Geospatial Technologies for Resources Planning and Management (Water Science and Technology Library, 115)

✍ Scribed by Chandra Shekhar Jha (editor), Ashish Pandey (editor), V.M. Chowdary (editor), Vijay Singh (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 748
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book focuses on the application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management for the key natural resources, e.g. water, agriculture and forest as well as the decision support system (DSS) for infrastructure development. We have seen in the past four decades that the growing complexities of sustainable management of natural resources management have been very challenging. The book has been written to leverage the current geospatial technologies that integrate the remotely sensed data available from various platforms, the precise locational data providing geospatial intelligence, and the advanced integration tools of Geographical Information Systems (GIS).

Geospatial technologies have been used for water resources management employing geomorphological characteristics, analysis of river migration pattern, understanding the large-scale hydrological process, wet land classification and monitoring, analysis of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), assessmentof environmental flow and soil erosion studies, water quality modelling and assessment and rejuvenation of paleochannels through groundwater recharge.

Geospatial technologies have been applied for crop classification and mapping, soil moisture determination using RISAT-1 C-band and PALSAR-2 L-band sensors, inventory of horticulture plantations, management of citrus orchards, crop yield forecasting, rice yield estimation, estimation of evapotranspiration and its evaluation against lysimeter and satellite-based evapotranspiration product for India to address the various issues of the agricultural system management.

Geospatial technologies have been used for generation of digital elevation model, urban dynamics assessment, mobile GIS application at grass root level planning, cadastral level developmental planning and e-governance applications, system dynamics for sustainable development, micro-level water resources planning, site suitability for sewage treatment plant,traffic density assessment, geographical indications of India, archaeological applications and disasters interventions to elaborate various issues of DSS for infrastructure development and management.

Geospatial technologies have been employed for the generation and reconciliation of the notified forest land boundaries, and also the land cover changes analysis within notified forest areas, forest resource assessment, management and monitoring and wildlife conservation and management.

This book aims to present high-quality technical case studies representing the recent developments in the “application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management”. The editors hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for scientists and researchers to plan and manage land and water resources sustainably.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
1 Geospatial Technology for Geomorphology Mapping and Its Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geomorphology Mapping
1.3 Role of Geospatial Technology in Geomorphology Mapping
1.3.1 Conventional Techniques of Photo Interpretation
1.3.2 Analysis and Information Extraction from Digital Remote Sensing Data
1.3.3 Advanced Methods of Geomorphology Mapping
1.4 Classification Schemas
1.5 Applications of Geomorphology Mapping
1.5.1 Applications of Geomorphology in Disaster Risk Reduction
1.5.2 Geoengineering Applications
1.5.3 Geomorphology for Mineral Exploration Applications
1.5.4 Application of Geomorphology in Groundwater Exploration
1.5.5 Palaeodrainage Studies
1.5.6 Other Applications of Geomorphology
1.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
2 Water Resource Management Studies at Micro Level Using Geospatial Technologies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Critical Review of Recent Water Resources Management Studies
2.3 Micro Level Water Resources Management at Indlawadi Gram-Panchayat
2.3.1 Study Area
2.3.2 Rainfall Analysis
2.3.3 Water Requirement Demand for Indlawadi GP
2.3.4 Domestic Water Requirement
2.3.5 Irrigation Water Requirement of Field Crops
2.3.6 Satellite Data and Ancillary Data
2.3.7 Ground Truth/Field Data Collection
2.4 Thematic Map Generation
2.4.1 Drainage Network and Lakes/Water-Bodies Layer
2.4.2 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) Layer
