Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Part I: Genetic Tools and Techniques
1: Newer Genetic Tools, Techniques, Vectors, Promoters, and Molecular Markers for Genetic Engineering of Herbivorous Insects
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 The Meaning of Transposon
1.1.2 Gene Targeting Vector
1.1.3 Gene Cloning
1.2 Class I (Retrotransposons)
1.3 Class II (DNA Transposons)
1.4 Autonomous and Non-Autonomous Transposition
1.5 Transposable Elements for Nondrosophilid Insects
1.6 P Elements
1.7 History
1.8 Gene Isolation
1.9 Gene Targeting
1.10 Transformation
1.10.1 Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Is Attached to a Carrot Cell
1.11 Selection
1.12 Regeneration
1.13 Confirmation
1.14 Gene Tagging with Transposable Elements
1.15 Enhancer Trapping
1.16 Homologous Recombination
1.17 Genetic Engineering in Nondrosophilid Insects
1.17.1 Genetic Transformation of Nondrosophilid Insects
1.17.2 Transposable Elements Used for Nondrosophilid Insect Transformation
1.17.2.1 piggyBac
1.17.2.2 Hermes
1.17.2.3 Mariner
1.17.2.4 Minos
1.17.3 Transposable Elements in New Hosts
1.18 Genetic Markers
1.19 Markers
1.20 Other Approaches to Genetic Engineering in Insects: FLP/FRT
1.20.1 Recombinase in Nondrosophilid Insects
1.20.2 RNA-Mediated Interference (RNAi) in Insects
1.20.3 Examples of Insect Genetic Engineering for Insect Population Control
1.21 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
2: Innovative Molecular Approaches for Pest Management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 DNA Barcoding
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COX1)
2.2.3 Genome Editing
2.2.4 Basic Mechanism of Genome Editing
2.2.5 Meganucleases
2.2.6 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
2.2.7 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
2.3 CRISPR/Cas9
2.4 Applications of Gene Editing Technology for Insect Control
2.5 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Important Web Links
3: Modern Molecular Tools for Insect Diagnostics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Why Molecular Markers?
3.3 What Are Molecular Markers?
3.4 Comparative Analysis of Molecular Markers
3.5 DNA Barcoding
3.6 Formulating the Barcode
3.7 DNA Barcodes: Unique to every Aspect of Life
3.8 Wide Profile of the Uses of DNA Barcode
3.9 Examples
3.10 The Use of RFLPs in Insect Diagnostics
3.11 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs)
3.11.1 The Basics of RAPDs
3.11.2 RAPDs for Insect Studies
3.11.3 Concluding the RAPDs
3.12 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
3.13 AFLPs in Entomology
3.14 Concluding the AFLPs
3.15 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)
3.15.1 General Outlines of Microsatellites
3.15.2 Why toUse SSRs?
3.15.3 Methods of Detecting SSRs
3.15.4 The Use of SSRs in Entomology
3.15.5 Concluding the SSRs
3.16 Allozymes: The Protein-Based Markers
3.16.1 Outlines of Allozymes
3.16.2 Allozymes in Entomology
3.16.3 Concluding the Allozymes
3.17 Mitochondrial (mt) DNA
3.17.1 mtDNA
3.17.2 mtDNA in Entomology
References
Further Reading
4: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and IOT in Pest Management
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data Set: Data Preprocessing and Augmentation
4.3 Deep Learning
4.4 Overall CNN Architecture
4.5 Training Region Proposal Network
4.6 Training Overall Model
References
Further Reading
Part II: Genetic Tools for Improving Efficiency of Beneficial Insects
5: Genetic Tools for Integrated Management of Pests on Honeybees in the Tropics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Apis Species Diversity
5.3 Pests of Honeybees
5.4 Pest Complex of Honeybees
5.4.1 Mites
5.4.2 Life Cycle of Tropilaelaps Mites
5.4.3 Life Cycle of V. destructor
5.4.4 Life Cycle of A. tumida (SHB)
5.4.5 Life Cycle of GWM
5.4.6 Life Cycle of Wasps and Hornets
5.4.7 Colony Collapse Disorder
5.5 Molecular Methods of Pest Management
5.5.1 Modern Approaches
5.5.2 Genetic Control
5.6 Identification and Screening of Bee Stressors: Pests, Parasites, Pathogens, and Beneficial Microbes
5.7 Sound Molecular Tools
5.8 Management of HBTM
5.9 Resistant Bees
5.10 Management of Tropilaelaps Mites
5.11 Mite-Resistant Honeybees
5.12 Hygienic Behavior
5.13 Grooming Behavior
5.14 Management of Varroa Mites
5.15 Bees Expressing the Varroa-Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) Trait
5.16 Low Mite Fecundity
5.17 Management of Small Hive Beetles
5.17.1 Genetic Control
5.17.2 The Use of Recent Advanced Genetic Tools for the Control of Honeybee Pests
5.17.3 SIT (Sterile Insect Technique)
5.17.4 Gene Drive
5.17.5 RNAi
5.17.6 Genome Editing
5.17.7 Gene Pyramiding
5.18 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Further Reading
6: Genetics and Genomics of Bombyx mori L.
