Abstract
Temporal variability of synoptic‐scale circulation is a dominant factor in regional temporal climate variations. In the midlatitudes, temporal variability of synoptic‐scale circulation has been found to be related to temporal variations in regional air temperature and precipitation. General circulation model (GCM) simulations of long‐term changes in synoptic‐scale circulation may be useful in assessing the effects of climate change on regional air temperature and precipitation.
Atmospheric pressure is an important component of synoptic‐scale circulation. In this paper, observed sea‐level pressures were used to evaluate winter and summer sea‐level pressures over North America simulated by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) general circulation models. The objective of the study is to determine how similar the spatial and temporal distributions of GCM‐simulated daily sea‐level pressures over North America are to observed distributions.
Overall, both models are better at reproducing observed within‐season variance of winter and summer sea‐level pressures than they are at simulating the magnitude of mean winter and summer sea‐level pressures. Results indicate that winter sea‐level pressures are better simulated by the GISS model than by the GFDL model. The GFDL model simulates anomalously high winter sea‐level pressures over north‐eastern North America. In summer, the GISS model underestimates sea‐level pressures, whereas the GFDL model overestimates sea‐level pressures over most of North America. Kolmogorov‐Smirnov tests indicate that much of the error in model simulations can be attributed to differences between simulated and observed means. Comparisons of spatial correlation matrices of observed and simulated sea‐level pressures indicate that GCMs simulate spatial variability of sea‐level pressures that is similar to observed. These results suggest that GCMs are able to simulate major components of synoptic‐scale circulation over North America, especially for winter.