Generation & Utilization Of Electrical Energy

✍ Scribed by S. Sivanagaraju, Balasubba M., Reddy, D. Srilatha

• Publisher: Pearson Education
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 589
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Generation and Utilization of Electrical Energy
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
1 Conventional Power Generation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hydropower Generation
1.2.1 Hydrology
1.2.2 Stream flow, hydrographs, and flow–duration curves stream flow
1.2.3 Hydrographs
1.2.4 Mass curve
1.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric plants
1.2.6 Selection of site for hydroelectric plants
1.2.7 Water power equation
1.2.8 Classification of hydroelectric plants
1.2.9 Function of the various components in a hydroelectric generation system
1.2.10 Location of a hydroelectric station
1.2.11 Working principle of a hydroelectric plant
1.3 Thermal Power Stations
1.3.1 Principle of working of a thermal power station
1.3.2 Factors to be considered for locating a thermal plant
1.3.3 Schematic diagram of thermal power station
1.3.4 One-line diagram of thermal station indicating the various circuits
1.3.5 Types of boilers
1.3.6 Methods of firing boilers
1.3.7 Furnaces
1.3.8 Superheaters and reheaters
1.3.9 Steam turbines
1.3.10 Condensers
1.3.11 Cooling towers
1.3.12 Chimneys
1.4 Nuclear Power Generation
1.4.1 Working principle of a nuclear power station
1.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants
1.4.3 Location of nuclear power station
1.4.4 Energy–mass relationship: Einstein’s law
1.4.5 Mass defect and binding energy
1.4.6 Nuclear reaction
1.4.7 Nuclear fission
1.4.8 Nuclear chain reaction
1.4.9 Main parts of a nuclear rector and their function
1.4.10 Fuel materials for nuclear reactors (nuclear fuels)
1.4.11 Control of nuclear reactors
1.4.12 Classification of nuclear reactors
1.4.13 Commercial types of reactors
1.4.14 Boiling water reactor (BWR)
1.4.15 Gas-cooled reactor
1.4.16 Radiation
1.4.17 Types of radiations
1.4.18 Radiation hazards
1.4.19 Shielding
1.5 Gas Power Generation
1.5.1 A simple gas turbine power plant
1.5.2 Applications of gas turbine plants
1.5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of gas turbine plants
1.6 Diesel Power Generation
1.6.1 Diesel engine power plant
1.6.2 Site selection for diesel power plants
1.6.3 Applications of diesel engine power plants
1.6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of diesel power plants
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Answers
2 Non-conventional Power Generation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Generation of Electrical Power by Non-conventional Methods
2.3 Solar Energy
2.3.1 Solar energy collector
2.4 Point-focusing Collector
2.4.1 Photovoltaic cells or solar cells
2.4.2 Solar cell characteristics
2.4.3 Solar power generation
2.4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of solar power
2.4.5 Applications of solar energy
2.5 Wind Energy
2.5.1 Basic principle of wind energy conversion
2.5.2 Basic components of wind energy conversion plant
2.5.3 Types of wind mills
2.5.4 Site selection for wind energy conversion plant
2.5.5 Wind power generation
2.5.6 Advantages and disadvantages of wind power
2.5.7 Applications of wind energy
2.6 Tidal Power
2.6.1 Components of tidal power plant
2.6.2 Site selection of tidal power plant
2.6.3 Tidal power generation
2.6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of tidal power
2.7 Geothermal Power
2.7.1 Geothermal resources
2.7.2 Geothermal power generation
2.7.3 Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal power
2.7.4 Applications of geothermal energy
2.8 Biomass and Biogas
2.8.1 Biogas generation
2.8.2 Site selection of biogas plant
2.8.3 Advantages and disadvantages of biogas
