Cover
Endorsements
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1 OVERVIEW
1 The origins of genocide
Genocide in prehistory, antiquity, and early modernity
The Vendée uprising
Zulu genocide
Naming genocide: Raphael Lemkin
Defining genocide: the UN Convention
Bounding genocide: comparative genocide studies
Discussion
What is destroyed in genocide?
Multiple and overlapping identities
Dynamism and contingency
The question of genocidal intent
Contested cases of genocide
Atlantic slavery – and after
Area bombing and nuclear warfare
The Biafra War
UN sanctions against Iraq
9/11: terrorism as genocide
Structural and institutional violence
Is genocide ever justified?
Further study
Notes
2 State and empire; war and revolution
The state, imperialism, and genocide
Imperial famines
The Congo “rubber terror"
The Japanese in East and Southeast Asia
The United States in Indochina
The Soviets in Afghanistan
Imperial ascent and dissolution
Genocide and war
The First World War and the dawn of industrial death
The Second World War and the “barbarization of warfare"
Genocide and social revolution
The nuclear revolution and “omnicide"
Further study
Notes
Part 2 CASE STUDIES
3 Genocides of indigenous peoples
Introduction
Colonialism and the discourse of extinction
The conquest of the Americas
Spanish America
The United States and Canada
Other genocidal strategies
Australia’s Aborigines and the Namibian Hereros
Genocide in Australia
The Herero genocide
Denying genocide, celebrating genocide
Complexities and caveats
Indigenous revival
Further study
Notes
4 The Ottoman destruction of Christian minorities
Introduction
Origins of the genocide
War, deportation, and massacre
The Armenian genocide
The Assyrian genocide
The Anatolian and Pontian Greek genocide
Aftermath: attempts at justice
Turkey: denial . . . and growing recognition
Further study
Notes
5 Stalin and Mao
The Soviet Union and Stalinism
1917: the Bolsheviks seize power
Collectivization and famine
The Gulag
The Great Purge of 1937–1938
The war years
The destruction of national minorities
China and Maoism
Stalin, Mao, and Genocide
Further study
Stalin and Stalinism
Mao’s China
Notes
6 The Jewish Holocaust
Introduction
Origins
“Ordinary Germans” and the Nazis
The turn to mass murder
Debating the Holocaust
Intentionalists vs. functionalists
Jewish resistance
The Allies and the churches: could the Jews have been saved?
Willing executioners?
Israel, the Palestinians, and the Holocaust
Is the Jewish Holocaust “uniquely unique"?
Further study
Notes
7 Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge
Origins of the Khmer Rouge
War and revolution, 1970–1975
A genocidal ideology
Hatred of “enemies of the people"
Xenophobia and messianic nationalism
Peasantism, anti-urbanism, primitivism
Purity, discipline, militarism
A policy of “urbicide,” 1975
“Base people” vs. “new people
Cambodia’s Holocaust, 1975–1979
Mass executions
Genocide against Buddhists and ethnic minorities
Aftermath: politics and the quest for justice
Further study
Notes
8 Bosnia and Kosovo
Origins and onset
Gendercide and genocide in Bosnia
The international dimension
Kosovo, 1998–1999
Aftermaths
Further study
Notes
9 Genocide in Africa’s Great Lakes region
The African Great Lakes countries in regional context
Rwanda, 1994: horror and shame
Background to genocide
Genocidal frenzy
Congo and Africa’s “first world war"
1996–1997: The “genocide of the camps"
The Second Congo War
The Burundian imbroglio
Great Lakes aftermaths
Further study
Rwanda
Congo
Burundi
Notes
Part 3 SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES
10 Psychological perspectives
Narcissism, greed, fear, humiliation
Narcissism
Greed
Fear
Humiliation
The psychology of perpetrators
The Milgram experiments
The Stanford prison experiments
The psychology of rescuers
Rescuers and resisters of the Holocaust
Further study
Notes
11 The sociology and anthropology of genocide
Introduction
Sociological perspectives
The sociology of modernity
Ethnicity and ethnic conflict
Ethnic conflict and violence “specialists"
“Middleman minorities"
Anthropological perspectives
Forensic anthropology
Further study
Notes
12 Political science and international relations
Empirical investigations
The changing face of war
Democracy, war, and genocide/democide
Norms and prohibition regimes
Further study
Notes
13 Gendering genocide
Gendercide vs. root-and-branch genocide
Women as genocidal targets
Gendercidal institutions
Genocidal men, genocidal women
A note on gendered propaganda
Further study
Notes
Part 4 THE FUTURE OF GENOCIDE
14 Memory, forgetting, and denial
Contested memories
Germany
Japan
Argentina
Forgetting
Genocide denial: motives and strategies
Denial and free speech
Further study
Notes
15 Justice, truth, and redress
Leipzig, Constantinople, Nuremberg, Tokyo
The international criminal tribunals: Yugoslavia and Rwanda
Juridical contributions
National trials
The “mixed tribunals”: Cambodia and Sierra Leone
Another kind of justice: Rwanda’s gacaca experiment
The Pinochet case
The International Criminal Court (ICC)
International citizens’ tribunals
Truth and reconciliation
The challenge of redress
The role of apology
Further study
Notes
16 Strategies of intervention and prevention
Warning signs
Humanitarian intervention
Sanctions
The United Nations
When is military intervention justified?
A standing “peace army"?
Ideologies and individuals
The role of the honest witness
Ideologies, religious and secular
Personal responsibility
Conclusion
Further study
Notes
Index