2.4.3 Soil Map
2.4.4 Slope Map
2.4.5 Geomorphology and Ground Water Prospect Layer
2.5 Runoff Potential
2.5.1 Runoff Estimation Using Rational Method
2.5.2 Run-Off Estimation Using SCS Curve Number
2.5.3 AHP Analysis
2.5.4 Generated Layers for AHP Analysis
2.6 Generation of Comprehensive Developmental Plans
2.6.1 Water Resources Assessment Action Plan
2.6.2 Roof Water Harvesting to Meet the Drinking Water Requirement of Villages
2.6.3 Surface Water Harvesting
2.6.4 Use of Water from Other Sources
2.6.5 Water Resources Development Action Plan
2.6.6 Water Resources Action Plan Consists of the Following Proposed Structures/Measures
2.7 Recommendations and Suggestions for Improving Water Resources in Indlawadi GP
References
3 Long-Term Analysis of River Migration Pattern Using Geospatial Techniques—A Case Study of Upper Part of the Ganga River, India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Role of Remote Sensing in River Migration Studies
3.3 Zonation for River Migration Studies
3.3.1 Erosion Buffer
3.3.2 Historical Migration Zone (HMR)
3.3.3 Avulsion Potential Zone (APZ)
3.3.4 Disconnected Migration Area (DMA)
3.4 Geospatial Analytics Platforms
3.5 Materials and Methods
3.5.1 Study Area
3.5.2 Remote Sensing Satellite Data Processing and Analysis
3.5.3 River Migration Analysis
3.6 Results Ad Discussion
3.6.1 River Migration Analysis Using End Point Rate and Linear Regression Rate
3.6.2 Sinuosity Index Derived Using Centerline Method
3.6.3 Meandering Index
3.6.4 Analysis of River Migration Pattern
3.6.5 Fluvial Landform Changes
3.7 Summary
References
4 Space-Borne Scatterometers for Understanding the Large-Scale Land Hydrological Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Scatterometer Background
4.3 Applications of Scatterometers
4.3.1 Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture
4.3.2 Estimation of Rainfall
4.3.3 Estimation of River Discharge
4.3.4 Water Level Estimation in a Forested Catchment
4.3.5 Estimation of Reservoir Water Level
4.3.6 Identification of Irrigation, Canal, and River Releases Using BWI
4.3.7 Estimation of Irrigation Water Amount
4.3.8 Mapping of Inundated Zones
4.3.9 Monitoring of Drought
4.3.10 Monitoring of Snow Cover
4.4 Summary
References
5 Delineation and Monitoring of Wetlands Using Time Series Earth Observation Data and Machine Learning Algorithm: A Case Study in Upper Ganga River Stretch
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area
5.3 Satellite Data Used
5.4 Methodology
5.4.1 Pre-processing Data
5.4.2 Classification
5.4.3 Turbidity Analysis
5.5 Results and Discussion
5.5.1 Accuracy Assessment of Wetland Delineation
5.5.2 Temporal Dynamics and Change Analysis
5.5.3 Seasonal Turbidity Analysis
5.6 Conclusions
References
6 Geospatial Analysis of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Study Area
6.3 Dataset and Methodology
6.3.1 Hydraulic Analysis Using HEC-RAS
6.3.2 Hazard Assessment of South Lhonak Lake
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.4.1 Growth of Glacial Lake
6.4.2 Assessment and Simulation of GLOF
6.4.3 Assessment of GLOF Hydrograph at Downstream Sites
6.4.4 Inundation Simulation
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Investigating Soil Erosion Status of Baitarani River Basin Using RUSLE and Geospatial Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Data Processing and Thematic Layers Generations
7.4 Methodology
7.4.1 Estimation of Average Annual Soil Loss
7.4.2 Preparation of RUSLE Model Database
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.5.1 Estimation of RUSLE Inputs
7.5.2 Annual Soil Loss Estimation
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Geospatial Assessment of Turbidity Along the Ganga River
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Study Area
8.2.2 In-Situ and Satellite Datasets Used in the Study
8.2.3 Methodology
8.3 Result and Discussion
8.3.1 Extraction of Water Pixels and Generation of River Mask
8.3.2 Estimation of Turbidity Using Multiple Turbidity Retrieval Algorithms
8.3.3 Estimation of Turbidity Across River Sections Using Different Turbidity Models
8.3.4 Evaluation of Turbidity Retrieval Models Using In-Situ Observations
8.3.5 Real-Time Turbidity Mapping Through the Best Performing Model
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 Water Quality Assessment from Medium Resolution Satellite Data Using Machine Learning Methods
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Machine Learning Approaches
9.2 Case Studies
9.2.1 Modeling Water Quality Variables Using Machine Learning Methods in the Selected Inland Water Bodies
