Gender Equality

✍ Scribed by Walter Leal Filho, Luciana Brandli, Anabela Marisa Azul, Tony Wall

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1305
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
Access to Education and Gender Equality
Definition
Introduction
Gender Inequalities and Education
Drivers of Inequality in Access to Education
Impact of Unequal Access to Education
Women´s Participation in Decision-Making
Participation of Women in Science and Technology
Some Policy Initiatives to Enhance Access to Education
African Countries
India
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Accessibility/Availability of Nutritious Food
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals Through Women´s Economic Empowerment
Definition
Understanding Women´s Economic Empowerment
Conceptualizing Empowerment and Disempowerment
Locating Disempowerment
Strategies of Economic Empowerment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Action
Adolescence Empowerment, Sustainability, and Gender Equality
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Notes: Adolescence and Empowerment
Concept of Adolescence
Empowerment and Adolescence Empowerment: Theoretical Review
Empowerment
Empowerment of Adolescence
Adolescence Empowerment Cycle (AEC)
Youth Development and Empowerment (YD&E) Program Model
Transactional Partnering Model
Empowerment Education (EE) Model
Critical Theory of Adolescent Empowerment
Adolescence Empowerment, Sustainable Development, and Gender Equity
Conclusions, Policy Recommendations, and Future Research Agenda
Cross-References
References
Adolescent Reproductive Health in South Asia: Issues and Challenges
Definition
Introduction
Adolescent Pregnancy
Awareness About Reproductive Health
Menstrual Hygiene and Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI)
Contraceptive Use Among Female Adolescents
Migration and Reproductive Health
Unsafe Abortion Among Adolescent Girls
Intimate Partner Violence Faced by Adolescent Girls
Nutrition and Reproductive Health
Female Genital Mutilation
The Road Ahead
Cross-References
References
Affirmative Action Measures and Gender Equality: Review of Evidence, Policies, and Practices
Definition
Introduction
Conceptual Clarification
Need for Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action Policies and Legal Framework
Drivers and Critical Success Factors for Affirmative Action
Benefits of Affirmative/Positive Action Measures
Effectiveness of Affirmative Action Policies
Barriers to Affirmative/Positive Action
Beneficiaries of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action and Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
References
Artificial Intelligence, Gender, and Oppression
Definition
Introduction
Gender and Oppression
Virtual Assistants
Algorithms
Emotions and AI Agents
Robots
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
B
Bias
Bioethical Principles
Bioethics
Birth Control
Birth Spacing: Achieving Gender Equality Under Sustainable Development Goals
Definition
Introduction
Importance and Benefits of Birth Spacing
Sustainable Development Goals and Birth Spacing
Determinants of Birth Spacing
Risks Associated with Birth Spacing
Impacts of Birth Spacing
Physiological/Physical
Social
Economic
Accomplishing Healthy Birth Spacing
Good Practices in Birth Spacing
Researches and Studies in Birth Spacing and Related Areas
Conclusions and Area for Further Explorations and Research
References
C
Care Workers
Caregivers
Caregiving
Carers
Caring
CEDAW
Child Abuse in Relation to Girls
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Child Physical Abuse
Infanticide
Child Sexual Abuse
Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence
Female Genital Mutilation
Child Prostitution
Child Emotional Abuse
Child Neglect
Commercial or Other Exploitation of Children
Discussion
Cross-References
References
Child and Forced Marriage
Child Care Services: Possible Solutions to Improve Outcomes
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Child Health Services: Requirements and Planning
Situation Analysis
Malnutrition
Economic Insecurity
Gender Inequity
Health Infrastructure
Child Education
Child Protection
Water and Sanitation
Urban Clusters
Adolescence
Childhood Immunization
Child Day-Care Services
Overview of Interrelated Disciplines
Innovations in Child Care Services and Way Forward
Global Innovations in Child Care Services
Strengthening Health-Care Supply Chains Through Management Systems
Community-Based Data for Decision-Making (CBDDM): Ethiopia
Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness: Indonesia
Community Health Management Information System: Zambia
Community-Based Maternal and Newborn Care (CBMNC) Package: Malawi
Nutrition Education Rehabilitation Session: Afghanistan
Quality Improvement Approaches
Child Migration Strategies
Community-Based Health Units: Sri Lanka, Nepal
Decentralization of Health Services
Improving Referral Care in Sri Lanka
Indian Scenario
Life Cycle Approach for WASH Activities
Strategic Health Plan
UNICEF Health Strategy 2016-2030
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Child Health Care
Child Maltreatment
Child Marriage
Child Marriage and Resistance Movements
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Child Marriage Around the World
Overview of History Child Marriage in the Context of India
Causes of Child Marriage
Effects and Impacts of Child Marriage
Child´s Interest
Resistance Movements Around the World
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Child, Early, and Forced Marriage
Definition
Introduction
National and International Concerns
Differentiating Between Child Marriage, Early Marriages, and Forced Marriages
Disproportionate Impact on Women
The Trends of CEFM
Emerging International Concerns
Roman Catholic Church
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
The Supplementary Convention on Abolition of Slavery (1956)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR 1966)
The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW 1981)
Istanbul Convention (2011)
The United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution (2013)
Concerns for Sustainable Development Goals
Child, Early, and Forced Marriages and SDG-5
Concluding Remarks
References
Civil and Political Rights
Civil Society Organization (CSO)
Commercial Sex
Constraints/Limitations
Contraceptives
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Definition
The Core Elements of the Treaty
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women the Committee
A Critical Analysis of the Treaty and CEDAW Committee
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women (Istanbul Convention) (2014)
Istanbul Convention as a Principal Legal Instrument in the Combat with Violence Against Women in the European States
Definition
Introduction
Legal Context
Universal Level
Regional Level (Outside Europe)
Council of Europe Activities
Legislative Process
Structure
Aims, Scope, and General Obligations of State Parties
Conventional Glossary
Particular Obligations of State Parties
Preventive Measures
Protective Measures
Prosecution of Offenders
Integrated Policies
International Cooperation
Monitoring Mechanisms
Institutional Design
Monitoring Procedures
Controversies
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Creating and Enhancing Women Empowerment Through the Policing Profession
Definition
Introduction
Role of Public Policy in Ensuring Women Empowerment
History of Women in Police Department
Female Police and Empowerment: Bangladesh as an Example
Progresses and Challenges for Effective Women´s Participation and Empowerment in Policing in Bangladesh
Recommendations to Meet the Challenges for Effective Women Participation and Empowerment
Concluding Note
Cross-References
References
Creditor Reporting System (CRS)
Cultural Practices of Violence
Cultural Violence
D
DEDAW
Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
Domestic Violence Against Women: Relevance, Reflections, and Public Policies
Definition
Understanding Domestic Violence
Prevalence of Violence Against Women
Feminicide: An Advertised Death
Violence: Is It Possible to Prevent?
