Projections and Coordinate Systems
Common Map Projections in GIS
The State Plane Coordinate System
Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System
National Coordinate Systems
Continental and Global Projections
Conversion Among Coordinate Systems
The Public Land Survey System
Summary
Chapter 4 Maps, Data Entry, Editing, and Output
Building a GIS Database
Introduction
Map Types
Scale
Map and Data Generalization
Map Boundaries and Spatial Data
Digitizing: Coordinate Capture
On-Screen Digitizing
Hardcopy Map Digitization
Characteristics of Manual Digitizing
The Digitizing Process
Digitizing Errors, Node and Line Snapping
Reshaping: Line Smoothing and Thinning
Scan Digitizing
Editing Geographic Data
Features Common to Several Layers
Coordinate Transformation
Control Points
The Affine Transformation
Other Coordinate Transformations
A Caution When Evaluating Transformations
Control Point Sources: Surveying
GNSS Control Points
Control Points from Existing Digital Data and Maps
Raster Geometry and Resampling
Map Projection vs. Transformation
Output: Maps, Data, and Metadata
Cartography and Map Design
Digital Data Output
Metadata: Data Documentation
Summary
Chapter 5 Global Satellite Navigation Systems
Introduction
GNSS Basics
GNSS Broadcast Signals
Range Distances
Positional Uncertainty
Sources of Range Error
Satellite Geometry and Dilution of Precision
Differential Correction
Real-time Differential Positioning
WAAS, Augmentation, and Satellite-based Corrections
Real-Time Kinematic and Virtual Reference Stations
Precise Point Positioning
A Caution on Datums
Optical and Laser Coordinate Surveying
GNSS Applications
Field Digitization
Single Fix vs Averaged Accuracy
Field Digitizing Accuracy and Efficiency
Rangefinder Integration
GNSS Height Measurement
GNSS Tracking
Summary
Chapter 6 Aerial and Satellite Images
Introduction
Basic Principles
Aerial Images
Camera Aircraft, Formats and Systems
Digital Aerial Cameras
Film and Film Cameras
Lens and Camera Distortion
Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Drones
Spatial Accuracy of Aerial Images
Terrain and Tilt Distortion in Aerial Images
Stereo Photographic Coverage
Geometric Correction of Aerial Images
Photo Interpretation
Satellite Images
Basic Principles of Satellite Image Scanners
High-Resolution Satellite Systems
Mid-Resolution Satellite Systems
SPOT
Landsat
Sentinel
Resourcesat
RapidEye
Coarse Resolution, Global Satellite Systems
Other Systems
Satellite Images in GIS
Aerial or Satellite Images: Which to Use?
Airborne LiDAR
Image Sources
Summary
Chapter 7 Digital Data
Introduction
Map Services vs. Locally Stored Data
Global Digital Data
Global Spatial Data Infrastructure
Open Street Map
Other General Distributions
Digital Data for the United States
National Spatial Data Infrastructure
The U.S. National Map
Digital Elevation Models
Hydrologic Data
High-Resolution Digital Images
NAIP Digital Images
National Land Cover Data
NASS CDL
National Wetlands Inventory
Digital Soils Data
Digital Floodplain Data
Climate, Geology, and Other Environmental Data
Digital Census Data
Post-Processing
Summary
Chapter 8 Attribute Data and Tables
Introduction
Database Components and Characteristics
Physical, Logical, and Conceptual Structures
Relational Databases
Primary Operators
Hybrid Database Designs in GIS
Selection Based on Attributes
The Restrict Operator: Table Queries
Joining Tables
Primary Keys and Joins
Foreign Keys
Concatenated Keys
Multi-table Joins
Normal Forms in Relational Databases
Keys and Functional Dependencies
The First and Second Normal Forms
The Third Normal Form
Summary
Chapter 9 Basic Spatial Analysis
Introduction
Input, Operations, and Output
Scope
Selection and Classification
Set Algebra
Boolean Algebra
Spatial Selection Operations
Classification
Data-defined Classification
The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
Dissolve
Attribute Aggregation in a Dissolve Operation
Proximity Functions and Buffering
Buffers
Raster Buffers
Vector Buffers
Overlay
Vector Overlay
Clip, Intersect, and Union: Special Cases of Overlay
A Problem in Vector Overlay
Raster Overlay
An Example Spatial Analysis
Network Analysis
Geocoding
Summary
Chapter 10 Topics in Raster Analysis
Introduction
Map Algebra
Local Functions
Mathematical Functions
Logical Operations
Reclassification
Nested Functions
Overlay
Neighborhood, Zonal, Distance, and Global Functions
Zonal Functions
Cost Surfaces
Summary
Chapter 11 Terrain Analysis
Introduction
Slope and Aspect
Hydrologic Functions
Contour Lines
Profile Plots
Viewsheds
Shaded Relief Maps
Terrain Analysis Software
Summary
Chapter 12 Spatial Estimation
Introduction
Sampling
Sampling Patterns
Spatial Interpolation Methods
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
Fixed Radius – Local Averaging
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation
Splines
Spatial Prediction
Spatial Regression
Trend Surface and Simple Spatial Regression
Kriging and Co-Kriging
Prediction Accuracy
Core Area Mapping
Mean Center and Mean Circle
Convex Hulls
Characteristic Hull Polygons
Kernel Mapping
Time-Geographic Density Estimation
Summary
Chapter 13 Spatial Models and Modeling
Introduction
Cartographic Modeling
Designing a Cartographic Model
Weightings and Rankings
Rankings Within Criteria
Weighting Among Criteria
Cartographic Models: A Detailed Example
Scripting and Models
Simple Spatial Models
Spatio-Temporal Models
Cell-Based Models
Example 1: Process-Based Hydrologic Models
Example 2: LANDIS, a Stochastic Model of Forest Change
LANDIS Design Elements
Summary
Chapter 14 Data Standards and Data Quality
Introduction
The Geospatial Competency Model
Spatial Data Standards
Data Accuracy
Documenting Spatial Data Accuracy
Positional Accuracy
A Standard Method for Measuring Positional Accuracy
Accuracy Calculations
Errors in Linear or Area Features
Attribute Accuracy
Error Propogation in Spatial Analysis
Summary
Chapter 15 New Developments in GIS
Introduction
GNSS
Fixed and Mobile Three-Dimensional Mapping
Ground Based Positioning
Datum Modernization
Improved Remote Sensing
Cloud-Based GIS
Open GIS
Open Standards for GIS
Open Source GIS
A Hybrid Model
Summary
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix B: Useful Conversions and Information
Length
Area
Angles
Scale
State Plane Zones
Trigonometric Relationships
Appendix C: Answers to Selected Study Questions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Index
Back Cover