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Gemmology, Third Edition

✍ Scribed by Peter Read C Eng MIEE FGA DGA


Publisher
Butterworth-Heinemann
Year
2005
Tongue
English
Leaves
341
Edition
Category
Library

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✦ Synopsis


Since Gemmology was first published, thousands of readers have used it to gain an in-depth appreciation of the science of gemmology, its history and practice. This third edition has been revised to cover, in particular, This third edition has been revised to cover, in particular, new HPHT diamond enhancement methods and beryllium lattice diffusions techniques for corundum as well as the low pressure high temperature CVD synthesis of thick film diamond It includes details of the Gemmological Associations recently introduced Foundation course, and provides examination notes. * Contains essential information for the Gem-A exams * Fully updated to cover recent advances and instruments * An invaluable resource for gemmologists worldwide

✦ Table of Contents


Cover......Page 1
Gemmology......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Highlights of the last 170 years......Page 14
The essential qualities of a gem material......Page 22
Organic and inorganic gems......Page 23
The Earth's structure......Page 24
Igneous rocks......Page 25
The origin of gems......Page 26
The major gem localities......Page 29
Mining techniques......Page 31
Atoms, elements, molecules and compounds......Page 35
Valency......Page 37
Bonding......Page 38
The relationship between chemical composition and durability......Page 40
Crystalline and non-crystalline materials......Page 42
The atomic structure of a crystal......Page 44
Plane of symmetry......Page 46
The tetragonal system (Group 2, Figure 4.7)......Page 47
The orthorhombic system (Group 3, Figure 4.10)......Page 49
The triclinic system (Group 3, Figure 4.12)......Page 50
Crystal forms......Page 51
Crystal habits and their use in identification......Page 52
Twinned crystals......Page 53
Metamict minerals......Page 55
The mechanism of cleavage......Page 56
Lapidary problems caused by cleavage planes......Page 57
Fracture and its use as an aid to identification......Page 59
The durability of a gemstone......Page 61
Hardness tests (using hardness pencils and plates)......Page 62
Directional hardness......Page 64
Engineering hardness tests......Page 65
The influence of hardness on mining techniques......Page 66
Archimedes' principle and the measurement of SG......Page 67
Measurement of SG by displacement......Page 68
Two-pan balance method (Figure 7.3)......Page 70
Single-pan balance methods......Page 72
Spring balance method......Page 73
Approximation of SG using heavy liquids......Page 74
Sodium polytungstate......Page 78
Safety precautions......Page 79
The electromagnetic spectrum......Page 80
The photon......Page 81
Colour and selective absorption......Page 82
The transition elements......Page 83
Colour-change gemstones......Page 84
Dispersion......Page 85
Colour centres......Page 86
Chatoyancy......Page 87
Iridescence......Page 88
Colour, transparency and identification......Page 90
Snell's laws of reflection and refraction......Page 92
Refractive index......Page 93
Double refraction......Page 94
The refractometer......Page 95
Sources of illumination......Page 97
Using the refractometer......Page 98
Checking the shadow edge(s)......Page 99
Measuring double refraction (DR)......Page 100
Optic axes......Page 101
Optic sign in a uniaxial stone......Page 102
Optic sign in a biaxial stone......Page 103
Distant vision method......Page 104
Special refractometer versions......Page 105
Fresnel's reflectivity equation......Page 106
The reflectance meter......Page 107
Approximation by Becke line method......Page 110
Direct method of measurement......Page 111
Measurement using a table spectrometer......Page 113
Measurement by the Brewster angle of polarization......Page 114
Polarizing filters......Page 118
The polariscope......Page 120
Microcrystalline and polycrystalline gemstones......Page 122
The conoscope (interference figures)......Page 123
Pleochroism (differential selective absorption)......Page 124
The dichroscope......Page 125
Absorption and emission spectra......Page 128
The prism spectroscope......Page 129
The diffraction grating spectroscope......Page 132
Using the spectroscope......Page 133
Fine line spectra......Page 136
Fraunhofer lines......Page 137
Raman spectroscopy......Page 138
Spectrophotometers......Page 139
Luminescence (fluorescence and phosphorescence)......Page 140
Crossed filters......Page 141