Final Considerations
References
Dowry System: Unequalizing Gender Equality
Definition
Introduction
A Global Perspective of the Gender Distribution of Wealth
Dowry Culture in European and American Countries
Dowry in Middle East Countries
Dowry in Southeast Asian Countries
An Indian Scenario of Dowry Custom
Regional and Community Variation of Dowry in India
Gender Inequality and Association with a Dowry
Dowry-Related Crimes in India
Economic Perspective
Formation of the Marriage Market
Social Perspective
Gender Stereotype and Discrimination
Socioeconomic Factors of Dowry Practice
Caste-Based Societies and Dowry Demand
Female Feticide and Dowry
Legal Aspect
Inheritance Rights of Women
Legislation Against Dowry and Domestic Violence in India
Misuse of Domestic Violence Act
A Way Forward
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
E
Early and Child Marriage in India: A Framework to Achieve SDGs
Definition
Introduction
Directions for Research into Early and Child Marriage
A Statistical Picture
Background to Early and Child Marriage in India
Research Leading to Outcomes or Categories to Map Change
The Edifice of the Framework
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Early and Forced Marriage
Ecofeminism
Definition
Origins of Ecofeminism
Interconnections Between Women and Nature
Original Theoretical Contributions of Ecofeminism
Critical Contours and Proposals of Ecofeminism
Ecofeminism and the SDGs
Cross-References
References
Economic Freedom/Enablement
Economic Violence
Economy
Emotions, Rationality, and Gender
Definition
Introduction
What Is an Emotion?
Rationality and Emotions
Feminists on Emotions and Rationality
Damsio on the Somatic-Marker Hypothesis
Emotion Assessments
Rationality
Emotion Regulation
Rational Emotions
Scientific Results on Gender and Emotions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Empowering Women Farmers in the Context of Farmer Suicides in Maharashtra, India
Definition
Introduction
Farmer Suicides in India
Farmer Suicides in Maharashtra
Plight of Women Farmers in the Context of Farmer Suicides
Way Forward
Cross-References
References
Empowering Women Through Micro-entrepreneurship
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Conceptualizing Empowerment
Economic
Political
Cognitive
Psychological
Micro-entrepreneurship Empowerment
Micro-entrepreneurship and Economic Empowerment
Micro-entrepreneurship and Political Empowerment
Micro-entrepreneurship and Cognitive Empowerment
Micro-entrepreneurship and Psychological Empowerment
The Use of Enabling Technology to Promote Empowerment
Information Communications Technology (ICT)
ICT´s Relationship to Self-Efficacy
ICT´s Relationship to Social Capital
ICT, Self-Efficacy, and Social Capital
Building a Better and More Sustainable Future for All
Cross-References
References
Empowering Women Through the Law
Definition
Introduction
The Fight for Emancipation Begins
Early Legal Obstacles and a Victory
More Legal Victories and the Spread of Feminism
Twenty-First-Century Issues and Movements
Cross-References
References
Empowerment
Empowerment of Women
Enterprise
Equal Citizenship in the Arab Countries: Towards the Achievement of SDG 5
Definition
Introduction
The Multidimensionality of Arab Women´s Unequal Citizenship
Arab Women as Second-Class Citizens: Underlying, Legitimizing, and Perpetuating Factors
State Policy
Religious Dictates
Cultural and Traditional Norms
Personal Status Laws
Arab Women´s Citizenship Overview
The Levant
The Arabian Peninsula
North Africa
Arab States and the Crisis of Citizenship´´ on the Heels of the Arab Uprisings Progress, Merits, and Challenges Ahead Conclusion References Equal Opportunity Equality Equality Law Equality of Sexes Equity Ethics Exclusive Breastfeeding: Challenges and the Way Forward Synonyms Definition Introduction Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices Recommendations for Practice Exclusive Breastfeeding in Sick or Small Babies Advantages of Exclusive Breastfeeding Problem Analysis Problem Assessment and Challenges Breastfeeding Economics Comprehensive Perspective Directions for the Future Role of Stakeholders Supportive Interventions Recommendations for Research and Policy Construction Conclusions Cross-References References Exploring Gender Justice for Attaining Equality Synonyms Definition Introduction Components of Gender Justice Need for Gender Justice International Initiatives for Gender Justice and Equality Future Directions of Research Conclusion Cross-References References Exploring Intersectionality Through Artful Critical Qualitative Methodologies Synonyms Definition Introduction Theoretical Underpinnings of Intersectionality Relevance of Intersectionality for Planned 2030 SDG Gender Equality and Intersectionality Creative Methodological-Mix Dimension of Intersectionality Conclusion The Overall Benefits for Adopting the Schematic Methodological Diagram in the Postmodern Era Cross-References References Exploring Violence Against Children Under Sustainable Development Goals Definition Introduction Forms of Violence Against Children or Child Abuse Magnitude of the Problem Causes or Factors Related to Violence Against Children Socioeconomic Factors for Violence Against Children Impact of Violence Towards Children International Law on the Rights of Children Role of International Organizations Sustainable Development Goals and Violence Against Children Challenges to Achieve SDGs Regarding Violence against Children Conclusion Cross-Reference References F Families and Gender in Western and Non-Western Settings Synonyms Definition The Significance of Families Gendered Analyses of Families Gender Inequities Health Education Polygyny Effects of Patriarchy on Families Matriarchy Gender Socialization and Sex Differences Sexism, Heteronormativity, and Nonbinary Individuals Gender Socialization and Adolescence Families as Safety Net Creating Gender Equality in Families Cross-References References Family Carer Family Law: Path Toward Achieving Gender Equality in India Definition Context What Is Gender Equality Judicial/Legislative Framework Related to Gender Equality Recent Changes Toward Gender Equality Barriers to Access to Justice for Women The Way Forward Government Initiatives Conclusion Cross-References References Family/Home Female Genital Mutilation Female Migration and the Global Economy Definition Introduction Global Migration and Gender The Role of States and Markets in Recruitment and Hiring of Female Immigrants Mothers as Ideal Migrants Conclusion Cross-References References Female Prostitutes in Pakistan Femicide and the Continuum of Gender-Based Violence Definition Forms of Femicide: Description, Prevalence, and Causes Intimate Femicide Intimate Partner FemicideHonor´´-Related Murders
Dowry-Related Femicide
Non-intimate Partner Femicide
Systemic Sexual Femicide
Femicide and Sex Work