9.2.2 Modeling Water Quality Traits Using Machine Learning Methods in the Coastal Waters of Palk Bay
9.3 Discussion
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Crop Classification in the Mixed Cropping Environment Using SAR Data and Machine Learning Algorithms
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Geospatial Data Overview
10.3 Machine Learning Algorithms
10.3.1 k-Nearest Neighbor
10.3.2 Artificial Neural Network
10.3.3 Support Vector Machine
10.3.4 Decision Tree
10.3.5 Random Forest
10.4 Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture
10.5 Case Study (Kharif Maize Crop Classification)
10.5.1 Study Area
10.5.2 Dataset and Methodology
10.5.3 Results and Discussion
10.6 Conclusions
References
11 Soil Penetration Depth of RISAT-1 C-Band and PALSAR-2 L-Band Sensors in Arid Zone of Rajasthan, India
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Soil Type of the Study Area
11.3 Soil Moisture Estimation Using Microwave Data
11.4 Materials Used
11.4.1 Satellite Data
11.4.2 Field Survey
11.4.3 Methodology
11.5 Results and Discussion
11.5.1 Delineation of Palaeochannels Using Satellite Data
11.5.2 Backscattering Profiles for C and L-bands Across the Palaeochannel
11.5.3 Variation in Field Soil Moisture with Depth
11.5.4 Soil Penetration Depth for C and L-Band Microwave Sensors
11.5.5 Validation of Palaeochannels with Resistivity Tomograms
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 Geospatial Applications in Inventory of Horticulture Plantations
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Importance of Horticulture
12.1.2 Role of Geospatial Technology
12.2 Pilot Studies for Methodology Development
12.2.1 Mango Plantations
12.2.2 Banana Orchards
12.2.3 Citrus Orchards
12.2.4 Grapes Orchards
12.2.5 Coconut Plantations
12.2.6 Arecanut Plantations
12.2.7 Oil Palm Plantations
12.2.8 Cashewnut Plantations
12.3 Upscaling of Pilot Studies to Regional/National Level
12.3.1 Inventory of Mango Plantations and Banana and Citrus Orchards Under CHAMAN Phase-I
12.3.2 Technique Development for Coconut Plantations and Grapes Orchards’ Mapping Under CHAMAN Phase-II
12.3.3 Coconut Plantations
12.3.4 Grapes Orchards
12.3.5 Technique Development for Site-Suitability Analysis for Mango Plantations
12.4 Conclusions
12.5 Way Forward
References
13 Management of Citrus Orchards in Central India using Geospatial Technology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Acreage Estimation of Citrus Orchards
13.3 Citrus Health Assessment
13.4 Expansion of Citrus Orchards
13.5 Pest and Disease Management
13.6 Citrus Yield Estimation
13.7 Summary
References
14 Geospatial Technology for Crop Yield Forecasting-A Case Study of SW Uttarakhand
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Material and Methods
14.2.1 Study Area
14.2.2 Data Collection and Preprocessing
14.3 Methodology
14.3.1 Results and Discussions
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Yield Estimation of Rice Crop Using Semi-Physical Approach and Remotely Sensed Data
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.2.1 Dataset Used
15.2.2 Data Processing and Computation of Parameters
15.2.3 Estimation of Crop Acreage
15.2.4 Estimation of Crop Yield
15.2.5 Microwave Data Acquisition and Processing
15.2.6 Computation of Net Primary Product and Grain Yield
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 LSWI and Water Stress Estimation
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 Major Natural Disasters in Deserts: Interventions Using Geospatial Technologies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Geospatial Technologies for Desert Locust Management: Surveillance, Early Warning and Timely Response
16.3 Geospatial Technologies for Dust Storm Monitoring: Toward Operational Monitoring of Dust Storms Using Imagery from Geostationary Satellites
16.4 Summary
References
17 Satellite-Based Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Product for India
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Theoretical Background
17.3 Study Area and Data Used
17.3.1 Study Area
17.3.2 Data Used
17.4 Methodology
17.4.1 Priestley-Taylor Algorithm
17.4.2 Net Radiation
17.4.3 Net Shortwave Radiation
17.4.4 Net Longwave Radiation
17.4.5 Incoming Longwave Radiation
17.4.6 Outgoing Longwave Radiation
17.4.7 Soil Heat Flux
17.4.8 Slope of Saturated Vapor Pressure Curve
17.4.9 Psychrometric Constant
17.5 Results and Discussions
17.5.1 Intra-Seasonal Variations of Warm and Cold Edge
17.5.2 Seasonal Variation of AET Over India
17.5.3 Statistical Comparison of Spatial Estimates for Crop-Specific Land Covers in India