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Silk Production
6.1.2 Silkworm Genomics
6.1.3 Silkworm Genetics
6.1.4 Silkworm Genetic Resources
6.2 Silkworm Breed Improvement
6.2.1 Breeding Plans
6.2.2 Inbreeding
6.2.3 Congenic Breeding
6.2.4 Hybridization
6.2.5 Traits of Significance
6.2.6 Combining Ability
6.2.7 Bivoltine Hybrids: Sustainable Productivity
6.2.8 Appropriate Breeding Strategies
6.2.9 Breakthrough in Polyvoltine Breeding: Crossbreeds with Superior Fibre Quality
6.2.10 Improvement of Pure Mysore and Nistari
6.3 Breeding for Disease Resistance/Tolerance
6.3.1 Immune Responses in Silkworm
6.3.2 Disease Resistance/Tolerance
6.3.2.1 Tolerance to BmNPV
6.3.2.2 Tolerance to BmIFV
6.3.2.3 Resistance to BmBDV
6.3.2.4 Multi-viral Resistance/Tolerance
6.4 Breeding for Tolerance to Abiotic Factors
6.4.1 Breeding for Thermo-tolerance
6.4.1.1 Thermo-tolerance Assessment
6.4.2 Breeding for High Humidity Tolerance
6.4.2.1 Validation of Markers for High Humidity and High Temperature
6.4.3 Silkworm Hybrids for Fluoride Pollution
6.4.3.1 International Hybrid Testing
6.5 Molecular Approaches in Silkworm Breed Improvement
6.5.1 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)
6.5.2 SNP Genotyping and Association Mapping
6.5.3 Transcriptomic Approaches
6.5.4 Transgenic Silkworm Techniques
6.5.5 Application of Genome Editing Tools
6.6 Perspectives
References
Further Reading
7: Enhancing Genetic Efficiency of Natural Enemies of Crop Pests
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Emerging Technologies in Augmentation of Natural Enemies