Femicide Related to Genital Cutting
Femicide: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Femininity and Gender Equality: History and Social Practices
Definition
Historical Context
Femininity and Motherhood
Femininity and Western Sociocultural Esthetic Beauty Standards
Femininity and Transgenerity
Final Considerations: Reflexions Urgently Needed for Gender Equality
Cross-References
References
Feminism
Feminist Movements for a Sustainable Future
Definition
Introduction
Transition from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals
Importance of SDG5
Intersectionality of the Feminist Movement and Gender Mainstreaming
Feminism and SDG5: Triumphs, Challenges, And Lessons
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Feminization of Agriculture
Feminization of Agriculture and Its Impact on Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Drivers of the Phenomenon
Male Outmigration from Rural Areas
Economic Crisis and Climate Change
Diseases and Armed Conflicts
Opportunities in the Agri-business Industry
Different Methods of Statistical Data Collection
Consequences of the Agricultural Feminization
Women´s Empowerment
Exacerbation of Gender Gaps in Wealth and Work Burden
Low Productivity and Access to Land
Impact on Sustainable Development
Latin America
Central Asia
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Feminization of Poverty: Causes and Implications
Definition
Introduction
Measuring the Feminization of Poverty
Explanations for the Feminization of Poverty
Family Structures
Education and the Labor Market
Government and Public Assistance
Cross-national Comparisons of the Feminization of Poverty
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Financial Health
Firstness
Food Security
Freedom of Choice
G
Gender
Gender Analysis
Gender and Family Planning in Nigeria
Synonyms
Definition
Preamble
Family Planning: An Overview
Methods of Family Planning
Gender in Nigeria
FP in Nigeria
FP Awareness and Uptake
Gender and FP in Nigeria
Gendering of FP: Men in Charge
Traditional Culture and Religion
Women´s Empowerment
Contraception Through a Feminist Lens
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender and Financial Wellbeing
Synonyms
Definition
From Financial Inclusion to Financial Wellbeing
Brief History of Financial Inclusion
The Challenges of Financial Inclusion
Microcredit
Savings
Understanding the Role of Money in the Lives of Women
Usage and Need for Financial Products
Contextual Influences on Financial Decisions
The Emergence of Financial Wellbeing
Factors That Influence Financial Wellbeing
Sociodemographic Characteristics
Psychological Factors
Knowledge, Skills, and Experience
Access and Use of Financial Products (Financial Inclusion)
Decision Context
Behaviors
Exogenous Events
Available Opportunities and Options
Financial Wellbeing in Low-Income Economies
A Focus on Gender
Women Have Lower Financial Wellbeing Than Men, But Behavior Matters
Financial Role and Status Within the Household Influences Wellbeing
The Link Between Women´s Economic Empowerment and Financial Wellbeing
External Influences Greatly Impact Women
Where to from Here
Cross-References
References
Gender and Poverty: Its Influence on Household Food Security in Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Gender and Poverty Linkage
Influence of Gender and Poverty on Household Food Security
Enhancing Household Food Security through Gender Equality and Equity
Concluding Summary
Cross-References
References
Gender and Relationship Status in Later Life
Definition
Introduction
Background
Theories and Trajectories of Solo Ageing
Ageing Without Children in Relation to Gender
Qualitative Studies into Soloness
Wider Structural Factors
Emotional Well-Being and Social Support
Factors Specific to Relationship Status in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Tran´s Older Population
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Related Articles of Further Interest
Gender Awareness
Gender Development
Gender Discrimination
Gender Discrimination and Working Time: A Sustainable Approach
Definition
Introduction
Working Time, Gender, and Decent Work Under the International Labour Organization Agenda
Identifying SGDs on Working Time from a Gender Perspective: From Goals to Actions
The Need of a New ILO Convention on 35 Hours per Week
Fair Regulations for Part-Time Work in Terms of Equal Treatment Between Women and Men
Flexitime or Sustainable Working Time Schemes for Workers: A Gender Perspective
Conclusion: Multifaceted Strategies for a Better Working Time for Women at Work
Cross-References
References
Gender Discrimination in the Labor Market
Definition
Introduction
Theoretical Frameworks
Employer Discrimination
Work and Family Conflict
Motherhood Wage Penalties (MWP)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender Discrimination of Female Sex Workers in Pakistan
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Gender Inequality Index
Gender Discrimination Against Female Sex Workers in Pakistan
Role of Police
Inequality to Health Services
Abusive Acts on FSWs
Health Aspects of FSWs
Prevalence of HIV
Non-acceptance of FSWs in the Society
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender Equality
Gender Equality and Egalitarianism in the Middle East and North Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Defining Patriarchy and Inegalitarianism
The Patriarchal Bargain
Private Rights
Public Rights
Measuring Egalitarianism: Public and Private Patriarchy
Existing Schemes for Measuring Egalitarianism
Explaining Egalitarianism
Cross-References
References
Gender Equality and Women´s Empowerment (GEWE)
Gender Equality in the Political Realm
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Gender Disparity in Politics
Gender Equality Indices
Meeting the Challenge of Patriarchy
Women and Politics
Women Vying for Political Seats/Office
Women Participating in Electioneering Processes
Contributions Women Can Make in Politics
Conclusion/Recommendation
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Gender Equality in the Universal and Regional Human Rights Systems: Prohibition of Discrimination and Beyond
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The UN Gender Anti-discrimination Law
The UN Gender Anti-discrimination Law and the UN Gender Equality Legal and Political Framework
The Main Achievements and Challenges
The Inter-American Gender Anti-discrimination Law
The Inter-American Gender Equality Legal Framework
The Main Achievements and Challenges
The African Union Gender Anti-discrimination Law
The African Gender Equality Legal Framework
The Main Achievements and Challenges
The Council of Europe Gender Anti-discrimination Law
The CoE Gender Equality Legal and Political Framework
The Main Achievements and Challenges
The European Union Gender Anti-discrimination Law
