Other books in this series
GENITOURINARY PATHOLOGY
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
1 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Prostate
The Prostate Gland
Anatomy and Histology
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathology Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Inflammatory and Inflammatory-Like Lesions of the Prostate
Acute and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nonspecific Granulomatous Prostatitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Infectious Granulomatous Prostatitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Postbiopsy Granuloma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Special Stains
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Xanthoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malakoplakia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mimickers of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Atrophy
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Adenosis (Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia)
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sclerosing Adenosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Basal Cell Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nephrogenic Metaplasia Or Adenoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mesonephric Remnant Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Prostatic-Type Urethral Polyp
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Verumontanum Mucosal Gland Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Normal Nonprostatic Tissue in Prostate Specimens
Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cowper Glands
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry and Special Stains
Differential Diagnosis
Paraganglion
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Skeletal Muscle within Prostate Gland
Benign Glands in Perineural Space
Distorted Rectal Tissue Admixed with Prostate
Metaplastic Changes in the Prostate
Urothelial Metaplasia
Mucinous Metaplasia
Squamous Metaplasia
Paneth Cell–Like Change
Prostatic Infarct
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Benign Stromal Lesions of the Prostate
Blue Nevus
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Endometriosis
Elastosis
Suggested Readings
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Acute and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Nonspecific Granulomatous Prostatitis
Infectious Granulomatous Prostatitis
Postbiopsy Granuloma
Xanthoma
Malakoplakia
Atrophy
Adenosis (Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia)
Sclerosing Adenosis
Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia
Basal Cell Hyperplasia
Nephrogenic Metaplasia/Adenoma
Mesonephric Remnant Hyperplasia
Prostatic-Type Urethral Polyp
Verumontanum Mucosal Gland Hyperplasia
Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts
Cowper Glands
Paraganglion
Skeletal Muscle within Prostate Gland
Benign Glands in Perineural Space
Metaplastic Changes in the Prostate
Prostatic Infarct
Blue Nevus
Endometriosis
Elastosis
2 - Neoplastic Diseases of the Prostate
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Clinical Features
Age and Race Distribution
Prevalence of High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Surgical Prostate Specimens
Molecular and Genetic Aspects of High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Prostate Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Prevalence
Etiology
Molecular Biology
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prostate-Specific Antigen
Prostate Needle Biopsy
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Transrectal Ultrasound Scan
Computed Tomographic Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Radioimmunoscintigraphy
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Patterns of Spread and Metastasis
Microscopic Findings
Architecture
Cytoplasm
Nuclei
Intraluminal Content
Stroma
Cancer-Specific Features
Histologic Variants Of Prostate Carcinoma
Atrophic Carcinoma
Pseudohyperplastic Carcinoma
Microcystic Adenocarcinoma
Foamy Gland Carcinoma
Mucinous (Colloid) Carcinoma
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia–Like Adenocarcinoma
Signet-Ring–Like Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma)
Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Pleomorphic Giant Cell Carcinoma
Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma with Diffuse Aberrant p63 Expression
Treatment Effects
Radiation Therapy Effects
Androgen Deprivation
Cryotherapy
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Scan
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Prostate-Specific Antigen
Prostate-Specific Acid Phosphatase
Cytokeratins
Basal Cell Markers
α-Methylacyl-Coenzyme A Racemase
NKX3.1
Prostein
ERG
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Gleason Grading System
Gleason Pattern 1
Gleason Pattern 2
Gleason Pattern 3
Gleason Pattern 4
Gleason Pattern 5
Prostate Cancer Staging
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Intraductal Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Urothelial Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Basal Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Squamous Neoplasms
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Tumors of Specialized Prostatic Stroma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Other Prostatic Mesenchymal Tumors
Hematolymphoid, Secondary, and Miscellaneous Tumors
Hematolymphoid Tumors
Secondary Tumors that Involve the Prostate
Miscellaneous Tumors
Diseases of the Seminal Vesicle
Suggested Readings
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Prostate Carcinoma
Prostate Cancer Grading and Staging
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Intraductal Carcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Basal Carcinoma
Squamous Neoplasms
Tumors of the Specialized Prostatic Stroma
Other Prostatic Mesenchymal Tumors
Hematolymphoid, Secondary, and Miscellaneous Tumors
Diseases of the Seminal Vesicle
3 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
Anatomy and Histology
Reactive Proliferative Changes of the Urothelium
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Metaplasia of the Urothelium
Squamous Metaplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Intestinal Metaplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nephrogenic Adenoma or Metaplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Inflammation and Infection
Polypoid Cystitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Follicular Cystitis
Giant Cell Cystitis
Interstitial Cystitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Eosinophilic Cystitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Infectious Cystitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Therapy-Related Changes
Granulomatous Cystitis After Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy
Clinical Features
Pathologic Feature
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Postsurgical Granulomas