17.6 Summary
References
18 Improving Quality of Digital Elevation Models Derived from Satellite Stereo Images Using Geospatial Techniques
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Data Sources for DEM Generation
18.1.2 DEM Generation: Global Scenario
18.1.3 DEM Generation: Indian Scenario
18.2 DEM from Satellite Stereoscopy
18.2.1 Satellite Stereoscopy
18.2.2 DEM Generation
18.3 DEM Quality Assessment
18.3.1 Quality Issues of Automatic DEMs
18.4 Geospatial Solutions
18.4.1 Waterbody Flattening
18.4.2 Sink/Spike Correction
18.4.3 Bias Distortion Correction in Preparation of DEM Mosaics
18.4.4 Hydrological Conditioning of DEM
18.4.5 Role of Multi-temporal Stereo Data
18.5 Conclusion
References
19 Assessment of Urban Dynamics Using Geospatial Techniques
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Study Area
19.3 Satellite and Ancillary Data Used
19.4 Methodology
19.4.1 Vegetation Cover Assessment in Bengaluru City
19.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Change Analysis for Lakes of Bengaluru City
19.5 Results and Discussion
19.5.1 Assessment of Vegetation and Other Land Use Land Cover Categories
19.5.2 Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Long-Term Changes: Natural Drainage Systems and Lakes
19.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
20 Mobile GIS Applications for Spatial Planning at Grass Root Level
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Mobile GIS Applications
20.3 Material and Methods
20.3.1 Study Area
20.3.2 Methodology
20.4 Architecture of Mobile Application
20.5 Cross-Platform Mobile App for Household Survey
20.6 Analysis of Household Survey Data Collected Through the Mobile App
20.7 Case Study-House Hold Survey Data Analysis for Mullana GP, Haryana
20.7.1 Distribution of House Types in Mullana GP
20.7.2 Residents of Kachcha Houses with BPL Cards in Mullana GP
20.7.3 Water Availability and Their Sources in Mullana GP
20.7.4 Distribution Based on Residency Period of Habitants in Mullana GP
20.7.5 Analysis Based on House Height/floor in Mullana GP
20.7.6 Distribution of Houses Based on Liveable Conditions in Mullana GP
20.7.7 Solid Waste Disposal Facility in Mullana GP
20.7.8 Toilet Availability and Type in Mullana GP
20.7.9 Spending Pattern of Residents of Mullana GP
20.8 Results and Discussion
20.9 Conclusions
References
21 Geospatial Technologies for Development of Cadastral Information System and its Applications for Developmental Planning and e-Governance
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Geospatial Technology
21.2.1 Remote Sensing
21.2.2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
21.2.3 Geographic Information System (GIS)
21.3 Cadastre or Cadastral Information System
21.4 Development of Cadastral Information System (CIS)
21.4.1 Digitization of Cadastral Maps
21.4.2 Preparation of Reference Satellite Image Base
21.4.3 Georeferencing of Cadastral Maps
21.4.4 State-Level Cadastral Database
21.4.5 Dissemination of the Cadastral Database
21.4.6 Government Initiatives
21.5 Applications of Cadastral Database
21.5.1 Cadastral Thematic Database
21.5.2 Cadastral Level Development Planning
21.5.3 Case Studies/Use Cases of Cadastral Database Applications
21.6 e-Governance Applications of Cadastral Database
21.6.1 Mobile Applications for e-Governance
21.6.2 Web Applications for e-Governance
21.6.3 Case Studies
21.7 Conclusion
References
22 System Dynamics and Geospatial Technology-Based Approach for Sustainable Development in Mining Dominant Area
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sustainable Development
22.3 Concept of System Dynamics Modeling and Simulation
22.4 System Dynamics Modeling and Geospatial Technique-Based Approach to Assess the Impact of Mining Activity in the Surrounding Area and Environment
22.4.1 Mining Dominant Study Area
22.4.2 Causal Loop Diagramming
22.4.3 Stock-Flow Diagramming
22.4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis for Land Sub Model
22.4.5 Data Inputs for Air and Water Sub Model
22.5 Model Simulation, Calibration and Validation
22.6 Summary
References
23 Geospatial Techniques for Archaeological Applications
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Background
23.2 Scope and Objectives
23.3 Database Preparation
23.4 Methodology
23.5 Highlights of the Project
23.5.1 Inventory
23.5.2 Site Management Plans (SMP)
23.5.3 Geo-Tagging
23.5.4 Outputs
23.5.5 Geospatial Database of Monuments in BHUVAN Geoportal
23.6 Applications of Geodatabase
23.6.1 Decision Support Services
23.6.2 Landuse/Landcover Within SMP
23.6.3 Predictive Locational Modeling
23.7 Way Forward