The EU Gender Equality Legal Framework
The Main Achievements and Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Gender Equality in Women´s Health and Reproduction
Definition
Introduction
Women´s Health Issues
Women´s Health and Poverty
Women´s Health, Poverty, and Nutrition
Women´s Health and Body Size
Women´s Health and Sexuality
Women´s Health and Violence
Women´s Health and Reproduction
The Impact of Reproduction on Women´s Health
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Gender Equality Indicators in Higher Education: The SDG 5 Perspective and Bioethical Approach
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Gender Equality Indicators in Higher Education
Proposed Gender Equality Indicators for Higher Education
Gender Equality from the Perspective of Sustainable Development Goal 5: 2030 Agenda, United Nations
Bioethical Approach Related to Gender Equality
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Gender Equality Through Women´s Empowerment in Science
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Fifth Sustainable Development Goal
Gender Equality
Women´s Empowerment Through Education
Panorama of Women in Higher Education Institutions in Brazil
The Girls in Science´´ Program The Role of Universities in Promoting Women´s Empowerment Through Access to Higher Education Final Remarks Cross-References Acknowledgment References Gender Equity Gender Equity and Cultural Contexts Gender Equity: Employment and Performance Definition Introduction United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Performance Via Communication Between Genders Women and Men in the Global Workforce Gender Performativity Occupational Segregation Performance and Gender Pay Gap Gender in Competitiveness and Teamwork Performance: Power and Decision Making Final Remarks References Gender Identity Gender Identity Within a Human Rights Framework: International and European Legal Aspects Definition Introduction The Main Contribution to Protection of Human Rights for Persons of Diverse Gender Identities: The Yogyakarta Principles and th... Combating Discrimination Based on Gender Identity at the UN Gender Identity and Sustainable Development Goals Combating Discrimination Based on Gender Identity Through European Human Rights Bodies The Council of Europe The European Union Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Gender Identity: From Biological Essentialism Binaries to a Nonbinary Gender Spectrum Definition Introduction A Brief History of Gender Biological Essentialism Gender Performativity Intersex and Non-binary Gender Identities Language Used to Describe Gender The United Nations and International Human Rights Intersex Athletes Gender Identity and Impact on Physical Activity and Sports Health and Gender Identity Conclusion Cross-References References Gender Ideology: A Discourse That Threatens Gender Equality Synonyms Definition Introduction Gender, Gender Ideology, andGender Ideology´´
Vatican as a Key Player in the Attacks Against Gender Ideology´´ From Religion to Political Struggle Resisting the Attacks AgainstGender Ideology´´
Cross-References
References
Gender Imbalance in Academic Careers
Definition
Introduction
The Importance of Data
Equality Legislation
Causes of Gender Bias
Male Characteristics in Managers
Women as Carers
Organizational Culture
The Importance of Research
Self-Confidence, Support, and Role Models
Conclusions, Future Direction, and Actions for Improvement
Cross-References
References
Gender Impartiality
Gender in Disaster Settings: Towards Sustainable Gender-Sensitive Disaster Risk Reduction
Definition
Introduction: Posing Gender Questions to Disasters
Sustainable Development Goals: Intersections Between Gender and Disasters
Gender and Social Exclusion Amplify Disaster Risks
Manifestation of Social Exclusion in Disaster Contexts
Gendered Nature of Disaster Impacts: The Global Context
The Asian Context
Gendered Lessons from Covid-19
Rise of Disasters: Tackling Social Environment and the Gendered Nature of Climate Justice
Mainstreaming Gender into Disaster Risk Reduction Frameworks
Concluding Remarks: Policy Response
Cross-References
References
Gender Inequality
Gender Inequality and Corruption: Sextortion
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The State of the Gender and Corruption Debate: Gendered Impacts of Corruption
Gender and Corruption Within the SDG Framework
Gendered Forms of Corruption: The Case of Sextortion
The Definition of Sextortion´´ and Its Elements Causes of Sextortion and Barriers to Prevention and Prosecution Legal Response Gap Sextortion Within the SDG Framework Mechanisms to Address the Gendered Impacts of Corruption and Sextortion Closing Considerations Cross-References References Gender Inequality of Sex Workers in the Muslim Society Gender Justice Gender Justice in Conflict Gender Mainstreaming Gender Parity Gender Power Relations in the Medical Profession Synonyms Definition Introduction Literature Review Gender Power Relations: Theoretical Perspectives Power and Sexual Harassment United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Gender Equality Case Background Profession in Ethical Crisis Due to Gender Power Relations Supervisor-Subordinate Cases of Sexual Harassment Recommendations for Improvements to Address Patriarchal Misuse of Power Conclusions References Gender Representation Gender Representation in Educational Materials: A Focus on Ethiopian English Textbooks Synonyms Definition Introduction Disparities in Gender Equality Rhetoric Studying Gender Equality across the Curriculum Source of Data in Studying Gender Equality Categories of Analysis in Studying Gender Equality Data Analysis in Studying Gender Equality Gender Equality Findings Across the Curriculum Language Use Across the Curriculum Illustrations Across the Curriculum Gender-Related Occupational Roles Across the Curriculum Firstness Across the Curriculum Topic Domination Across the Curriculum Discussion on Gender Equality Across the Ccurriculum Conclusions Implications Cross-References References Gender Roles Gender Roles and the Realization of SDG 5 Definition Introduction Culture of a Patriarchal Society Notions of Femininity and Masculinity Double Burdens Gender Division of Labor and Gender Roles Institutionalization of Gender Roles Intersectionality of Gender Roles The Role of Education to Break the Notion of Gender Roles Conclusion and Future Directions Cross-References References Gender Roles in Inclusive Blue Economy Definition Introduction The Problem of Gender Disparity The Potential of Blue Economy for Gender Equality Fisheries and Aquaculture Emerging Sectors of Blue Bioeconomy Case Studies: Situation Analysis Vis-à-Vis Fisheries and Aquaculture Case Study 1: Mariculture in the Philippines Case Study 2: Fisheries in Magarini Kilifi Country, Kenya Case Study 3: Marudu