2.9 MHD Generations
2.9.1 MHD generation
2.9.2 Advantages and disadvantages of MHD power generation
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Answers
3 Conservation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Load Curve
3.2.1 Load duration curve
3.2.2 Definition of terms and factors
3.3 Cost of Electrical Energy
3.3.1 Cost of generation station
3.3.2 Annual cost
3.3.3 Factors influencing the formulation of tariff
3.3.4 Factors to be considered in fixing up the tariff
3.3.5 Types of tariffs
3.4 Need for Electrical Energy Conservation—Methods
3.4.1 Energy efficient equipment
3.4.2 Energy management
3.4.3 Energy auditing
3.5 Power Factor Improvement
3.5.1 Causes of low power factor
3.5.2 Effects or disadvantages of low power factor
3.5.3 Advantages of power factor improvement
3.5.4 Methods of improving power factor
3.5.5 Most economical power factor when the kW demand is constant
3.5.6 Most economical power factor when the kVA maximum demand is constant
3.6 Concept of Distributed Generation
3.7 Deregulation
3.8 Need for Restructuring
3.8.1 Motivation for restructuring the power industry
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Answers
4 Electric Heating
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Advantages of Electric Heating
4.3 Modes of Transfer of Heat
4.3.1 Conduction
4.3.2 Convection
4.3.3 Radiation
4.4 Essential Requirements of Good Heating Element
4.5 Material for Heating Elements
4.6 Causes of Failure of Heating Elements
4.6.1 Formation of hotspots
4.6.2 Oxidation and intermittency of operation
4.6.3 Embrittlement causing grain growth
4.6.4 Contamination and corrosion
4.7 Design of Heating Elements
4.8 Methods of Electric Heating
4.9 Resistance Heating
4.9.1 Direct resistance heating
4.9.2 Indirect resistance heating
4.9.3 Infrared or radiant heating
4.10 Temperature Control of Resistance Heating
4.11 Arc Heating
4.11.1 Electrodes used in the arc furnaces
4.11.2 Types of arc furnaces
4.11.3 Power supply and control of arc furnace
4.12 High-frequency Heating
4.13 Induction Heating
4.13.1 Core type furnace
4.13.2 Coreless type induction furnace
4.14 Dielectric Heating
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Answers
5 Electric Welding
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welding
5.3 Electric Welding
5.4 Resistance Welding
5.4.1 Types of resistance welding
5.5 Choice of Welding Time
5.6 Electric Arc Welding
5.6.1 Carbon arc welding
5.6.2 Metal arc welding
5.6.3 Atomic hydrogen arc welding
5.6.4 Inert gas metal arc welding
5.7 Submerged Arc Welding
5.8 Electron Beam Welding
5.9 Laser Beam Welding
5.10 Types of Welding Electrodes
5.10.1 Non-consumable electrodes
5.10.2 Consumable electrodes
5.11 Comparison between Resistance and Arc Weldings
5.12 Electric Welding Equipment
5.12.1 Electric welding power sets
5.12.2 Electrode holder
5.12.3 Welding cables
5.12.4 Chipping hammer and wire brush
5.13 Comparison between AC and DC Weldings
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Answers
6 Fundamentals of Illumination
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Nature of light
6.2 Terms Used in Illumination
6.2.1 Radiant efficiency
6.2.2 Plane angle
6.2.3 Solid angle
6.3 Laws of Illumination
6.3.1 Inverse square law
6.3.2 Lambert’s cosine law
6.4 Polar Curves
6.4.1 Rousseau’s construction
6.5 Photometry
6.5.1 Principle of simple photometer
6.5.2 Photometer heads
6.6 Photo Cells (for Photometric Measurements)
6.6.1 Photo voltaic cell
6.6.2 Photo emissive cell
6.7 Integrating Sphere
6.8 Sources of Light
6.8.1 By temperature effect
6.8.2 By establishing an arc between two electrodes
6.8.3 Discharge lamps
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Answers
7 Various Illumination Methods
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Sources of Illumination