7.2.1 Genetic Enhancement of Natural Enemies
7.2.2 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Techniques
7.3 Use of Genetic Improvement in Biological Control
7.4 Constraints Upon Genetic Improvement Programmes
7.5 Spider Web DNA: A New Spin on Non-invasive Genetics of Predator and Prey
7.6 Molecular Approaches for the Improvement of Natural Enemies
7.6.1 Factors Affecting Natural Enemies
7.6.1.1 Climatic Conditions
7.6.1.2 Host Range
7.6.1.3 Chemical Pesticides
7.6.1.4 Time Taken to Induce Mortality
7.7 Approaches to Conserving Natural Enemy Populations
7.7.1 Methods
7.7.2 Plant-Provided Foods
7.7.3 Food Sprays
7.7.4 Alternative Prey/Hosts
7.7.5 Artificial Open Rearing Systems
7.7.6 Pest-in-First Techniques
7.7.7 Mixed Diet Effects
7.7.8 Oviposition Sites and Shelters
7.7.9 Vegetation Diversity
7.8 Conservation of Naturally Occurring Natural Enemies in Greenhouses
7.9 Induced Plant Responses
7.10 Semiochemicals
7.11 Pesticide Side Effects
7.12 Climate and Light Adaptations
7.13 Food Web Complexities
7.14 Conclusions
7.15 What Genetic Information Do we Need?
7.15.1 Genome Assembly
7.15.2 Gene Discovery
7.15.3 Genome Editing for Exploratory Research
7.15.4 Microbiomes
7.16 How Can Genetics Be Used to Improve Biological Control?
7.16.1 Artificial Selection
7.16.2 Genomic Selection
7.16.3 Field Monitoring of Genetic Variation, Performance and Ecological Risk
7.16.4 Microbiome Manipulation
7.16.4.1 Developing Insecticide Resistance in Insect and Mite
7.17 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Part III: Genetic Interventions Against Pests in Asia and Africa
8: Application of Genetic Engineering Technologies to Manage Crop Pests and Diseases in Vietnam
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bt Gene Transfer for Management of Pests
8.2.1 The European Maize Borer and the Fall Armyworm on Maize
8.3 Management Practices
8.3.1 The European Maize Borer
8.3.2 The Fall Armyworm
8.4 Maize Lines with Insect-Resistant Gene (CryIAc) by Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens
8.4.1 Transformation of Lepidopteran Resistance Gene (CryIAc) into Maize
8.4.2 Transformation of Lepidopteran Resistance Gene (CryIAc) into Maize
8.4.3 Analyzing Transgenic Plants in T0 and T1 Generation
8.4.4 Bt Maize for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy
8.4.5 Bt Gene Transfer for the Management Sugarcane Borer Complex
8.4.6 The Yellow Top Borer
8.4.7 The Sugarcane Top Borer
8.4.8 The Spotted Borer
8.4.9 The Pink Stem Borer
8.4.10 Management Practices for Controlling the Borer Complex
8.5 Transformation of Bt Gene into Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum)
8.5.1 Transformation of E. Coli Strain Containing Plasmid Vector pCRY1B-1Ab
8.5.2 Transformation of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Carrying Plasmid pCAMBIA3301-cry1Ab and A. Tumefaciens Carrying Plasmid pCRY...
8.5.3 The Effect of 2,4-D, BAP, and NAA on the Callus Formation of Leaf Tissue
8.5.4 Genetically Engineering Sugarcane Callus through Agrobacterium tumefaciens
8.5.5 Bt Sugarcane for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy on the Sugarcane Borer Complex
8.6 RNAi Technology for Management of the Tobacco Virus Complex in Vietnam
8.6.1 The Complex Viral Disease on Tobacco in Vietnam
8.6.2 Management Practices for the Tobacco Viral Disease Complex
8.7 Multi-Fragment Transgenic Nicotiana Tabacum Plants Exhibit Broad Spectrum Resistance to Multiple Viruses (TMV, CMV, TYLCV,...
8.7.1 Designing of Multi-Fragment RNAi Gene Transfer Vector
8.7.2 Creating and Analyzing Transgenic Tobacco Plants in T0 and T1 Generation
8.7.3 GM Tobacco for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy on Tobacco Virus Complex
References
Further Reading
9: Advances, Prospects and Limitations of Genetic Tools for Pest Management Strategies in Sri Lanka
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Agriculture in Sri Lanka: An Overview
9.1.2 Major Agricultural Pests
9.1.3 Pest Control Strategies: Limitations
9.1.4 Modern Genetic Tools
9.1.5 The Use of Transgenic Plants
9.1.6 Global Adaptation and Cultivation of Transgenic Crops