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Radiation Cystitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Chemotherapy-Induced Cystitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Müllerian Lesions
Endometriosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Endocervicosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Developmental Malformation
Bladder Exstrophy
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Urachal Anomaly
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Bladder Diverticulum
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Amyloidosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Ectopic Prostate Tissue
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Readings
Anatomy and Histology
Reactive Proliferative Changes of the Urothelium
Metaplasia of the Urothelium
Inflammation and Infection
Therapy-Related Changes
Müllerian Lesions
Developmental Malformation
Bladder Diverticulum
Amyloidosis
Ectopic Prostate Tissue
4 - Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
Epithelial Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Neoplasms
Flat Urothelial Lesions
Reactive Atypia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Flat Urothelial Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Urothelial Dysplasia and Atypia of Uncertain Significance
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Urothelial Neoplasia
Urothelial Papilloma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Inverted Papilloma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Noninvasive Low-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Noninvasive High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma
Etiology of Urothelial Bladder Cancer
Molecular Biology
Genetic Susceptibility
Clinical Features
Imaging Features
Tumor Spread and Staging
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Histologic Variants
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Nested Variant
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Large Nested Variant
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Microcystic Variant
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Micropapillary Variant
Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Lymphoepithelioma-like
Plasmacytoid (Lymphoma-Like) Variant
Osteoclast-Rich Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Pleomorphic Giant Cell Carcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma, With Syncytiotrophoblastic Giant Cells
Lipid Cell Variant
Sarcomatoid Variant (With or Without Heterologous Elements)
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Adenocarcinoma (Nonurachal)
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Urachal Carcinoma
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Small Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Nonurothelial Lesions
Condyloma Acuminata
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Squamous Papilloma
Villous Adenoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nonepithelial Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
Benign Mesenchymal Lesions
Myofibroblastic Proliferations (Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor)
Clinical Feature
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Leiomyoma
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Neurofibroma
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Vascular Lesions
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Mesenchymal Neoplasms
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Leiomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Germ Cell Differentiation
Trophoblastic
Dermoid Cyst
Yolk Sac Tumor
Hematologic Malignancies
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Miscellaneous Lesions
Melanoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Paraganglioma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Carcinoid Tumors
Granular Cell Tumor
Metastatic Tumors and Secondary Extension
Clinical Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Suggested Reading
Reactive Atypia
Flat Urothelial Hyperplasia
Urothelial Dysplasia
Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ
Urothelial Papilloma
Inverted Papilloma
Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Low-Grade and High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Urachal and Nonurachal Adenocarcinoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Condyloma Acuminata and Squamous Papilloma
Villous Adenoma
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Leiomyoma
Neurofibroma
Hemangioma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcomas
Germ Cell Tumors
Hematologic Malignancies
Melanoma
Paraganglioma
Carcinoid Tumors
Granular Cell Tumors
Metastatic Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
5 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Kidney
Gross and Histologic Features of the Normal Kidney
Cortex
Medulla
Vasculature
Renal Lymphatic System
Collecting System
Congenital anomalies and Cystic Kidney Diseases
Cystic Kidney Diseases
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Abnormalities in Form and Position
Malrotation, Renal Ectopia, and Renal Fusion
Rotation Anomaly
Renal Ectopia
Renal Fusion
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Malrotation
Renal Ectopia
Renal Fusion
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Agenesis
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Vascular Diseases
Benign Nephrosclerosis
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malignant Nephrosclerosis
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Artery Stenosis
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cortical and Mixed Cortical and Medullary Necrosis
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Embolic Renal Disease and Infarcts
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Necrosis
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Artery Dissection
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Artery Aneurysm
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Acute Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Acute Tubular Injury (Acute Tubular Necrosis)
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Ultrastructural Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acute Pyelonephritis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Chronic Tubulointerstitial Disease
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Reflux Nephropathy (Chronic Nonobstructive Pyelonephritis)
Chronic Obstructive Pyelonephritis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malakoplakia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Readings
Gross and Histologic Features of the Normal Kidney
Cystic Kidney Diseases
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Renal Dysplasia
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Malrotation
Renal Ectopia
Renal Fusion
Renal Agenesis
Benign and Malignant Nephrosclerosis
Renal Artery Stenosis
Cortical and Mixed Cortical and Medullary Necrosis
Embolic Renal Disease and Infarcts
Papillary Necrosis
Renal Artery Dissection
Renal Artery Aneurysm
Acute Tubular Injury
Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Malakoplakia
6 - Neoplasms of the Kidney