Bay, Sabah, Malaysia Ocean Education and Governance to Support Inclusive Blue Growth Conclusions and the Way Forward Cross-References References Gender Sensitivity and Its Relation to Gender Equality Synonyms Definition Introduction Social Construction of Gender Roles and the Intersectional Approach Contexts Where Gender Sensitivity Is Necessary Gender Inequalities in Economic Participation Gender Inequalities in Political Participation Gender Inequalities in Social Participation at Community Level and Language as a Perpetuator of Gender Inequalities Strategies for More Gender-Sensitive Individuals and Communities Conclusion Cross-References References Gender Sensitization Gender Socialization Synonyms Definition Introduction Gender Roles, Gender Identity, and Gender Stereotypes Agents of Gender Socialization Theories for Explanation of Gender Socialization Conclusion Cross-References References Gender Stereotypes Synonyms Definition Introduction Sex, Gender, and Roles The Content of Gender Stereotypes The Effects of Gender Stereotypes Gender Stereotypes in Action: A Study of Corporate Leadership Conclusion Cross-References References Gender Theory Gender Violence Gender Wage Gap: Causes, Impacts, and Ways to Close the Gap Synonyms Definition Introduction Global View of the Gender Wage Gap Agents of Pay Inequity Gender Roles Occupational Segregation Motherhood and Pregnancy Education Intersectional Impacts of the Wage Gap Race LGBTQ+ Age Disability Case Study: STEM Ways to Close the Wage Gap Legislation Education Actions by Individuals Conclusion Cross-References References Gender, Sexuality, and Caste-Based Occupations: A Case Study of the Bedia Community of North India Definition Introduction Differential Theoretical Standpoints The Field The Local Police Officials Female Brothel Managers The Younger Sex Workers Other Stakeholders in the Vicinity and Civil Society Organizations Laws and Legislations Conclusion Cross-References References Websites Gender-Conscious Urban Design Gender-Conscious Urban Planning Gender-Conscious Urbanism and Urban Planning Synonyms Definition Gender as an Urban Category On Public Space, Public Sphere, and Gender The City of Others: Modern Urban Project and Citizens in Conflict Gender Planning: How to Address Toward a Gender-Conscious Urbanism Gender-Conscious Cities and the Sustainable Development Goals Cross-References References Gendered Approach to Reconciliation During and After War in Sri Lanka Definition Introduction Gender, Security, and Reconciliation International Frameworks: Moving Beyond Status Quo Sri Lankan Conflict: War and Women Analyzing Sri Lanka´s Policy on Reconciliation Conclusion Cross-References References Gendered Representations in Media Definition Gender and Media: An Introduction Re-Thinking Gender Reflections on the Concept of Gender Is a Sex/Gender Distinction Valid? Framing Representation Stereotypical Representations of Gender Gendered Representation in an Era of Globalization Strategies for Change and Creating Alternatives: Conclusion Cross-References References Genderism Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB) Gender-Responsive Budgeting for Sustainable Development Goals Synonyms Definition Introduction Three Goals of Gender Budget Initiatives Bringing Gender Budget Thinking into the Mainstream GRB as a Tool of Gender Mainstreaming Application of Gender Budget Analysis Three-Way Categorization of Expenditure The South African Four-Step Approach Gender Markers Creditor Reporting System (CRS) Gender-Responsive Budgeting in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals SDG 5 Gender Equality Conclusion Cross-References References Global Care Chains and Transnational Families Definition Introduction The Role of the Global Economy in Creating Care Chains Transnational Families Mothers as Migrants Conclusion Cross-References References Global Perspectives on Gender Sensitivity and Economic Benefits Synonyms Definition Introduction (Critical) Global Discourses Surrounding Gender Sensitivity Linkage with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Economic Case for Gender Sensitivity Way Forward for Raising Global Awareness Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Good Work for Women Grassroots Women and Sustainable Development Synonyms Definition Introduction Why Are Grassroots Women Important? Grassroots Women and Sustainable Development Grassroots Women and the Building of Resilience on Poverty and Climate Change Grassroots Women´s Participation on Water Management, Food Security, and Sustainable Agriculture Grassroots Work around Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women The Relevance of Grassroots Initiatives and Innovations Grassroots Women and Globalization Grassroots Women´s Networks Grassroots Women Around the World: Case Studies Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Group of Seven (G7) H Heteronormativity HIV Prevalence in Pakistan Human Milk Feeding Human Rights Human Rights Accountability for Advancement of Gender Equality and Reproductive Justice in the Sustainable Development Agenda Global Context Maternal Mortality and Human Rights The Facts on the Case Key Aspects of CEDAW´s Decision Conclusions and the Way Forward References Human Rights and Gender Equity: Building Sustainable Development Definition Introduction Women and Sustainable Development The Importance of SDG 5 to Address Sustainability Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls The Landscape of Violence Against Women and Girls in the World: Brief Considerations The Role of Quality Education for Women and Girls: A Right to Be Earned The SDG 5 and Human Rights Building Sustainable Development Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Human Rights of Women Migrants Definition Overview Human Rights: An Understanding Human Rights of Women Migrants Migrants´ Rights in the Twenty-First Century Conclusion Cross-References References Human Rights of Women Refugees Definition Overview Global Trends of Refugees Women Refugees Human Rights Conclusion Cross-References References I Importance of Training Healthcare Providers About Domestic Violence Definition Introduction Survivors of Violence and the Healthcare System The Use of Healthcare Facilities by Intimate Partner Violence Survivors Economic Costs of Intimate Partner Violence on the Healthcare System Barriers Women Face when Disclosing Abuse to Their Healthcare Provider Additional Vulnerabilities That Impact Disclosure of Abuse The Role of Healthcare Professionals when Addressing Violence Against Women Lack of Comprehensive Intimate Partner Violence Training Leads to Inadequate Response by Healthcare Providers Healthcare Providers´ Lack of Knowledge on How to Address Intimate Partner Violence Importance of Training Healthcare Providers About Intimate Partner Violence How to