9.2 Developing Transgenic Crops
9.3 Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
9.4 Potential Uses of Bt Transgenic Approaches in Sri Lanka
9.5 Sterile Insect Technique
9.6 The Use of Gene Editing in Sterile Insect
9.7 RNAi Technology or Gene Silencing
9.8 Policies and Regulations for Biosafety in Sri Lanka
References
Further Reading
10: Management of Pests Using Genetic Tools in Africa
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pesticides to Control Crop Pests
Box 10.1 GM Crop Scenario in Selected African Countries
10.3 Genetic Tools and Techniques
10.4 Advanced Genetic Tools
10.4.1 Engineered Host Resistance
10.4.2 Genetic Engineering of Insects
10.4.3 Sterile Insect Technology (SIT)
10.4.4 CRISPR
10.4.5 RNA Interference (RNAi)
10.5 Biosafety Policies in Africa
10.6 Challenges in Adoption and Use of Genetic Tools
10.7 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Part IV: Genetic Tools for the Management of Plant Feeding Mites, Nematodes and Insect Vectors of Viral Diseases
11: Genetic Tools for the Management of Phytophagous Mites
11.1 Introduction
References
Further Reading
12: Management of Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera Spp.) Using Biotechnological Approaches
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Bioecology and Host Range
12.2 Novel Biotechnological Approaches
12.2.1 Natural Resistance Genes in Plants
12.2.1.1 Utilization of Proteinase Inhibitor Coding Genes and Nematicidal Proteins
12.2.2 RNAi Strategy to Suppress Nematode Parasitism Genes
12.2.3 Genome Editing Technologies: A Potential Perspective for Nematode Resistance
12.3 Conclusion andFuture Perspectives
References
13: Genetic and Molecular Approaches for Management of Potato Viral Diseases and Their Vectors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Virus Diseases of Potato in India
13.3 Insects as Vectors
13.4 Aphids
13.5 Whiteflies
13.6 Thrips
13.7 Management of Potato Viral Diseases Through Conventional Approaches
13.8 Molecular Approaches
13.8.1 Cross-Protection
13.8.2 Viral-Coat-Protein-Mediated Protection (CPMP)
13.8.3 Resistance Through Expression of Antisense RNA
13.8.4 Resistance Through Expression of Viral Replication-Associated Proteins
13.8.5 Expression of Other Viral and Non-viral Sequences
13.9 Cross-Protection by RNA Silencing
13.9.1 RNA Interference (RNAi)
13.9.2 CRISPR
References
Further Reading
Part V: Genetic Approaches and Mechanisms Against Insect Pests
14: Genetic Variation and Molecular Tools for the Management of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer Leucinodes orbonalis GuenΓ©e (Lep...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Why Genetic and Molecular Tools?
14.3 Genetic Diversity
14.4 Molecular Tools for Management
14.4.1 Resistant Populations of L. orbonalis
14.4.2 Genes Governing L. orbonalis Resistance
14.4.3 Gene Silencing by RNA Interference
14.4.4 Genome-Editing Approach
14.4.5 Transgenic Approaches
14.4.6 Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal (RIDL) Gene
14.5 Homing Endonucleases
14.6 Genetic Inheritance and Inheritability of Insecticides Resistance
References
Further Reading
15: Management of Noctuid Pests Using Genetic Tools
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
15.2.1 Distribution of Fall Armyworm
15.2.1.1 Noctuid Pest
15.3 Bollworm or Corn Earworm: Helicoverpa Zea (Boddie)
15.3.1 Adoption of Bt Technology
15.3.2 Bt Toxins
15.3.3 Resistance to Bt Toxins
15.3.4 Challenges for H. zea IRM
15.3.4.1 Pyramiding
15.3.4.2 Intrinsic Resistance Dilution
15.3.4.3 Gene Editing
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
15.3.5 Interdisciplinary Research: Theoretical, Laboratory, and Field
15.3.5.1 Scaling up Fitness Costs to Population Level
15.3.6 Policies and Regulations
15.3.7 RNA Interference
15.3.7.1 RNAi: Next-Generation Pest Control Strategy
RNAi Silencing in Insects
Systemic RNAi in Insects
Cellular Uptake of dsRNA in Insects
Challenges for Successful RNAi in Insects
Chemical Hydrolysis of dsRNA by InsectsΒ΄ Gut pH
Amount of dsRNA Molecules
Life Stage of Insects
