Geoenvironmental engineering: principles and applications

✍ Scribed by Lakshmi N. Reddi, Hilary I. Inyang

• Publisher: Marcel Dekker
• Year: 2000
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 492
• Edition: 1st
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

"Applies science and engineering principles to the analysis, design, and implementation of technical schemes to characterize, treat, modify, and reuse/store waste and contaminated media. Includes site remediation."

✦ Table of Contents

Geoenvironmental Engineering: Principles and Applications......Page 2
Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 13
1.2 SOIL FORMATION......Page 14
1.3 PHASE COMPOSITION......Page 17
1.3.1 Geotechnical Processes Controlling Phase Composition......Page 21
Soil Compaction......Page 22
Soil Consolidation......Page 24
1.4 SOLIDS COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION......Page 25
1.5 MINERAL COMPOSITION......Page 30
1.6 ROLE OF COMPOSITION IN ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR OF SOILS......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 40
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 41
2.2 DIFFERENT SCALES OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 42
2.3 PORE SIZES ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 45
2.4 SINGLE-PARTICLE ARRANGEMENTS......Page 48
2.5 GOUY-CHAPMAN THEORY OF THE DOUBLE LAYER......Page 55
2.6 FORCES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN CLAY PARTICLES......Page 59
2.7 STRUCTURE VARIATIONS DUE TO CONSOLIDATION AND COMPACTION......Page 63
2.8 ROLE OF SOIL STRUCTURE IN THE ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR OF SOILS......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 70
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 72
3.2 ENERGY STATES OF WATER IN SOIL......Page 73
3.3 PRINCIPLES OF FLOW IN SATURATED SOILS......Page 77
3.3.1 Poiseuille’s and Darcy’s Laws......Page 78
3.3.2 Coef.cient of Permeability......Page 80
3.3.3 Permeability of Compacted Clays......Page 84
3.4 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR SATURATED FLOW......Page 90
3.5.1 Steady-State Saturated Flow: Flow Nets......Page 92
3.5.2 Transient Saturated Flow: Terzaghi’s Consolidation Equation......Page 95
3.6 PRINCIPLES OF FLOW IN UNSATURATED SOILS......Page 99
3.6.1 Moisture Characteristic Curves......Page 100
3.6.2 Variation of Coef.cient of Permeability with Water Content......Page 103
3.7 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR UNSATURATED FLOW......Page 106
3.8 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF STEADY AND TRANSIENT FLOW IN SOILS......Page 108
REFERENCES......Page 119
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 123
4.2 MASS TRANSPORT MECHANISMS......Page 124
4.3 MASS TRANSFER MECHANISMS......Page 129
Hydrolysis......Page 130
Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Reactions......Page 131
Complexation......Page 132
Precipitation and Dissolution......Page 133
Radioactive Decay......Page 137
Sorption......Page 138
4.3.2 Equilibrium and Kinetic Models of Reactions......Page 141
4.3.3 Biotic Processes......Page 144
4.4 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR MASS TRANSPORT......Page 147
4.5 SOLUTIONS FOR SPECIAL CASES OF MASS TRANSPORT......Page 149
Pure Diffusion Conditions......Page 150
Advection and Dispersion for Continuous Source......Page 152
Advection and Dispersion for Instantaneous Source......Page 153
Advection and Dispersion with Sorption......Page 154
Advection and Dispersion with Sorption and Zero-Order Production or Decay......Page 155
Advection and Dispersion with Sorption, Zero-Order Production, and First-Order Decay......Page 156
4.5.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Transport......Page 158
4.6 SURVEY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR MASS TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER MODELING......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 164
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 167
5.2.1 Interfacial Tension......Page 169
5.2.2 Wettability of Soils......Page 170
5.2.3 Capillarity......Page 173
5.3.1 Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids......Page 177
5.3.2 Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids......Page 180
5.4 PHASE DIAGRAM FOR SOIL–WATER–LNAPL–AIR SYSTEMS......Page 183
5.5 MODELING TRANSPORT OF NAPLs IN SOILS......Page 188
5.5.1 Relative Permeability Concept......Page 189
5.5.2 Equations Governing Multiphase Transport......Page 191
5.6 MOBILIZATION OF RESIDUAL NAPLs......Page 194
5.7 MASS TRANSFER PROCESSES......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 205
6.1 SITE CONTAMINATION SCENARIOS......Page 207
6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES......Page 210
6.2.1 Characterization techniques......Page 211
Ground-Penetrating Radar......Page 214
Electromagnetic Resistivity......Page 218
Direct-Current Resistivity Method......Page 220
Seismic Methods......Page 225