Renal Cell TUMORS
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Differential Diagnosis
Grading
Staging
Prognosis and Treatment
Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Clear Cell (Tubulo)Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Oncocytic Tumor
Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Microphthalmia/TFE Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Carcinomas Associated with Xp11.2 Translocations/Tfe3 Gene Fusions
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
t(6;11) Renal Cell Carcinoma
Postneuroblastoma Renal Cell Carcinoma
Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Renal Carcinoma
Tubulocystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acquired Cystic Disease–Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hereditary Leiomyomatosis Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Other Emerging New Renal Cell Carcinoma Entities
Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified
Papillary Adenoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Oncocytoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Metanephric Tumors
Metanephric Adenoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Metanephric Stromal Tumor
Nephroblastic Tumors
Nephroblastoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Anaplasia
Postchemotherapy Changes
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nephrogenic Rests and Nephroblastomatosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Soft Tissue Tumors
Clear Cell Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Rhabdoid Tumor
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy
Angiomyolipoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor
Renomedullary Interstitial Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cystic Nephroma and Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Miscellaneous Mesenchymal Tumors
Neural/Neuroendocrine Tumors
Renal Carcinoid Tumor
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Kidney
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics
Prognosis and Treatment
Neuroblastoma
Lymphoid Tumors
Suggested Reading
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Neoplasms of Low Malignant Potential
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clear Cell (Tubulo)Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Oncocytic Tumors
Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini
Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Microphthalmia/TFE Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma
Postneuroblastoma Renal Cell Carcinoma
Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma
Tubulocystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Acquired Cystic Disease–Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma
Hereditary Leiomyomatosis Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Other Emerging New Renal Cell Carcinoma Entities
Papillary Adenoma of the Kidney
Oncocytoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified
Metanephric Adenoma, Metanephric Adenofibroma, and Metanephric Adenosarcoma
Nephroblastoma
Nephrogenic Rests and Nephroblastomatosis
Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma
Clear Cell Sarcoma
Rhabdoid Tumor
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy
Angiomyolipoma
Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma
Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor
Renomedullary Interstitial Cell Tumor
Cystic Nephroma and Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor
Renal Carcinoid Tumor
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma
7 - Introduction to Renal Biopsy
Indication for Renal Biopsy
Prebiopsy Studies
Proteinuria
Nephrotic Syndrome
Hematuria
Nephritic Syndrome
Acute Renal Failure
Chronic Renal Failure
Evaluation of Fresh Tissue for Triage
Processing and Standard Techniques
Light Microscopy
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Algorithmic Approach to the Renal Biopsy
Glomerular Diseases
Normal Anatomy of the Glomerulus
Filtration Barrier
Podocytopathies
Podocytes
Classification
Minimal Change Disease and Variants
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Collapsing Glomerulopathy
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Membranous Glomerulopathy
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Diabetic Nephropathy
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Glomerular Diseases Characterized by Intracapillary Proliferation and Obliteration of the Capillary Lumina
Immunoglobulin a Nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein PurpUra
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lupus Nephritis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Glomerulopathies with Organized Deposits
Amyloidosis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fibrillary Glomerulopathy
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cryoglobulinemia
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Light Chain Deposition Disease
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Glomerular Disease Characterized by Extracapillary Proliferation
Pauci-Immune and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Mediated Crescentic and Necrotizing Glomerulonephritis and Vasculitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Glomerular Diseases Associated with Intrinsic Structural Abnormality of the Glomerular Basement Membranes
Alport Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Thin Basement Membrane Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Myeloma Cast Nephropathy
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Sarcoidosis
Medication-Associated (Allergic or Hypersensitivity) Interstitial Nephritis
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Vascular Diseases of the Kidney
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Specific Circumstances
Antiphospholipid Syndrome Nephropathy
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Systemic Sclerosis
Epidemiology
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Renal Vasculitis
Lupus-Associated Vascular Lesions
Epidemiology
Pathologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Renal Transplant Pathology
Immunologic Rejection
Hyperacute Rejection
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Prognosis and Treatment
Acute Rejection
Definition
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Microscopic Findings
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Differential Diagnosis
Neutrophils, Congestion, Hemorrhage
Tubulointerstitial Mononuclear Inflammation
(End)Arteritis
Acute Transplant Glomerulitis/Glomerulopathy
Prognosis and Treatment
Borderline Changes
Chronic Active Antibody-Mediated Rejection and T-Cell–Mediated Rejection
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Graft Injury from Causes Other Than Rejection
Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunofluorescence
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Isometric Vacuolization
Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Prognosis and Treatment
Polyoma Virus Nephropathy
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistology
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD)
Epidemiology
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistology and In Situ Hybridization
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Recurrent and De Novo Glomerular Disease
Recurrent Disease
De Novo Disease
Epidemiology
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Reading
Podocytopathies
Glomerular Diseases: Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Membranous Glomerulopathy
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and C3 Glomerulopathy
Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis with Organized Deposits
Light Chain Deposition Disease
Glomerular Disease Characterized by Extracapillary Proliferation
Glomerular Diseases Associated with Alteration of the Glomerular Basement Membranes
Medication-Induced (Allergic) Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Myeloma Cast Nephropathy
Renal Sarcoidosis
Hypertensive Vascular Disease
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Renal Vasculitis
Lupus-Associated Vascular Lesions
Cholesterol Atheroembolism
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Transplant Rejection
Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity
Polyoma Virus Nephropathy
Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease
Recurrent and De Novo Glomerular Disease
8 - Diseases of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis
Anatomy and Histology
Benign Nonneoplastic Lesions
Chronic Ureteritis and Pyelitis
Clinical Features
Pathology Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Lithiasis (RENAL AND URETERAL CALCULI)
Clinical Features
Pathology Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter
Clinical Features
Pathology Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Reactive Urothelial Changes
Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Clinical Features
Pathology Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Prognosis and Treatment
Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Clinical Features
Pathology Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Amyloidosis
Benign NeoplaSms
Mucinous Cystadenoma of the PelvIcaliceal System
Inverted Urothelial Papilloma
PREMALIGNANT AND Malignant Epithelial Lesions
Urothelial Dysplasia
Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
Urothelial Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathology Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Staging of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Upper Tract
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Molecular Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Histologic Variants of Carcinoma in Upper Urinary Tract
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Mesenchymal Neoplasms Involving the Renal Pelvis and the Ureter
Suggested Readings
Lithiasis
Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter
Fibroepithelial Polyp
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Mucinous Cystadenoma of the Renal Pelvis
Amyloidosis
Inverted Papilloma
Urothelial Dysplasia and Carcinoma in Situ
Urothelial Carcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma Histological Variants
9 - Diseases of the Penis, Urethra, and Scrotum
Diseases of the Penis
Anatomy and Histology
Histology
Glans Penis
Foreskin
Body
Malignant Neoplasms
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Etiologic Factors and Association with Human Papillomavirus Infection
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Growth Patterns of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Microscopic Findings
Histologic Subtypes
Differential Diagnosis
Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
Urothelial Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Prognosis and Treatment
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants
Pseudohyperplastic Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Squamous Carcinoma Variants with Verruciform Growth Pattern
Verrucous Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Carcinoma Cuniculatum
Clinical Feaures
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Warty Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Warty-Basaloid Carcinoma
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Carcinoma, not Otherwise Specified
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Basaloid Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Poorly Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Papillary Features
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Prognosis and Treatment
Sarcomatoid (Spindle) Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemical Stains
Ultrastructural Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Adenosquamous Carcinoma
Mixed Carcinomas
Other Rare Primary Penile Carcinomas
Clear Cell Carcinoma
Extramammary Paget Disease of the Penis
Malignant Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Rare Mesenchymal Tumors
Secondary Tumors
Preneoplastic Squamous Lesions
Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Histologic Classification of Penile Intraepithelial Lesions Based on Human Papillomavirus Associations
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differentiated (Simplex) Penile Intraepithelial Lesions
Undifferentiated Penile Intraepithelial Lesions
Differential Diagnosis
Zoon Balanitis
Bowenoid Papulosis
Squamous Hyperplasia
Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ
Prognosis and Treatment
Bowenoid Papulosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lichen Sclerosus ET Atrophicus (Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans)
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Squamous Hyperplasia
Tumor-Like Lesions
Condyloma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Pathologic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Giant Condyloma Acuminatum
Peyronie Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Pathologic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Verruciform Xanthoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hirsutoid Papilloma (Pearly Penile Papules)
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Sclerosing Lipogranuloma
Myointimoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Zoon Balanitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Penile Intraepithelial Lesions, Erythroplasia of Queyrat)
Syphilis
Lichen Planus
Prognosis and Treatment
Molluscum Contagiosum
Diseases of Urethra
Anatomy and Histology
Female Urethra
Male Urethra
Epithelial Neoplasms
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Pathologic Findings
Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinomas
Adenocarcinoma
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma with Ductal Differentiation
Metastatic Colonic Adenocarcinoma
Nephrogenic Adenoma
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malignant Melanoma
Benign Tumors
Urothelial Papillomas
Villous Adenoma
Tumor-Like Conditions
Caruncle
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Nephrogenic Adenoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Pathologic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma
Prognosis and Treatment
Polypoid Urethritis
Prostatic Epithelial Polyp
Condyloma
Diseases of the Scrotum
Malignant Epithelial Tumors
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Pathologic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Extramammary Paget Disease of Penis and Scrotum
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Histochemistry
Immunohistochemistry
Prognosis and Treatment
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Mesenchymal Neoplasms
Nonneoplastic Lesions
Sclerosing Lipogranuloma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Idiopathic Scrotal Calcinosis and Epidermoid Cysts
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Angiokeratoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Scrotal Fat Necrosis
Suggested Reading
Diseases of Urethra
Diseases of Scrotum
10 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Testis
Embryology
Anatomy
Congenital Abnormalities
Cryptorchidism
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Anorchidism
Pathologic Features
Polyorchism
Splenogonadal Fusion
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Adrenal Cortical Rests
Pathologic Features
Acquired Abnormalities
Spermatic Cord Torsion and Testicular Infarction
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Varicocele
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microlithiasis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Testicular Involvement in Systemic Diseases
Vasculitis
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Amyloidosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Pathology of Male Infertility
Male Infertility
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Normal Spermatogenesis
Hypospermatogenesis
Maturation Arrest
Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome (Germ Cell Aplasia, del Castillo Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome and Focal Spermatogenesis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Testicular Changes Associated with Genetic Abnormalities
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Tubular Sclerosis and Interstitial Fibrosis
Excurrent Duct Obstruction
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Gonadotropin Deficiency
Prepubertal Gonadotropin Deficiency
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Postpubertal Gonadotropin Deficiency
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Macroorchidism
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Infections
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Mycobacterial Diseases
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Fungal Diseases
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Rickettsial Infections
Pathologic Features
Viral Infections
Pathologic Features
Spirochetal Infections
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Nonspecific Granulomatous Orchitis
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Malakoplakia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Disorders of Sex Development
46,XY DSD (Male Pseudohermaphroditism)
Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Testicular Regression Syndrome
Clinical Features
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Microscopic Findings
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Gonadal Dysgenesis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development (True Hermaphroditism)
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Suggested Reading
Anatomy
Cryptorchidism
Anorchidism
Polyorchism
Splenogonadal Fusion
Adrenal Cortical Rests
Spermatic Cord Torsion and Testicular Infarction
Varicocele
Microlithiasis
Vasculitis
Amyloidosis
Male Infertility
Gonadotropin Deficiency
Macroorchidism
Infectious Diseases
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Nonspecific Granulomatous Orchitis and Malacoplakia
Disorders of Sex Development
11 - Neoplasms of the Testis
Germ Cell Tumors
Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia Unspecified
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Seminoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Spermatocytic Seminoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Cytogenetics
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Embryonal Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Yolk Sac Tumor
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Teratoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Monodermal Teratomas
Dermoid Cysts and Epidermoid Cysts
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Carcinoid
Choriocarcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mixed Germ Cell Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Gonadoblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
Leydig Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemical Features
Ultrastructural Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sertoli Cell Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Ultrastructural Examination
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Granulosa Cell Tumors
Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fibrothecoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mixed Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
Clinical Features
Pathological Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Prognosis and Treatment
Unclassified Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Adenocarcinoma of the Rete Testis
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malignant Mesothelioma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malignant Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Plasmacytoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Flow Cytometry
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Leukemia
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Histochemistry
Immunohistochemistry
Flow Cytometry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Tumors of Ovarian-Type Epithelium
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Metastatic Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Paratesticular Tumors
Adenomatoid Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Histochemistry
Electron Microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Electron Microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Cystadenoma of the Epididymis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Gross Findings
Microscopic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Suggested Reading
Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia Unspecified
Seminoma
Spermatocytic Seminoma
Embryonal Carcinoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Teratoma
Choriocarcinoma
Mixed Germ Cell Tumors
Gonadoblastoma
Leydig Cell Tumor
Sertoli Cell Tumor
Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor
Granulosa Cell Tumors
Fibrothecoma
Mixed Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
Unclassified Sex Cord Tumors
Rete Testis Adenocarcinoma
Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant Lymphoma
Plasmacytoma
Leukemia
Tumors of Ovarian-Type Epithelium
Metastatic Tumors
Adenomatoid Tumor
Sarcoma
Papillary Cystadenoma of the Epididmyis