GIS-based Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences

✍ Scribed by Atsuyuki Okabe

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2005
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 345
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

A great many of the studies made in the humanities and social sciences have a geographical component. It may be the development of communities along transportation systems -- New Orleans was positioned where it is because it was the meeting place between river bound traffic and ocean going vessels.

Much of the studies made in a wide variety of areas like tax income, crime rates, migration patterns, housing prices, school/medical/fire/police services produce geographically oriented data that can better be displayed on a map than any other way.

Modern Geographical Information Systems have come a long way from the very expensive software systems of years past that also required the use of very expensive workstations. Indeed much of the needed software is now abailable at no cost. One chapter in the book details the efforts of the author and others in finding or establishing web sites that point to software of particular interest to the social sciences. Further the extremely rapid development of very powerful personal computer systems has completely overtaken the expensive workstations of the past.

This book is the result of a six year study conducted by Dr. Okabe at the University of Tokyo.

✦ Table of Contents

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Editor......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
Table of Contents......Page 16
1.1 What Are Geographical Information Systems (GIS)?......Page 18
1.2 Applications of GIS in the Humanities and Social Sciences: Overview of the Chapters......Page 26
References......Page 33
2.1 Introduction......Page 36
2.2.1 Photo Collage......Page 39
2.2.2 Hypermedia......Page 40
2.3.1 Concepts and System Overview......Page 42
2.3.2 STAMP-Maker......Page 44
2.3.3 STAMP-Navigator......Page 46
2.4 An Application......Page 47
2.5 Conclusion......Page 49
References......Page 50
A Laser-Scanner System for Acquiring Archaeological Data: Case of the Tyre Remains......Page 52
3.1 Introduction......Page 53
3.2 A New, Three-Dimensional Measurement Device: Laser Scanner......Page 54
3.3.1 Data Types and Objects......Page 55
3.3.1.1 Archaeological Remains......Page 56
3.3.1.3 Other Documents......Page 57
3.3.2 Associations Among Data......Page 58
3.3.3 Architecture of a System for Collecting and Organizing Archaeological Information (Archae-Collector)......Page 59
3.4.1 Types of Laser Scanners and Their Combinations......Page 61
3.4.2 Geometric Registration of Laser-Scanner Data......Page 62
3.4.3 Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Shapes from Laser-Scanner Data......Page 64
3.4.4 Visualization by Combining Laser-Scanner Data and Digital- Camera Images......Page 66
3.5 Implementation of an Example of Archae-Collector......Page 68
3.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 70
References......Page 71
4.1 Introduction......Page 72
4.2.1 Single-Row Laser Scanner and Moving-Object Extraction......Page 74
4.2.2 Integration of Multiple Single-Row Laser Scanners......Page 75
4.3.1 Flow of the Tracking Process......Page 76
4.3.3 Definition of the State Model......Page 78
4.3.4 The Tracing Process Using the Kalman Filter......Page 80
4.4 Possible Applications to Behavioral Science......Page 81
4.4.1 Assessment of the System Reliability......Page 82
4.4.2 Analyzing the Pedestrian Flow......Page 83
4.5 Conclusion......Page 85
References......Page 86
A Method for Constructing a Historical Population-Grid Database from Old Maps and Its Applications......Page 88
5.1 Introduction: Can GIS Deal with Historical Phenomena?......Page 89
5.2.1 Estimation Method......Page 90
5.2.2 Estimation Accuracy......Page 91
5.3.1. Estimation Method......Page 93
5.4 Derivation of the Historical Population-Grid Data for Around 1930 in the Kanto Plain......Page 94
5.4.3 Estimation Accuracy......Page 95
5.5.1 Integration of the 1890-, 1930-, 1970-, and 2000-HPD......Page 96
5.5.2.2 Population Change Along Railway Lines......Page 97
5.6 Conclusion......Page 99
References......Page 100
6.1 Introduction......Page 102
6.2 The Need for a New Metropolitan-Area Definition......Page 103
6.3 Metropolitan-Area Definitions in the U.S.......Page 104
6.5 Defining Urban-Employment Areas......Page 106
6.5.1 Requirements for a Core......Page 107
6.5.3.1 The First Iteration......Page 108
6.5.3.3 Other Iterations......Page 109
6.6 Urban-Employment Areas for the 1995 Population......Page 110
6.7 The Construction of the MEA Economic Database......Page 111
References......Page 114
7.1 Introduction......Page 116
7.2 Characteristics of Archaeological Information and a Site Survey......Page 117
7.3 Differences between Japanese and European Techniques in Data Recording and Organizing Archaeological Survey Data......Page 118
7.4.1 Two Kinds of GIS Data Models......Page 120
7.4.2 Standardization of Geographic Information and UML......Page 121
7.4.3 Data Modeling of Archaeological Information and the General- Feature Model......Page 122
7.5.1 Class Representing the Archaeological Site (Archaeological Site Class)......Page 125
7.5.2 Drawing of Archaeological Features and Stratigraphic-Sequence Diagram......Page 126
7.6 Conclusion......Page 128
References......Page 129
8.1 Introduction......Page 130
8.2 Search Engine at the CSISS Web Site......Page 131
8.3.1 The home page of FreeSAT......Page 132
8.3.2 The “Spatial Analysis for Points” Page......Page 133
8.3.3 The “Spatial Analysis for Networks” Page......Page 134
8.3.4 The “Spatial Analysis for Attribute Values of Areas” Page......Page 136
