Gas Sensors: Manufacturing, Materials, and Technologies

✍ Scribed by Ankur Gupta, Mahesh Kumar, Rajeev Kumar Singh, Shantanu Bhattacharya

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 339
• Series: Emerging Materials and Technologies
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book covers the whole range of gas sensing aspects starting from basics, synthesis, processing, characterization, and application developments. All sub-topics within the domain of gas sensors such as active materials, novel nanomaterials, working mechanisms, fabrication techniques, computational approach, and development of microsensors, and latest advancements such as the Internet of Things (IoT) in gas sensors, and nanogenerators, are explained as well. Related manufacturing sections and proposed direction of future research are also reviewed.

Features:

• Covers detailed state-of-the-art specific chemiresistive sensing materials.

• Presents novel nanomaterial platforms and concepts for resistive gas sensing.

• Reviews pertinent aspects of smart sensors and IoT sensing.

• Explains nanotechnology-enabled experimental findings, and future directions of smart gas sensing technology.

• Explores implication of latest advancements such as IoT in gas sensors, and nanogenerators.

This book is aimed at academic researchers and professionals in sensors and actuators, nanotechnology, and materials science.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Fundamentals to Gas Sensors
1. Insights to Gas Sensors: From Fundamentals to Technology
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Fundamentals to Gas Sensors
1.1.2 Functional Materials of Gas Sensors
1.1.3 Manufacturing Overview of the Gas Sensors
1.2 Technological Challenges of Gas Sensors
1.3 Towards "Smart" Gas Sensor
1.4 Future Trends of Gas Sensors
References
2. Theoretical Studies of Nanomaterials-Based Chemiresistive Gas Sensor
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mechanism of Gas Sensing
2.2.1 Sensing Characteristics
2.3 Theoretical Studies-Based Modelling Technique for Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensor
2.4 Conclusions
References
3. Resistive Sensors: Fundamentals to Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Gas Sensors
3.2.1 Electrochemical Sensors
3.2.2 Optical Sensors
3.2.3 Infrared Sensors
3.2.4 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors
3.2.5 Gas Chromatography-Based Gas Sensors
3.2.6 Resistive Sensors
3.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Sensing Materials
3.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
3.3.2 Hydrothermal Method
3.3.3 Chemical Exfoliation
3.4 Gas Sensing by Nanomaterials
3.4.1 Sensing by Intrinsic Nanomaterials
3.4.2 Functionalized Nanomaterials: Prospects in Gas Sensing
3.5 Interfacing Electronics for Sensors
3.5.1 Read Out Circuits for Sensors
3.5.2 Enhancing Sensors' Performance – Signal Processing Algorithms
3.6 Applications of Resistive Sensors
3.6.1 Air Quality Monitoring (AQM)
3.6.2 Breathe Analyzers
3.6.3 Explosive Detection
3.6.4 Leak Detection in Industries
3.6.5 Vehicular Emission Testing
3.7 Conclusions
References
Part II: Fabrication Aspects of Gas Sensors
4. Micro-Manufacturing Processes for Gas Sensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basics of Micro-Fabrication Processes
4.2.1 Substrate Material
4.2.2 Thin Film Deposition
4.2.3 Patterning
4.2.4 Etching
4.2.5 Micromachining
4.2.6 Process Integration
4.3 MEMS Based Gas Sensors
4.3.1 Low False-Alarm-Rate Fire Detection
4.3.2 Air Quality Monitoring and Leak Detection
4.4 Conclusion
References
5. Electrodeposited Functional Platforms for Gas Sensing Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrodeposition as a Fabrication Technique
5.2.1 Factors Influencing Electrodeposition
5.2.1.1 Effect of Current Density
5.2.1.2 Effect of Type of Current Waveform
5.2.1.3 Effect of pH
5.2.1.4 Effect of Bath Concentration
5.2.1.5 Effect of Temperature
5.2.1.6 Effect of Bath Agitation
5.3 Gas Sensing Materials Fabricated Through Electrodeposition
5.3.1 Metal Oxides
5.3.2 Polymers
5.3.3 Metals
5.4 Conclusion
References
Part III: Sensing Platform in Gas Sensors
6. Heterojunction-Based Gas Sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Strategies for Improving Gas Sensing Performance
6.3 Figures of Merit of Gas Sensors
6.4 Sensing Mechanism of Heterojunctions-Based Gas Sensors
6.5 Types of Heterojunctions
6.5.1 0D/2D Heterojunctions
6.5.2 1D/2D Heterojunctions
6.5.3 2D/2D Heterojunctions
6.5.4 2D/3D Heterojunctions
6.6 Chapter Summary
References
7. Carbon Nanotubes: Fabrication and their Gas Sensing Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes
7.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
7.2.2 Arc Discharge
7.2.3 Laser Ablation
7.3 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Gas Sensors
7.3.1 Hydrogen (H₂) Sensors
7.3.1.1 SWCNTs-Based H₂ Sensors
7.3.1.2 MWCNTs-Based H₂ Sensors
7.3.2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) Sensors
7.3.2.1 SWCNTs-Based NO₂ Sensors
7.3.2.2 MWCNTs-Based NO₂ Sensors
7.3.3 Ammonia (NH₃) Sensors
7.3.3.1 SWCNTs-Based NH₃ Sensors
7.3.3.2 MWCNTs-Based NH₃ Sensors