Educate Healthcare Providers About Intimate Partner Violence Models for Teaching Intimate Partner Violence to Healthcare Providers Screening Tools to Aid Healthcare Providers Detect Intimate Partner Violence Educational Programs to Enhance the Response of Healthcare Providers to Intimate Partner Violence How a Model for Teaching Intimate Partner Violence Should Be Chosen Conclusion Cross-References References Improving Women´s Role in Agricultural Production and Food Security Promotion Definition Introduction Why Is It Important to Improve the Roles of Women in Rural Areas? An Example for Gender Situation: The ECOWAS Countries A Country Example for Women Status Developing: Turkey Potential and Power of Women in Rural Areas Rural Women´s Participation in Agriculture and Rural Life Empowerment and Capacity Building for Women in Agriculture Conclusion Cross-References References Inclusion of Women and Girls with Disabilities Definition Introduction Women and Girls with Disabilities in the Context of SDG 5: Gaps in Outcomes Factors Contributing to the Exclusion of Women and Girls with Disabilities International Normative Frameworks Relevant for the Achievement of SDG 5 for Women and Girls with Disabilities Policies to Reduce Inequalities Experienced by Women and Girls with Disabilities Cross-References References Inclusive Maternity Care and Education Synonyms Definition Introduction Inclusive Care Is Woman-Centered and Person-Centered Dichotomies in Educating for Inclusive Care Anti-Oppressive Practice Questioning Dominant Ideologies in Maternity Care Inequalities in Maternity Care: Global Perspectives Inequalities in the Experience of Maternity Care: Western Contexts People of BAME Identities, Indigenous Peoples/First Peoples, and Migrants and Asylum Seekers Women with Medical Needs Women with Disabilities Women with Mental Health Needs Inclusive Care for Lesbian, Bisexual, Gender-Queer, and Trans People Positive Childbirth Experiences Conclusions Cross-References References Income Inequality Inequality in Access to Healthcare Inequality/Inequity in Rights and Resource Access Infant Feeding Practices Informal Care Institutional and Discursive Politics of Gender Mainstreaming in SDGs: The Historical Trajectory Definition Introduction History of Gender Mainstreaming Understanding Gender and Patriarchy in Contemporary Society Gender Mainstreaming in Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Successes Challenges From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals The Institutional and Discursive Politics of Gender Mainstreaming Gender Mainstreaming in Sustainable Development Goals Possibilities of Implementing SDG 5 Within the International Development Framework Achieving Gender Equality and Empowering All Women and Girls by 2030 Cross-References References International Monetary Fund (IMF) Intersection of Working Motherhood and Health Definition Working Motherhood Maternal Health Women´s Health and Working Working Motherhood and Health Cross-References References Intersectionality Intersectionality and Sustainable Development Definition Origins Epistemological Foundations of Intersectionality: Standpoints, Positionality, and Multiple Marginalizations Intersectional Theory and Its Expansions Developing an Intersectional Methodology Praxis and Substantive Expansions Geographic Expansions and Global Applications Cross-References References Itinerants J Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) K Knackers L Lack/Deprivation LGBTQIA, LGBT+, GLBT+, LGBTQ LGBTQQIA M Male/Female Sex Marginalized Women Masculinity Maternal and Child Services Matricentric, Woman-Centered Menstrual Hygiene Management and Sustainable Development Definition Introduction Politics and Practicalities of Menstrual Hygiene Management and Sustainable Development Goals Practical MHM Issues: Health and Well-Being (SDG 3) Urinary and Reproductive Tract Infections and Secondary Infertility Menarche and Early Menarche: Symptoms of Inequity Practical MHM Issues: Education (SDG 4, 5) Physiological Understandings (SDG 3, 4, and 5) Menstruating at School and Work: Attendance, Facilities, and Pain Management Practical MHM Challenges: Facilities, Health Issues, Materials, and Sustainability Considerations Facilities: Sanitation, Safety, Privacy, and Hygiene Materials: From Rags to Pads Menstrual Culture, Contexts, and Environments: Period Shaming Theme: Emotions Theme: Period Poverty and Changing Cultures Conclusions Cross-References References Micro-entrepreneurship Empowerment Mobile Technology and Gender Equality Definition Introduction Mobile Phones and Health Outcomes Mobile Phones, Food Security, and Agricultural Outcomes Mobile Phones, Labor Markets, and Business Opportunities Mobile Phones, Physical Boundaries, Access to Social Services, and Within-Household Dynamics Mobile Phones and Women´s Participation in Politics Mobile Phones and Educational Outcomes Conclusions Cross-References References Mobility Mother, Birth Parent Mother´s Milk Movement Muslim Women´s Human Rights and Law Reform in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Indonesia Definition Introduction Muslim Countries and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Family Law Law Reform in Muslim World Law Reform in Saudi Arabia Law Reform in Iran Law Reform in Indonesia Conclusion Cross-References References N Nomadism and Equality: The Irish Traveller and Gypsy Women Synonyms Definition Introduction The Irish Traveller and Gypsy Communities Who Are the Irish Traveller and Gypsy Women? Policies Affecting the Irish Traveller and Gypsy Women Cross-References References Nonacceptance of Females and Transgenders in the Society Nonbinary, Genderqueer Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Nutritional Security O Occupational Gender Segregation and Female Labor Force Participation in India Definition Introduction Understanding the Puzzle of India´s Female Labor Force Participation Occupational Gender Segregation: The Answer to the Puzzle? Importance of Reducing Occupational Gender Segregation and Increasing Female Labor Force Participation What an Understanding of Occupational Gender Segregation in India Needs Conclusion Cross-References References Occupational Segregation Older Women and Health Inequality Definition Introduction Population Aging in Global Environment Feminization of Aging Gender Differentials in Health Some Possible Ways of Addressing the Issue Conclusion References Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) P Participation in Sustainable Development Decision-Making: The Gender Perspective Definition Gender Equality in Participation in Decision-Making as One of SDGs Introduction Selected Statistics Women in Parliaments and Political Leadership Women in Economic Decision-Making Process Women in Education/Science Gender-Differentiated Decision-Making Structures and the Role ofCritical Mass´´