Electrochemical and Electrooptical Sensing Methods......Page 227
6.3 GEOSTATISTICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 232
6.3.1 Spatial Distribution of Monitoring Points......Page 233
6.3.2 Contaminated Zone Contouring Using Measured Data......Page 235
6.4.1 Vaporization from Open Water Bodies......Page 236
6.4.2 Vaporization from Geomedia......Page 238
6.5 CONTAMINANT RELEASE MECHANISMS: DUSTING......Page 244
6.6 CONTAMINANT RELEASE MECHANISMS: LEACHING......Page 245
6.6.1 Leaching Through Contaminated Pore Fluid Displacement......Page 246
6.6.2 Leaching Through Diffusion from Consolidated or Stabilized Waste Mass......Page 249
REFERENCES......Page 250
7.1.1 Toxicity......Page 253
7.1.3 Corrosivity......Page 256
7.1.4 Ignitability......Page 258
7.2 INTRODUCTION TO EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT......Page 259
7.2.1 Carcinogenic Risks......Page 263
7.2.2 Noncarcinogenic Risks......Page 265
7.3 RISK-BASED ESTIMATION OF REQUIRED CLEAN-UP LEVELS......Page 267
Residential......Page 268
Commercial/Industrial......Page 269
7.3.2 Clean-up Level for Groundwater......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 273
8.1 TREATMENT APPROACHES......Page 275
8.3 BASIS FOR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY SELECTION......Page 276
8.4 PUMP-AND-TREAT PRINCIPLES......Page 279
8.4.1 Basic Pump-and-Treat Principles......Page 282
8.4.2 Chemical Enhancements Including Surfactants......Page 296
Surfactant Action......Page 298
Co-solvent Action......Page 299
Dissolution......Page 300
8.5 IN-SITU SOIL FLUSHING......Page 302
8.6.1 In-Situ Soil Venting/Soil Vapor Extraction Principles......Page 303
8.6.3 In-Situ Air Sparging Principles......Page 307
8.7 IN-SITU VITRIFICATION PRINCIPLES......Page 310
8.8 IN-SITU CHEMICAL TREATMENT IN REACTIVE WALLS......Page 316
8.9 SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION (EX-SITU) PRINCIPLES......Page 326
8.9.1 Types of Stabilization......Page 327
8.9.2 Performance Analysis for Stabilized/Solidi.ed Wastes......Page 329
8.9.3 Tests for Leachability Assessment......Page 332
8.9.4 Theoretical Analysis of Contaminant Leaching Rates......Page 337
8.10 EX-SITU CHEMICAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES......Page 339
8.10.1 Chemical Oxidation–Reduction Principles......Page 340
8.10.3 Hydrolysis Principles......Page 343
8.11 IN-SITU NATURAL ATTENUATION PRINCIPLES......Page 347
8.12 IN-SITU PHYTOREMEDIATION PRINCIPLES......Page 355
8.12.1 Phytoextraction......Page 356
8.12.2 Phytodegradation......Page 357
8.12.5 Phytostabilization......Page 359
8.13.1 Contaminant Intrinsic Biodegradability......Page 360
8.13.3 Groundwater Temperature......Page 365
8.13.5 Soil Nutrients......Page 366
REFERENCES......Page 367
9.1 ESSENTIALS OF WASTE CONTAINMENT......Page 372
9.2 HYDRAULIC AND PHYSICAL CONTAINMENT......Page 377
9.3 CONTAINMENT EFFECTS ON SOURCE TERMS......Page 381
9.4 CONTAINMENT SITE SELECTION TECHNIQUES......Page 383
9.5 CONTAINMENT SITE IMPROVEMENT......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 394
10.1 LANDFILLS......Page 396
10.2 SLURRY WALLS......Page 399
10.3 DRAINAGE TRENCHES AND WELLS......Page 402
10.4 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS......Page 405
10.5 GROUT CURTAINS......Page 406
10.6 COMPOSITE SYSTEMS......Page 408
REFERENCES......Page 409
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 412
11.2 LEACHATE GENERATION......Page 413
11.3 WATER BALANCE IN WASTE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS......Page 415
11.3.1 Monthly Water Balance Method......Page 416
11.3.2 Hydrologic Evaluation of Land.ll Performance (HELP)......Page 421
Infiltration......Page 423
Subsurface Water Routing......Page 424
11.4 LEACHATE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS (LCRS)......Page 428
11.5 FLOW AND TRANSPORT THROUGH BARRIERS......Page 433
11.5.1 Flow Through Barriers......Page 434
11.5.2 Mass Transport Through Barriers......Page 436
11.5.3 Relative Importance of Advection and Dispersion......Page 441
11.6 STABILITY OF WASTE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS......Page 445
11.6.1 Slope Stability......Page 446
11.6.2 Stability of Interfaces......Page 449
11.6.3 Settlements......Page 452
11.6.4 Geotechnical Properties of Waste......Page 455
REFERENCES......Page 458
12.1 CONTAINMENT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS......Page 462
12.2 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PATTERN......Page 463
12.3 TYPES OF BARRIER MATERIALS......Page 469
12.3.1 Clayey Barrier Materials......Page 470
12.3.3 Polymeric Membranes......Page 471
12.3.4 Geosynthetic-Clay Materials......Page 472
12.4 MATERIAL DETERIORATION MECHANISMS......Page 473
Flocculation of Barrier Materials......Page 474
Dissolution of Barrier Soils......Page 477
Exposed Slope Failures by Creep......Page 480
Deterioration of Polymeric Materials......Page 481
12.4.2 Transient (Catastrophic) Events......Page 483
12.5 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MONITORING TECHNIQUES......Page 486
REFERENCES......Page 489