7.2.1 Electric arc lamps
7.2.2 Incandescent lamps
7.2.3 Gaseous discharge lamps
7.2.4 Fluorescent lamps
7.3 Arc Lamps
7.3.1 Carbon arc lamp
7.3.2 Flame arc lamp
7.3.3 Magnetic arc lamp
7.4 Incandescent Lamp
7.4.1 Choice of material for filament
7.4.2 Comparisons of carbon, osmium, tantalum, and tungsten used for making the filament
7.5 Discharge Lamps
7.5.1 Types of discharge lamps
7.5.2 Drawbacks
7.6 Neon Discharge Lamp
7.7 Sodium Vapor Lamp
7.7.1 Working
7.8 High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp
7.8.1 MA type lamp
7.8.2 MAT type lamp
7.8.3 MB type lamp
7.9 Fluorescent Lamp (Low-pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp)
7.9.1 Construction
7.9.2 Working
7.9.3 Startless fluorescent lamp
7.9.4 Fluorescent lamp on DC supply
7.10 Comparison between Tungsten Filament Lamps and Fluorescent Lamps
7.11 Basic Principles of Light Control
7.11.1 Reflection
7.11.2 Refraction
7.11.3 Diffusion
7.11.4 Absorption
7.12 Types of Lighting Schemes
7.12.1 Direct lighting schemes
7.12.2 Semidirect lighting schemes
7.12.3 Indirect lighting schemes
7.12.4 Semi-indirect lighting schemes
7.12.5 General lighting scheme
7.13 Design of Lighting Schemes
7.13.1 Illumination level
7.13.2 Size of the room
7.13.3 Mounting height and space of fittings
7.14 Street Lighting
7.14.1 Diffusion principle
7.14.2 Specular reflection principle
7.14.3 Illumination level, mounting height, and the types of lamps for street lighting
7.15 Factory Lighting
7.16 Floodlighting
7.16.1 Esthetic floodlighting
7.16.2 Industrial and commercial floodlighting
7.16.3 Advertising
7.16.4 Floodlighting calculations
7.17 Methods of Lighting Calculations
7.17.1 Watts-per-square-meter method
7.17.2 Lumen or light flux method
7.17.3 Point-to-point or inverse square law method
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Answers
8 Electric Drives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Block Diagram of Electric Drive
8.2.1 Source
8.2.2 Power modulator
8.2.3 Electrical motors
8.2.4 Load
8.2.5 Control unit
8.2.6 Sensing unit
8.3 Types of Electric Drives
8.3.1 Group drives
8.3.2 Individual drive
8.3.3 Multi-motor drive
8.4 Choice of Motors
8.5 Characteristics of DC Motor
8.5.1 Characteristics of shunt motor
8.5.2 Characteristics of DC series motor
8.5.3 Characteristics of DC compound wound motors
8.6 Three-phase Induction Motor
8.6.1 Torque equation
8.6.2 Torque ratios
8.6.3 Torque-speed and torque-slip characteristics
8.7 Speed Control of DC Motors
8.7.1 Speed control of DC shunt motors
8.7.2 Speed control of DC series motor
8.7.3 Ward–Leonard method of speed control
8.8 Speed Control of Induction Motors
8.8.1 From stator side
8.8.2 From rotor side
8.8.3 Stator side control
8.8.4 Control on rotor side
8.9 Rating of Motor
8.9.1 Temperature raise of motor
8.9.2 Cooling of motor
8.10 Types of Loads
8.10.1 Classification of loads with respect to time
8.10.2 Classification of loads with respect to duty cycle
8.11 Rating of Motor
8.11.1 Equivalent current method
8.11.2 Equivalent power method
8.11.3 Equivalent torque method
8.12 Load Equalization
8.12.1 Function of flywheel
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Answers
9 Electric Traction-I
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Requirements of ideal traction system
9.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of electric traction
9.2 Review of Existing Electric Traction System in India
9.3 System of Traction
9.3.1 Self-contained locomotives
9.3.2 Petrol electric traction
9.3.3 Battery drives
9.3.4 Electric vehicles fed from distribution network
9.4 System of Track Electrification
9.4.1 DC system
9.4.2 Single-phase AC system
9.4.3 Three-phase AC system
9.4.4 Composite system
9.5 Comparison of DC and AC Tractions
9.6 Special Features of Traction Motors
9.6.1 Mechanical features