References
24 Site Suitability for Sewage Treatment Plant and Routing Using Geospatial Technology—A Case Study for Two Indian Towns
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Type of Wastewater Treatment Plants
24.3 Sewage Water Quality
24.4 Different Stages of Sewage Treatment
24.5 Guidelines for STP/CETP Site Selection
24.5.1 Wastewater Checklist
24.5.2 CETP/STP Sizing
24.5.3 Mode of Disposal of Sewage and Sludge
24.5.4 Distance Criteria for Sitting STP
24.6 GIS Modeling for the Optimization of STP Location and Sewage Transport
24.7 Wind Data Analysis
24.8 Study Areas
24.9 Data Used and Preparation of the Input Layers
24.9.1 Surface Hydrology Layers Using DEM
24.9.2 Altitude
24.9.3 Slope
24.9.4 Generation of Constraint Maps
24.9.5 Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) Model
24.9.6 Sewage Accumulation Points and Routing
24.9.7 Wind Data Analysis
24.10 Results and Discussion
24.10.1 Land Use
24.10.2 Surface Topography
24.10.3 Surface Hydrology
24.10.4 Setting up Buffer Distance Based on Regulatory Norms and Exclusion of Areas
24.10.5 Network Analysis
24.10.6 Wind Data Analysis
24.11 Conclusion
References
25 Remote Sensing and Deep Learning for Traffic Density Assessment
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Study Area and Data Used
25.3 Preparation of Datasets
25.4 Methodology
25.4.1 Extraction of Road Region from High Resolution Image
25.4.2 Preparation of Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) Architecture
25.4.3 Detection of Vehicles and Measurement of Its Area
25.4.4 Measurement of Traffic Density
25.5 Results and Discussion
25.6 Conclusion
References
26 Geospatial Technology for Geographical Indications of India
26.1 Introduction
26.1.1 Registration Process of GI
26.1.2 Benefits of GI
26.2 Geospatial Database of GI
26.2.1 Spatial Visualization of Production Region
26.2.2 Spatial Visualisation of GIs of Karnataka
26.3 Web GIS—Spatial Visualization in BHUVAN
26.3.1 Bhuvan Framework and Software Stack
26.3.2 Data Preparation and Workflow
26.4 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
27 Generation of Geospatial Database for Notified Forest Lands of Karnataka
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Geospatial Technology
27.3 Study Area
27.4 Satellite and Ancillary Data
27.5 Geospatial Products
27.5.1 Creation of Orthoimage Database
27.5.2 Preparation of Cadastral Maps
27.5.3 Preparation of Notified Forest Land Maps
27.5.4 Georeferencing of Cadastral and Notified Forest Maps
27.5.5 Notified Forest Land Boundary
27.6 Summary
References
28 Applications of Geospatial Technology in Forest Resource Assessment, Management, and Monitoring
28.1 Forest Cover Mapping, Density Assessment, and Monitoring
28.2 Forest Type Mapping and Monitoring
28.3 Social Forestry and Agroforestry
28.4 Forest Working Plan Preparations/Revision
28.5 Monitoring of Afforestation/Deforestation and Encroachment
28.6 Forest Right Act (2006) Implementation
28.7 Forest Fire and Risks Mapping
28.8 Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring
28.9 Species-Niche Relationship Modeling
28.10 Leaf Area Index (LAI) Measurement
28.11 Primary Productivity
28.12 Biomass and Volume Assessment
28.13 Summary
References
29 Earth Observation Data for Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Cover Changes Within Notified Forest Areas
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Data Used and Study Area
29.3 Methodology
29.3.1 Reconstruction of EVI Data Using Savitzky–Golay Filter
29.3.2 Change Detection Analysis
29.4 Results
29.4.1 De-noising Time-Series EVI Data
29.4.2 Wavelet Transform to Detect Land Cover Change
29.5 Conclusion
References
30 Impact of Land Use Land Cover on Land Surface Temperature Over Alaknanda River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Study Area
30.3 Materials and Methodology
30.4 Results and Discussions
30.4.1 Land Use Land Cover Change (2001 and 2020)
30.4.2 LST (Day and Night)
30.4.3 LULC Versus LST
30.4.4 NDVI Versus LST
30.4.5 NDSI Versus LST
30.4.6 NDWI Versus LST
30.5 Conclusion
References
31 Geospatial Applications in Wildlife Conservation and Management
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Study of Movement Ecology and Behavioral Pattern
31.3 Home Range and Territory Analysis
31.4 Species–Habitat Relationship Modeling/Habitat Suitability Assessment.
31.5 Wildlife Corridors and Connectivity Metrics
31.6 Habitat Quality and Risk Assessment and Management
31.7 Habitat Utilization Pattern/Space Use
31.8 Wildlife Census
31.9 Human–Wildlife Conflicts (HWC) Assessment and Mitigation Efforts
31.10 Summary
References