Front Matter......Page 2
Acknowledgments......Page 5
About the Author......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
1.1 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering......Page 16
1.3 Geotechnical Engineering Terms......Page 17
1.5 Book Outline......Page 18
Part I. Introduction to Earthquakes......Page 20
2.1 Plate Tectonics......Page 21
2.1.1 Types of Faults......Page 29
2.2 Seismograph......Page 31
2.3 Seismic Waves......Page 32
2.4.1 Local Magnitude Scale M L......Page 34
2.4.3 Moment Magnitude Scale M w......Page 36
2.4.4 Comparison of Magnitude Scales......Page 37
2.4.5 Summary......Page 38
2.6 Problems......Page 39
3.2.1 Description......Page 46
3.2.2 Damage Caused by Surface Rupture......Page 47
3.3 Regional Subsidence......Page 53
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.4.2 Settlement and Bearing Capacity Failures......Page 60
3.4.3 Waterfront Structures......Page 62
3.4.4 Flow Slides......Page 73
3.4.5 Lateral Spreading......Page 76
3.5.1 Types of Earthquake-Induced Slope Movement......Page 78
3.5.2 Examples of Earthquake-Induced Slope Movement......Page 79
3.5.3 Seismic Evaluation of Slope Stability......Page 89
3.6 Tsunami and Seiche......Page 91
77824_03c.pdf......Page 95
4.1 Introduction......Page 112
4.2 Earthquake-Induced Settlement......Page 113
4.3 Torsion......Page 115
4.4.1 Definition and Examples......Page 117
4.4.2 Pancaking......Page 121
4.4.3 Shear Walls......Page 126
4.4.4 Wood-Frame Structures......Page 127
4.5.1 Impact Damage from Collapse of Adjacent Structures......Page 129
4.5.2 Asymmetry......Page 130
4.6 Resonance of the Structure......Page 131
4.6.1 Soft Ground Effects......Page 132
Part II. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Analyses......Page 138
5. Site Investigation for Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering......Page 139
5.1.1 Scope of the Site Investigation......Page 140
5.2 Screening Investigation......Page 142
5.3 Quantitative Evaluation......Page 146
5.4.1 Borings, Test Pits, and Trenches......Page 147
5.4.2 Soil Sampling......Page 151
5.4.3 Standard Penetration Test......Page 153
5.4.4 Cone Penetration Test......Page 158
5.5 Laboratory Testing......Page 162
5.5.1 Shear Strength......Page 164
5.5.2 Cyclic Triaxial Test......Page 168
5.6.1 Introduction......Page 170
5.6.2 Methods Used to Determine the Peak Ground Acceleration......Page 171
5.6.3 Example of the Determination of Peak Ground Acceleration......Page 173
5.7 Report Preparation......Page 178
5.8 Problems......Page 179
6. Liquefaction......Page 180
6.2.1 Laboratory Data from Ishihara......Page 181
6.3 Main Factors That Govern Liquefaction in the Field......Page 185
6.4.1 Introduction......Page 189
6.4.2 Cyclic Stress Ratio Caused by the Earthquake......Page 190
6.4.3 Cyclic Resistance Ratio from the Standard Penetration Test......Page 193
6.4.4 Factor of Safety against Liquefaction......Page 196
6.4.5 Example Problem......Page 197
6.4.7 Cyclic Resistance Ratio from the Shear Wave Velocity......Page 198
6.6 Problems......Page 201
7. Earthquake-Induced Settlement......Page 210
7.1 Introduction......Page 211
7.2.2 Methods of Analysis......Page 212
7.2.3 Limitations......Page 216
7.3.1 Types of Damage......Page 217
7.3.2 Method of Analysis......Page 218
7.3.3 Example Problem......Page 220
7.4.2 Simple Settlement Chart......Page 221
7.4.3 Method by Tokimatsu and Seed......Page 222
7.4.4 Example Problem......Page 226
7.4.5 Limitations......Page 228
7.5 Settlement due to Dynamic Loads Caused by Rocking......Page 229
7.6 Problems......Page 230
77824_08.pdf......Page 237
8.1.1 General, Punching, and Local Shear......Page 238
8.1.2 Bearing Capacity Failures......Page 239
8.1.3 Shear Strength......Page 242
8.1.4 One-Third Increase in Bearing Pressure for Seismic Conditions......Page 243
8.2.1 Introduction......Page 244
8.2.2 Punching Shear Analysis......Page 246
8.2.3 Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Equation......Page 251