Legal Standards
Universal
Hard´´ Regulations Soft Regional Solutions European (Incl. EU Law) OthersTemporary Special Measures´´ and Their Effectiveness
Politics and Electoral Gender Quotas
Economy and Comply or Explain´´ Strategy Good Practices Conclusions Cross-References References Pediatric Services Physical Violence Pikeys Police Harassment on FSWs Polygamy Polygyny and Women´s Status: Myths and Evidence Definition Introduction Polygyny and Women´s Decision-Making Power Polygyny and Intimate Partner Violence Polygyny and Female Labor Force Outcomes Polygyny and Women´s Health Polygyny and Intergenerational Health Channels Conclusions Cross-References References Position of Woman as an Author in Serbian Cinematography Definition Introduction Women and Film Analysis of Quantitative Indicators Early Serbian Cinematography Serbian Cinematography in the Socialist Era Serbian Cinematography in the Transition Era Conclusions and Recommendations Cross-References References Productive Work for Women Psychological Violence Public Policy, Public Engagement, and Gender Equality Definition Public Policy Public Engagement Background Philosophical Basis Civil Society, Public Engagements, and Sustainable Development Public Policy Engagement and Post-2015 Development Agenda Public Policy and SDG-5 Women´s Underrepresentation: A Matter of Concern Women and Public Policy Concluding Remarks Gender Stereotypes and Other Impediments Need for Adequate Representation of Women Need for Research Cross-References References Q Quality Job for Women R Race Rape Religious Violence Reproductive Rights, UN Sustainable Development Goals and International Human Rights Law Definition Introduction: The SDGs and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Legal and Normative Framework The Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Beijing Declaration and P... The Right to Health and SRHR Women´s Rights, Non-discrimination, and SRHR Evolving Standards: The Case of GBV and Abortion Uneven Progress: Key Issues and Challenges Key SRHR Challenges in Practice Gender Discrimination and Factors Contributing to SRHR Challenges for Women Conclusion Cross-References References Rights of Women S Sex Discrimination Sex Role Stereotypes Sexual Bribery Sexual Extortion Sexual Harassment as an Everyday Form of Gender-Based Violence Definition Different Manifestations of Sexual Harassment Workplace Sexual Harassment Adolescent Sexual Harassment Risk Factors Associated with Sexual Harassment Recourse and Legal Sanction #MeToo: A Global Movement Opposing Sexual Harassment and Abuse Sexual Harassment: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Conclusion Cross-References References Sexual Violence Social Movements Social Movements and Gender Equality Definition Introduction Meaning, Origin, and Types of Social Movements Development and Social Movement Types of Social Movements Civil Society, Gender, and Social Movements Civil Society and Gender Transformative Capacity of Civil Society Rights-Based Approach to Development Social Movements and Creation of New Institutions Sustainable Development Goals and Social Movements Need to Remove Gender Injustice Why Gender Matters for Social Movements Sustainable Development Goal-5 and Its Relation to Social Movements Changing Social Movements on Gender Issues Digital Activism: Promises for Women Movements Challenges for Social Movements for Gender Equality Popular Social Movements for Gender Equality Conclusion Cross-References References Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Synergies Between Gender Mainstreaming and Food Security Synonyms Definition Introduction Agriculture and Gender Gender and Food Security Dimensions Women´s Role in Food Availability Women´s Role in Food Access Women´s Role in Household Food Security and Nutritional Security Conclusion Cross-References References T Textbook The Empowerment of Women Tinkers Topic Domination Trans, Transgender Transgender Peoples Transgenders and Female Sex Workers Transport U UN Economic and Social Council (EcoSoc) UN High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) Underfeeding/Food Insecurity United Nations (UN) Unpaid Care Unpaid Care: Global Growth and Policies for Sustainability Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptualizing Care and Carer Conceptualizing and Valuing Informal Caring as Unpaid Work Care Work: A Global Challenge Informal Care in the UK The Impact of Caring on Individuals in the UK and Beyond Global Impact on Women Existing Global Care Policies and Unpaid Care Work Implications for Global Policy Conclusion Cross-References References V Violence Against Children Violence Against Women Synonyms Definition Introduction Violence Against Women Cases Economic Violence Psychological Violence Sexual Violence Cultural Practices of Violence Physical Violence Means of Reduction and Prevention of Violence Economic Independence Health Education Community Engagement Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Violence Against Women in Brazil: Context and Public Policies Synonyms Definition Introduction Context of Violence Against Women in Brazil Sexual Violence Domestic Violence Femicide Public Policies Conclusions Cross-References References Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) W Woman-Centered Pedagogies and Their Role in Attaining Gender Equality Synonyms Definition Introduction The Personal and the Professional: Bringing the Self to Woman-Centered Pedagogical Practice Feminist Pedagogies Intersectionality The Struggle Pedagogy and Community Decolonized Higher Education The Challenges of Woman-Centered Pedagogies Collaboration and Education for Social Justice and Sustainable Development Conclusion Cross-References References Women and Business Networking: A Social Capital View Definition Introduction Business Networking and Career Benefits Women and Business Networking: The Barriers Social Capital Social Capital: The OMA Schema Learnings from an Online University Women and the Opportunities (O) They Need to Network Opportunities That Fit into Their Work-Life Balance (WLB) Training, Conferences, and Seminars Trusted Network Women and Their Motivation (M) to Network Career Progression/Career Shift Internal Visibility and Managing People at Higher Levels Women and Their Ability (A) to Network How to Network, Network in New Groups, and Manage, Build, Expand, and Utilize Networks? Communication and Language Skills, Influence and Persuasion, and Confidence How Social Capital (OMA) Can Be Enabled for Women to Engage in Effective Business Networking? Conclusion Cross-References References Women and the Environment: Southern Perspectives and Global Implications Definition Introduction The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Women