Mode of dsRNA Delivery Methods
Soaking or Incubation
Injection
Feeding
Target Gene Selection
Off-Target Effect of the Target Gene
Host-Induced RNAi for Insect Pest Control
References
Further Reading
16: Genetics and Management of Pest Fruit Flies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Current Status
16.3 Fruit Fly Genetics
16.4 Dominant Lethal Mutations (DLM)
16.5 Hybrid Sterility
16.6 Population Genetics
16.7 Mathematical Models for SIT
16.8 Population and Behavioural Ecology
16.9 SIT-Resistant Strain
16.10 Management
16.11 Methyl Eugenol and Protein Bait in Traps
16.12 Food Lure
16.13 Monitoring Fruit Flies
16.14 Area-Wide Management
16.15 Case Studies
References
Further Reading
17: Molecular Insights into Wing Polymorphism and Migration Patterns of rice Planthoppers
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Molecular Mechanism underlying Wing Polyphenism in rice planthoppers
17.3 Molecular Markers to Infer Migratory Pattern in Planthoppers
17.4 Migration Patterns
References
Further Reading
18: Genetic Engineering Technologies for Management of Crambid Pests
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Transgenic Plants
18.2.1 Field Performance
18.2.2 Effect of Transgenic on Environment
18.2.2.1 Gene Flow
18.2.2.2 Resistance Development
18.2.2.3 Effect on Nontarget Organisms
18.3 RNAi against Crambids
18.4 Genome Editing
18.5 Gene Pyramiding
18.6 Hearing Sensitivity
References
Further Reading
19: Intervention of Modern Genetic Tools for Managing Insect Pests of Fruit Crops
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Genetics in Biological Pest Control
19.3 Managing Invasive Species
19.4 Genomic Leap Forward
19.5 Genetics-Based Methods
19.5.1 Sterile Insect Techniques (SITs)
19.5.1.1 Induced Sterility
19.5.1.2 Precision-Guided Sterile Insect Technique
19.5.1.3 Sex Reversal by Manipulating a Male-Determining Factor
19.5.1.4 Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management
19.5.1.5 Improved SIT
19.5.2 Using Insects Homozygous for a Repressible Dominant Lethal
19.5.3 Engineered Strains of Pest Species
19.5.3.1 Developing Lethality on Females
19.5.3.2 Using Transposable Elements as Potential Vectors for Transformation
19.5.4 Transgenic Crops
19.5.5 Primary Resistance Management Method
19.5.6 Gene Silencing
19.5.7 Genome-Editing-Based Methods
19.5.7.1 Gene Drive
CRISPR-Based Gene Drive
Medea Gene Drive System
Safe Gene Drive
Y-Chromosome Shredding
Resistance Evolution in a Cas9-Based Sex Conversion-Suppression Gene Drive
19.5.7.2 Genome-Editing Mutagenesis
Gene Editing
Recreating Mutant Alleles in Drosophila
CRISPaint Homology-Independent Knockin Method
Genome-Editing Mutagenesis
Sex Reversal by a Gene-Edited Mutation
19.5.8 Autocidal Insect Control Techniques
19.5.8.1 Inherited Sterility
19.5.8.2 Conditional Lethal Mutations
19.5.8.3 Behavioral Changes
19.5.8.4 Hybrid Sterility
19.5.8.5 Simply Inherited Mutations
19.5.8.6 Genetic-Sexing Techniques
19.5.9 Genomics Approach
19.5.10 Population Genetics Methods
19.5.11 Precision Insect Pest Control Using Microbes
19.6 Present Status
19.7 Limitations
19.8 New Vision
19.9 Future Prospects
References
Further Reading
20: Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Tools for Longhorn Beetles
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Morphology-Based Taxonomy
20.3 DNA Barcoding
20.3.1 DNA Barcoding Stimulates the Taxonomic Study
20.3.2 DNA Barcoding of Insects
20.3.3 Importance of DNA Barcoding in Insect
20.3.4 DNA Barcode-Based Identification
20.3.5 Problems in DNA Barcoding
20.3.6 Barcode of Life Data System
20.3.7 DNA Barcoding of Longhorn Beetles
20.4 PCR-Based Identification of the Longhorn Beetles
20.4.1 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
20.4.2 RAPD Markers in Insect Identification
20.4.3 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
20.4.4 Multiplex PCR
20.5 Identification by Microsatellite Markers and Other Novel Technologies
References
Further Reading
21: Molecular Characterization and Genetic Interventions in an Invasive Spiralling Whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Russell