8.2.4 Deep Foundations......Page 255
8.2.5 Other Design Considerations......Page 257
8.2.6 Example Problem......Page 258
8.3.2 Bearing Capacity Equation......Page 263
8.3.3 Example Problem......Page 264
8.4.2 Bearing Capacity Equation......Page 266
8.4.3 Example Problem......Page 268
8.5 Report Preparation......Page 269
8.6 Problems......Page 272
9. Slope Stability Analyses for Earthquakes......Page 276
9.1 Introduction......Page 277
9.1.1 Inertia Slope Stability Analysis......Page 280
9.1.2 Weakening Slope Stability Analysis......Page 283
9.2.1 Introduction......Page 284
9.2.2 Selection of the Seismic Coefficient......Page 285
9.2.3 Wedge Method......Page 286
9.2.4 Method of Slices......Page 288
9.2.5 Landslide Analysis......Page 289
9.2.6 Other Slope Stability Considerations......Page 291
9.2.7 Example Problem......Page 293
9.3.1 Introduction......Page 300
9.3.3 Limitation of the Newmark Method......Page 304
9.4.1 Introduction......Page 307
9.4.2 Factor of Safety against Liquefaction for Slopes......Page 309
9.4.3 Stability Analysis for Liquefied Soil......Page 311
9.4.4 Liquefied Shear Strength......Page 317
9.5.1 Introduction......Page 319
9.5.2 Empirical Method......Page 321
9.5.3 Example Problem......Page 323
9.5.4 Summary......Page 324
9.7 Mitigation of Slope Hazards......Page 325
9.7.1 Allowable Lateral Movement......Page 326
9.7.2 Mitigation Options......Page 327
9.8 Report Preparation......Page 330
9.9 Problems......Page 331
10. Retaining Wall Analyses for Earthquakes......Page 336
10.1.1 Retaining Wall Analyses for Static Conditions......Page 337
10.1.3 One-Third Increase in Soil Properties for Seismic Conditions......Page 344
10.2.1 Introduction......Page 345
10.2.4 Example Problem......Page 347
10.2.5 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls......Page 354
10.3.1 Introduction......Page 358
10.3.2 Design Pressures......Page 359
10.3.3 Sheet Pile Walls......Page 360
10.4 Retaining Wall Analyses for Weakened Soil......Page 366
10.5.3 Example Problem......Page 367
10.6.1 Static Design......Page 368
10.7 Problems......Page 370
11.1 Introduction......Page 374
11.2.2 Design Approach......Page 375
11.2.3 Groundwater......Page 377
11.3.2 Flexible Pavements......Page 378
11.3.3 Earthquake Design......Page 379
11.4.1 Introduction......Page 381
11.4.2 Static Design......Page 383
11.5.1 Introduction......Page 388
11.5.2 Response Spectrum per the Uniform Building Code......Page 389
11.5.3 Alternate Method......Page 393
11.6 Problems......Page 394
Part III. Site Improvement Methods to Mitigate Earthquake Effects......Page 396
12.1 Introduction......Page 397
12.2 Grading......Page 398
12.3.2 Water Removal......Page 399
12.3.4 Grouting......Page 402
12.4.1 Introduction......Page 404
12.4.3 Groundwater Control for Slopes......Page 406
13.2 Shallow Foundations......Page 411
13.3.1 Introduction......Page 412
13.3.2 Pier and Grade Beam Support......Page 415
13.3.3 Prestressed Concrete Piles......Page 428
13.4 Foundations for Single-Family Houses......Page 444
13.4.1 Raised Wood Floor Foundation......Page 446
13.4.2 Slab-on-Grade......Page 448
13.4.3 California Northridge Earthquake......Page 450
13.5 Problems......Page 451
Part IV. Building Codes......Page 452
14.2 Code Development......Page 453
14.3 Limitations of Building Codes......Page 454
Appendix A: Glossaries......Page 457
Glossary 1. Field Testing Terminology......Page 458
Glossary 2. Laboratory Testing Terminology......Page 461
Glossary 3. Terminology for Engineering Analysis and Computations......Page 467
Glossary 4. Compaction, Grading, and Construction Terminology......Page 472
Glossary 5. Earthquake Terminology......Page 477
Glossary References......Page 483
Appendix B: EQSEARCH, EQFAULT, and FRISKSP Computer Programs......Page 484
Appendix C: Conversion Factors......Page 509
Appendix D: Example of a Geotechnical Report Dealing with Earthquake Engineering......Page 510
Appendix E: Solution to Problems......Page 516
Appendix F: References......Page 594
Index......Page 605