Nature´s Intrinsic Value to Society An Era of Wicked Problems Women´s Intimate Relationship with Nature Mainstreaming Women in Core Global Developmental Policy Creating Opportunities for Enhanced Agency of Women in Climate Adaptation Decision-Making Processes and Gender Education and Awareness Creation Enhancing Women´s Accessibility to Financial and Economic Opportunities Technological Transfer for Enhanced Climate Adaptation Women and Men as Agents of Change Conclusions Cross-References References Women and Transport: A Comparative Analysis of Issues and Actions Synonyms Definition Introduction SDGs 2030: Gender Equality Inequalities Affecting Women Women and Transport: Situating Women´s Mobility Women and Transport: Rights and Capabilities Women and Transport: Access and Participation Women and Transport: Risk, Fear, and Safety Women´s Mobility: Actions for Equality and Equity Summary Cross-References References Women and Uniform Civil Code in India Definition Introduction SDG Goal 5 and Uniform Civil Code Historical Debate of UCC Personal Laws and Gender Inequality Obstacles Toward Achieving UCC Need of UCC for Sustainable Development Goal (Gender Equality) Conclusion Cross-References References Women Empowerment in the Indian Armed Forces Definition Changing Status of Women in India Women´s Participation in the Armed Forces Women in the Indian Armed Forces Conclusion Cross-References References Women in Cities: The Nexus Between SDG 5 and SDG 11 Definition Gender Equality and Sustainable Urbanization Urban Gendered Insecurities Gender-Based Divisions of Labour Gender Dimensions of Mobility and Urban Infrastructure Climate Change Vulnerabilities Gender Dynamics of Urban Governance Women as Agents of Change Conclusion Cross-References References Women in Community Action Women in Decision-Making Positions: Developments and Stumbling Blocks Definition Introduction Women Empowerment and Global Gender Gap Women in Political Decision-making Positions Women´s Representation in Civil Service Stumbling Blocks on the Way of Women Empowerment Organizational Blocks Political Blocks Societal and Cultural Blocks Concluding Summary Cross-References References Women in Social Movements Women Micro-entrepreneurs Women Migration and Remittances Definition Overview Women Migration: An Understanding Migration and Remittances Summary Cross-Reference References Women Rights Women, Disaster Crisis and Building Resilience Definition Introduction Gendered Context of Disaster Mitigation and Sustainable Development Discrimination Then Marginalization Opportunities for Women to Promote Sustainable Development Intersectional Dimensions of Community Resilience: A Case Study of Cyclone Aila Conclusion Cross-References References Women, Gender, and Transitional Justice Synonyms Definition Introduction Women, Gender, and Conflict: What Role for Transitional Justice? Best Practices for Gender-Sensitive Transitional Justice Truth CommissionsJustice´´ and Prosecutions
Reparations
Guarantees of Non-recurrence
Frameworks for Women´s Rights and Gender Equality in International Conflict Intervention
The Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, 2000-2015
International Challenges for Achieving SDG 5 in Conflict-Affected Environments
Weaknesses of the Women, Peace, and Security Framework
Preliminary Progress Under the SDGs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women´s Access to Decent Work
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Decent Work Concepts
Decent Work
Decent Work for Women and Sustainable Development Goals
Discussions About the Concept of Decent Work
Decent Work and Opportunities to Find It
Freedom at Work and the Eradication of Poverty
Working with Productivity and Sustainable Economic Growth
Equality in Work and Gender Equality
Indicators for Decent Work and Women´s Access to It
Employment Opportunities
Unacceptable Work
Adequate Earnings
Working Hours
Stability and Security at Work
Work-Life Balance
Fair Treatment in Employment
Safe Work Environment
Social Protection
Social Dialogue
Reflections About the Concept of Decent Work
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Women´s Access to Resources
Women´s Empowerment
Women´s Empowerment Principles (WEPs)
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Principle 1: Establish High-Level Corporate Leadership for Gender Equality
Principle 2: Treat All Women and Men Fairly at Work - Respect and Support Human Rights and Nondiscrimination
Principle 3: Ensure the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of All Women and Men Workers
Principle 4: Promote Education, Training, and Professional Development for Women
Principle 5: Implement Enterprise Development, Supply Chain, and Marketing Practices That Empower Women
Principle 6: Promote Equality Through Community Initiatives
Principle 7: Measure and Publicly Report on Progress to Achieve Gender Equality
Empowerment of Women in Economic Sector and the Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Women´s Land Rights
Women´s Participation in the Labor Market
Definition
Introduction
Women´s Work from a Gender Perspective
Women in World Labor Markets
Institutional Solutions to Labor Market Inequalities and Their Critics
Final Considerations
Cross-References
References
Working Toward Reducing Violence Against LGBTQQIA+ Populations
Definition
Introduction
The Intersection of Gender and Sexual Identities
Barriers to Understanding the Scope of the Issue
Invisibility and Exposure to Violence
Intimate Partner Violence
Systemic Overt and Covert Discrimination
Religion and Violence Against LGBTQQIA+ Populations
Hate Crimes Against LGBTQQIA+ Populations
Laws Supporting Violence Against LGBTQQIA+ Populations
Efforts to Reduce Violence Against LGBTQQIA+ Populations
The Role of the Criminal Justice Systems Around the World
Conclusions Drawn from Extant Research
Cross-References
References
Y
Youth and Their Role in Attaining SDG 5
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Youth and Organizing
Organizing
War, Violence, and Youth Power
Sexuality, Agency, and Navigating Power
Queer Youth in SDG 5 Activism
Conclusion
References
Youth Development
Youth Empowerment
Youth Mobilization
Youth Mobilization for Civic Rights
Definition
Introduction
History of Bangladesh
Global Prospect of Youth Mobilization
Bangladesh Vision 2021
Global South: Bangladesh Case Study
State´s Reaction to Protest
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Youth Participation
Z
Zero-Tolerance Policy Toward Gender-Based Abuse and Violence
Definition
Introduction
Background and Historical Context for Zero-Tolerance Campaigns
Reducing Sexual Violence: Prevention and Survivor Services
Engaging Men and Boys to Stop Violence
Transformative Community-Based Social Change Programs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References