9.6.2 Electrical features
9.7 Traction Motors
9.7.1 DC series motor
9.7.2 DC shunt motor
9.7.3 AC series motor
9.7.4 Three-phase induction motor
9.7.5 Linear induction motor
9.7.6 Synchronous motor
9.8 Braking
9.8.1 Electric braking
9.8.2 Mechanical braking
9.9 Types of Electric Braking
9.9.1 Plugging
9.9.2 Rheostatic or dynamic braking
9.9.3 Regenerative braking
9.10 Traction Motor Control
9.10.1 Control of DC motors
9.10.2 Series–parallel control
9.11 Over Head Equipment
9.11.1 Current collectors
9.11.2 Single catenary and compound catenary construction of railways
9.12 Auxiliary Equipment
9.12.1 Motor–generator set
9.12.2 Battery
9.12.3 Rectifier unit
9.12.4 Transformer or autotransformer
9.12.5 Driving axles and gear arrangements
9.13 Transmission of Drive
9.13.1 Gearless drive
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Answers
10 Electric Traction-II
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Services
10.2.1 Main line services
10.2.2 Urban service
10.2.3 Suburban service
10.3 Speed–Time and Speed–Distance Curves for Different Services
10.3.1 Speed–time curve for main line service
10.3.2 Speed–time curve for suburban service
10.3.3 Speed–time curve for urban or city service
10.4 Some Definitions
10.4.1 Crest speed
10.4.2 Average speed
10.4.3 Schedule speed
10.4.4 Schedule time
10.5 Factors Affecting the Schedule Speed of a Train
10.5.1 Crest speed
10.5.2 Duration of stops
10.5.3 Distance between the stops
10.5.4 Acceleration
10.5.5 Breaking retardation
10.6 Simplified Trapezoidal and Quadrilateral Speed Time Curves
10.6.1 Analysis of trapezoidal speed–time curve
10.6.2 Analysis of quadrilateral speed–time curve
10.7 Tractive Effort (F[sub(t)])
10.7.1 Mechanics of train movement
10.7.2 Tractive effort required for propulsion of train
10.7.3 Power output from the driving axle
10.8 Specific Energy Consumption
10.8.1 Determination of specific energy output from simplified speed–time curve
10.8.2 Factors affecting the specific energy consumption
10.9 Important Definitions
10.9.1 Dead weight
10.9.2 Accelerating weight
10.9.3 Adhesive weight
10.9.4 Coefficient of adhesion
10.10 Calculation of Energy Returned to the Supply During Regenerative Braking
10.10.1 Advantages of regenerative breaking
10.10.2 Disadvantages
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Answers
11 Electrolysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Principle of Electrolysis
11.3 Laws of Electrolysis
11.3.1 Faraday’s first law
11.3.2 Faraday’s second law
11.4 Various Terms Related to Electrolyte Process
11.5 Applications of Electrolytic Process
11.5.1 Manufacturers of chemicals
11.5.2 Electro metallurgy
11.5.3 Electrodeposition
11.5.4 Electroplating
11.5.5 Electrometallization
11.5.6 Electropolishing
11.5.7 Electrotyping
11.5.8 Electroparting or electrostripping
11.5.9 Anodizing
11.6 Power Supply for Electrolytic Process
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Answers
12 Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Refrigeration
12.3 Refrigerator
12.4 Principle of Refrigerator
12.5 Refrigerant
12.6 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
12.6.1 Evaporation
12.6.2 Compression
12.6.3 Condensation
12.6.4 Pressure reduction
12.7 Electrical Circuit of Refrigerator
12.7.1 Lamp and switch
12.7.2 Thermostat switch
12.7.3 Thermal overload release
12.7.4 Starting relay
12.8 Common Faults in Refrigerator
12.8.1 Fault in the starting relay
12.8.2 Fault in capacitor
12.8.3 Fault in thermostat
12.9 Applications of Refrigeration
12.10 Air-conditioning
12.10.1 Temperature control
12.10.2 Humidity control
12.10.3 Air movement and circulation
12.11 Electric Circuit of an Air-conditioner
12.12 Summer Air-conditioning System
12.13 Room Air-conditioners
Key Notes
Short Questions and Answers
Multiple-choice Questions
Review Questions
Answers
Index