LW and SW UV radiation......Page 143
X-ray radiation......Page 145
Other forms of luminescence......Page 146
SW UV transmission test......Page 147
Electrical properties......Page 148
Thermal conductivity and thermal inertia......Page 150
Thermal conductance testers......Page 151
Types of hand lens......Page 154
Types of microscope......Page 156
Light-field, dark-field and incident illumination......Page 158
Immersion techniques......Page 160
Additional uses for the microscope......Page 161
Care in the use of the microscope......Page 163
The Chelsea filter......Page 164
Handling gemstones......Page 165
Foils, colour backing and dyeing......Page 168
Impregnation......Page 169
General......Page 170
Corundum......Page 171
Surface diffusion of corundum......Page 173
Lattice diffusion of corundum......Page 174
General......Page 175
Identification......Page 176
Glass filling......Page 178
Laser drilling of diamond......Page 179
Disclosure of enhancements......Page 180
A brief history of early gemstone synthesis......Page 181
The Verneuil flame-fusion process......Page 182
The Czochralski method......Page 185
Flux-melt growth......Page 186
The hydrothermal process......Page 189
The skull-crucible process......Page 192
Diamond synthesis......Page 194
Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)......Page 197
'Synthetic' lapis lazuli, turquoise and opal......Page 198
Composite gemstones......Page 199
Twinning......Page 202
Identification features of natural and synthetic gemstones......Page 203
Diamond......Page 204
Emerald (natural)......Page 207
Emerald (synthetic)......Page 208
Morganite......Page 209
Quartz......Page 210
Ruby (natural)......Page 211
Ruby (synthetic)......Page 212
Sapphire (natural)......Page 214
Sapphire (synthetic)......Page 215
Identification of natural/synthetic quartz......Page 217
Laboratory equipment and methods......Page 218
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)......Page 219
Spectrophotometers......Page 220
X-ray equipment......Page 221
Quantitative cathodoluminescence......Page 224
17 Identifying inorganic gemstone simulants......Page 225
Aquamarine......Page 226
Diamond......Page 227
The ‘light spill’ or ‘tilt’ test......Page 228
The weight/girdle diameter test......Page 230
Jade......Page 231
Turquoise......Page 232
Opal......Page 233
Ruby......Page 234
Sapphire......Page 235
Natural pearls......Page 236
Cultured pearls......Page 238
Salt-water Mabe pearls and cultured blister pearls......Page 239
Freshwater Biwa pearls......Page 240
Distinguishing natural from cultured pearls......Page 241
The endoscope......Page 242
X-ray methods......Page 243
Imitation pearls and their identification......Page 244
Shell......Page 247
Amber......Page 248
Ivory......Page 250
Tortoiseshell......Page 252
Jet......Page 253
Coral......Page 254
Critical angle......Page 256
Cutting styles......Page 259
Diamond cuts......Page 260
The emerald cut......Page 263
Other styles......Page 264
Lapidary techniques......Page 265
Gemstone carving......Page 267
Diamond polishing methods......Page 269
Clarity......Page 272
Cut......Page 273
Carat weight......Page 275
20 Practical gemstone identification......Page 276
Observation......Page 277
Selecting the appropriate tests......Page 278
A Bibliography......Page 280
Amber......Page 281
Jet......Page 282
Shell......Page 283
Apatite......Page 284
Beryl......Page 285
Calcite......Page 286
Chrysoberyl......Page 287
Corundum......Page 288
Diamond......Page 289
Dioptase......Page 290
Feldspar......Page 291
Garnet......Page 292
Hematite......Page 293
Jadeite (classified as a jade together with nephrite)......Page 294
Malachite......Page 295
Natural glasses......Page 296
Peridot......Page 297
Quartz......Page 298
Rhodonite......Page 299
Scapolite......Page 300
Sphene (titanite)......Page 301
Steatite (soapstone)......Page 302
Tourmaline......Page 303
Zircon......Page 304
Cubic zirconium oxide......Page 305
Synthetic moissanite......Page 306
E Examination notes......Page 307
Examination techniques......Page 308
Changes to the Diploma examination......Page 309
F Gemstone constants......Page 310
Wavelength......Page 316
H Table of elements......Page 317
J Gemstone weighing......Page 319
B......Page 322
C......Page 323
D......Page 325
F......Page 326
G......Page 327
I......Page 328
K......Page 329
M......Page 330
O......Page 331
Q......Page 332
S......Page 333
T......Page 335
Y......Page 336
Z......Page 337
Colour plate......Page 338

✦ Subjects


Горно-геологическая отрасль;Минералогия и кристаллография;Геммология;


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