8.3.5 The “Spatial Analysis for Continuous Surfaces Page”......Page 138
8.3.6 Tables of Software Names......Page 139
8.4 Conclusion......Page 141
References......Page 142
9.1 Introduction......Page 144
9.2 General Setting......Page 145
9.3 Procedure for Examining the Effect......Page 146
9.3.1 The Procedure for Using the Goodness-of-Fit Test Method......Page 147
9.3.2 The Procedure for Using the Conditional Nearest-Neighbor Distance Method......Page 150
9.3.3 The Cross K Function Method......Page 152
9.4 Conclusion......Page 153
References......Page 154
10.1 Introduction......Page 156
10.2 Tools in SANET......Page 158
10.3 Software and Data Setting......Page 159
10.4 Network K Function Method......Page 161
10.5 Network Variable-Clumping Method......Page 163
10.7 Network Voronoi Diagram......Page 165
10.8 Network Huff Model......Page 166
References......Page 168
11.1 Introduction......Page 170
11.2 Spatial Data......Page 172
11.3.2 Consistency of Branching Off of Road......Page 173
11.4 Judgment of Neighborhood......Page 174
11.6 Route of Maximum Degree of Fitness and Estimation of Locations of Building......Page 175
11.7 Conclusion......Page 177
References......Page 178
12.1 Introduction......Page 180
12.2 The Case-Study Region......Page 182
12.3 The Reconstruction of Agricultural Productivity and the Extent of GO......Page 185
12.4 Results and Discussion of the Case Study......Page 188
12.5 Broader-Scale Analysis......Page 189
References......Page 191
13.1 A Brief Review of Spatial Archaeology......Page 192
13.3 Present Nature of the Area Surrounding the Sannai- Maruyama Archaeological Site......Page 194
13.4 Construction of a Spatio-Temporal GIS Database......Page 196
13.5 Reconstruction of the Paleosynecology......Page 199
13.6 Site-Catchment Analysis of the Reconstructed Paleoenvironment......Page 200
13.7 Beyond Spatial Archaeology......Page 205
References......Page 206
14.1 Introduction......Page 208
14.2.1 Data......Page 209
14.2.2 Selection of the Survey Areas......Page 210
14.2.3 Data Sampling......Page 211
14.3 Migration and Regional Categorization......Page 213
14.3.1 Migrants’ Villages of Origin......Page 214
14.3.2 Characteristics of the Regions of Origin......Page 215
14.4.1 Constructing the Building Map......Page 220
14.4.3 Settlement Patterns and Residential Development......Page 221
14.5 Conclusions......Page 224
References......Page 226
15.1 Economic Value of Residential Environment......Page 228
15.2 Method and Data......Page 230
15.3 Hedonic Price Analysis......Page 232
15.4 Analysis of Subdivision......Page 235
15.5 Benefits of Parks in Densely Built Residential Blocks......Page 237
15.6 Effects of Widening a Road......Page 238
15.7 Impact of Relaxing FAR Regulation......Page 241
Acknowledgments......Page 243
References......Page 244
16.1 Introduction......Page 246
16.2 Production Functions with Agglomeration Economies......Page 247
16.3 Cross-Section Estimates......Page 249
16.4 Panel Estimates......Page 251
16.5 A Test for Optimal City Sizes......Page 253
Acknowledgment......Page 257
References......Page 258
Evaluation of School Redistricting by the School Family System......Page 260
17.2.1 GIS for Analysis in Educational-Administration Research......Page 261
17.2.2 GIS for Planning in Educational-Administration Research......Page 263
17.2.3 GIS for Evaluation in Educational-Administration Research......Page 264
17.3.1 School Districting in Elementary and Lower-Secondary Education......Page 265
17.3.3 School-Family System......Page 266
17.3.4 School Redistricting as a Spatial-Optimization Problem......Page 267
17.4 School Redistricting in Kita Ward, Tokyo......Page 268
17.4.1 Formulation of School-Redistricting Problem in Kita Ward, Tokyo......Page 269
17.4.2 School Redistricting Where the Average Distance from Home to School Is the Objective Function......Page 273
17.4.3 School Redistricting Where the Number of Students Assigned to Different Schools Is the Objective Function......Page 276
References......Page 279
18.1 Introduction......Page 282
18.2 Rubber-Sheet Transformation of Historical Maps......Page 283
18.3.1 Comparison of Maps from Different Times......Page 285
18.3.2 Reproduction of a Digital-Elevation Model from a Historical Map......Page 286
18.3.3 Analysis of the Relationship between Land Use and Topography......Page 287
18.3.4 Reproduction of a Bird’s-Eye View of Old Tokyo......Page 289
18.3.5 Reproduction of the Landscape of Edo City......Page 291
References......Page 293
19.1 Introduction......Page 296
19.2.1 Accessibility Measured at the Residential-District Level......Page 298
19.2.2 Accessibility Measured at 100 M Mesh Level......Page 299
19.2.3 Visualization of Spatial Variation in Accessibility within a Residential District......Page 301
19.2.3.1 Bivariate Map of Accessibility and Its Variability......Page 302
19.2.3.2 Composite Map of Accessibility by Two-Level Visualization......Page 304
19.2.3.3 Accessibility Map at Variable Spatial Level......Page 306
19.3.1 Population as Demand Volume......Page 307
19.3.2 Development of Road Network......Page 308
19.3.3 Measure of Navigation Road Distance by Highly Accurate Simulation Considering Complex Traffic Conditions......Page 309
19.4 Conclusion......Page 313
References......Page 315
20.1 Introduction......Page 316
20.2.2 Model Description......Page 318
20.2.3 Visualization of the Image of a City......Page 319
20.3.1 Spatial Data......Page 321
20.3.2 Model of the Image of Shibuya......Page 322
20.3.4 System Evaluation......Page 323
20.4 Conclusion......Page 326
References......Page 330
A......Page 332
C......Page 333
D......Page 334
G......Page 335
H......Page 336
K......Page 337
M......Page 338
O......Page 339
P......Page 340
S......Page 341
T......Page 343
U......Page 344
Z......Page 345