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Distribution
21.3 Morphology, Biology, Damage, and Host Range
21.3.1 Morphology
21.3.2 Biology
21.3.3 Damage
21.3.3.1 Direct Damage
21.3.3.2 Indirect Damage
21.3.4 Host Range
21.4 Ecology
21.5 Genetic Diversity
21.6 Plant Gene in Whiteflies
21.7 Endosymbionts Infection
21.8 Management
21.8.1 Cultural Control
21.8.2 Parasitoids
21.8.3 Predators
21.8.4 Entomopathogens
21.8.5 Chemical Control
References
Further Reading
22: Recent Genetic Tools for the Management of Stored Product Pests
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Wide Hybridization
22.3 Case Studies
22.3.1 Breeding Food Legumes for Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
22.4 Why Breeding Crops for Resistance against Storage Insect Pests?
22.5 Sources of Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
22.6 Mechanisms of Seed Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
22.7 Potential of Breeding Legumes for Resistance to Storage Insect Pests
22.8 Limitations of Breeding Legume Crops for Storage Insect Pest Resistance
22.9 RNA Interference (RNAi) Technology
22.10 The Tribolium Castaneum Chitin Synthase Genes
References
Further Reading
23: Genetic Tools for Insecticide Resistance Management
23.1 Introduction
23.2 RNA Interference (RNAi) Technology
23.3 RNAi Machinery
23.4 RNAi Delivery
23.5 RNAi Technology in Insecticide Resistance
23.6 CRISPR-Cas9 System
References
Further Reading
24: Genetic Improvement of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) for Insect Resistance: Strategies and Achievements
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Major Constraints
24.3 Strategies Applied for Pigeonpea Improvement
24.3.1 Integrated Pest Management
24.3.2 Breeding Approaches
24.3.3 Biotechnological Approaches
24.4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
25: Bruchid Resistance Studies in Black Gram Using Molecular Tools
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Evaluation of Black Gram Genotypes
25.3 Stock Culture of Callosobruchus sp.
25.4 Free-Choice Test
25.5 No-Choice Test
25.6 Characters Recorded
25.7 Seed Characters
25.8 Statistical Analysis
25.9 Molecular Studies
25.9.1 Isolation of Genomic DNA by CTAB Method
25.9.2 Protocol
25.9.2.1 Modified Doyle and Doyle (1987) Methodology
25.9.3 DNA Quantification
25.9.4 Amplification of DNA Using Polymerase Chain Reaction
25.9.5 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
25.9.6 Loading the PCR Products
25.9.7 Scoring
25.9.8 Analysis
25.9.9 Selection of Primers
25.9.10 Cluster Analysis
25.10 Screening of Black Gram Genotypes against Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus sp.)
25.10.1 Ovipositional Preference
25.10.2 Oviposition
25.10.3 Adult Emergence
25.10.4 Adult Emergence (%)
25.10.5 Developmental Period (Days)
25.10.6 Weight Loss (%)
25.10.7 Seed Damage
25.10.8 Dobie Susceptibility Index
25.10.9 Growth Index
25.10.10 Test Weight (g)
25.10.11 Seed Coat Thickness (mm)
25.10.12 Crude Protein
25.10.13 Correlation Studies
25.10.14 Path co-Efficient Analysis
25.10.15 Direct Effect
25.10.16 Indirect Effect
25.10.16.1 Number of Eggs Laid
25.10.16.2 Adults Emerged
25.10.16.3 Adult Emergence
25.10.16.4 Development Days
25.10.16.5 Weight Loss
25.10.16.6 Molecular Studies Using SSR Markers
SSR Analysis
Polymorphism of SSR Markers
Marker Informativeness
UPGMA Cluster Analysis Based on SSR Markers
25.10.17 Bruchid Resistance Studies
25.11 Genetic Divergence Based ON Microsatellite Markers
25.11.1 Marker Informativeness
25.11.2 UPGMA Cluster Analysis Based on SSR Markers
References
Further Reading
26: Inducing Insect Resistance in Sesame by Innovative Genetic Manipulation Using Mutagens
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Management of Sesame Pest Complex by Host Plant Resistance
26.3 Breeding Methods
26.4 Induced Resistance by Mutagens
26.5 Improved Sesame Mutant Varieties
26.6 Induced Resistance in Sesame against Webworm and Other Pests
26.7 Mutagenesis
26.8 Field Screening
26.8.1 Leaf Damage
26.8.2 Flower Damage
26.8.3 Capsule Damage
26.9 Multi-Location Testing
26.10 Bases of Resistance
References
Further Reading
27: Advances in Insect Resistance Breeding against Brown Planthopper and Gall Midge in Rice
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Genetics of Plant Resistance: A Panglossian Approach
27.2.1 Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)
27.2.1.1 Nature and Mechanism of Resistant Genes
27.2.1.2 Mechanisms and Genetics of BPH Resistance in Rice
Subduing of Serotonin Biosynthesis
Combined Micro-RNA and Transcriptome Analysis
Lectin Receptor Kinases Mediated Resistance
Molecular Mechanism of Insect Resistance in Rice
27.2.2 Gall Midge
27.3 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
28: Adoption of Molecular Tools for Combatting the Arthropod Pests
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Gene Silencing by RNA Interference
28.3 Execution of Genome Editing and Importance
28.3.1 Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN)
28.3.2 Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
28.3.3 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and Associated Proteins (CRISPR/Cas9)
28.3.4 Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis
28.3.5 Homing Endonucleases (HENs)
28.4 Transgenic Approaches in Insects
References
Further Reading