7.4 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgments
References
8. III Nitrides for Gas Sensing Applications
8.1 Introduction to III Nitrides
8.2 Sensor Devices
8.2.1 Schottky Diodes
8.2.2 Field Effect Transistors (FET)
8.2.3 High Electron Mobility Transistors
8.2.4 Chemiresistive Devices
8.3 Gas Sensors Based on GaN
8.3.1 GaN-Based Schottky Diodes
8.3.2 GaN-Based Resistive Sensors
8.4 Gas Sensors Based on AlN
8.4.1 AlN-Based Diode Sensors
8.4.2 AlN-Based SAW Sensors
8.4.3 AlN-Based Electronic Sensors
8.5 Gas Sensors Based on InN
8.5.1 InN-Based Resistive Sensors
8.5.2 Other Gas Sensors Based on InN
8.6 Gas Sensors Based on III-Nitride Ternary Alloys & their Heterostructures
8.7 Summary and Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
9. One-Dimensional Nanostructures for Gas Sensing Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Growth and Synthesis of 1-D MO_x Nanostructures
9.3 Working Principle of Chemiresistive Gas Sensor
9.3.1 Parameters of Gas Sensing
9.3.1.1 Morphology
9.3.1.2 Humidity
9.3.1.3 Temperature
9.4 Sensing Materials
9.4.1 Tin Oxide
9.4.2 Titanium Oxide
9.4.3 Zinc Oxide
9.4.4 Tungsten Oxide
9.5 Possibility of Enhancing Sensing Performances of MO_x Nanostructures
9.6 Critical Challenges
9.6.1 Gas Selectivity
9.6.2 Ambient-Temperature Operation
9.7 1-D Polymer Nanostructures
Conclusion
References
10. Functional 2D Nanomaterials for Selective Detection/Sensing of Hydrogen Gas: An Overview
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Hydrogen (Clean and Green but Hazardous)
10.1.2 Hydrogen Sensing
10.1.3 2D Materials for Sensing
10.1.4 Functionalization/Decoration of 2D Materials
10.1.5 Role of Palladium and Polymers in Hydrogen Sensing
10.2 Functionalized Metal Oxide Based Hydrogen Sensing
10.3 Functionalized Graphene and Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Hydrogen Sensing
10.4 MoO₃ Based Hydrogen Sensors
10.5 Functionalized TMD Based Hydrogen Sensing
10.6 Conclusion and Progress
References
11. ZnO Nanostructures-Based Resistive Gas Sensors: Sensing Mechanism and Sensor Response Enhancement Approaches
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Gas Sensors: An Overview
11.1.2 Resistive Gas Sensor
11.1.3 Gas Sensing Mechanism
11.1.4 Gas Sensor Performance Evaluation Criteria
11.1.4.1 Sensor Response and Sensitivity
11.1.4.2 Response and Recovery Time
11.1.4.3 Selectivity
11.1.4.4 Operating Temperature
11.2 Sensor Response Enhancement Techniques
11.2.1 Effect of Surface Morphology
11.2.2 Transition Metal Doping
11.2.3 Surface Functionalization Via Noble Metal Nanoparticles
11.2.4 Inorganic and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Heterojunction Formation
11.2.5 UV Activation
11.3 Conclusion
References
12. Gas Sensors Based on SnO₂ Nanomaterials Toward Hazardous Gases Detection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Understanding of SMOs-Based Gas Sensor
12.2.1 Classification of SMOs-Based Gas Sensor
12.2.2 Fabrication of SMOs Based Gas Sensor
12.2.3 Application of Gas Sensor
12.2.4 Evolution Criteria of Gas Sensor
12.2.4.1 Optimal Operating Temperature
12.2.4.2 Sensitivity
12.2.4.3 Selectivity
12.2.4.4 Stability
12.2.4.5 Response-Recovery Time
12.2.4.6 Detection of Limit (LOD)
12.3 The Sensing Mechanism of SnO₂ Based Sensor
12.4 Recent Developments of SnO₂ Nanomaterials-Based Gas Sensor
12.4.1 Zero-Dimensional SnO₂-Based Nanomaterials
12.4.2 One-Dimensional SnO₂-Based Nanomaterials
12.4.3 Two-Dimensional SnO₂-Based Nanomaterials
12.4.4 Three-Dimensional SnO₂-Based Nanomaterials
12.5 Strategy to Improve the Gas Sensing Properties of SnO₂
12.5.1 Elements Doping
12.5.2 Heterojunction Construction
12.5.3 Surface Modification
12.5.4 Tune Structure and Morphology
12.6 Summary and Prospects
References
13. Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Gas Sensing Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Categories of Gas Sensor
13.3 General Properties of Metal Oxide (MO) Used for Gas Sensing
13.3.1 Surface Properties
13.3.2 The Density of Surface State
13.3.3 Electronic Structure
13.3.4 Adsorption/Desorption Process
13.3.5 Catalytic Activity
13.4 Performance Indicators and Stability of Gas Sensors
13.5 Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Gas Sensing
13.6 Topological Insulators in Gas Sensing
13.7 Conclusions and Future Scope
Acknowledgments
References
Part IV: The Emerging Paradigm in Gas Sensing Technology
14. Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Viable Route to Realize Portable/Implantable Gas Sensors
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Current Status and Challenges of Gas Sensor
14.2 Working Mechanism of TENG-Based Gas Sensor
14.3 Fabrication Procedure of TENG-Based Gas Sensor
14.3.1 Synthesis of Pd-ZnO Sensing Layer
14.3.2 Preparation of Inverted Pyramid and Porous Silicon Template
14.3.3 Formation of Flat, Pyramid-and Wrinkle-Micostructured PDMS Film
14.3.4 Sensor Fabrication and Characterization
14.4 Functionality of the Device as Triboelectric Nanogenerator
14.5 Gas Sensing Characteristics
14.6 Concluding Remarks
References
15. Internet of Things (IoT)-Assisted Gas Sensing Technology
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic to IoT
15.3 IoT-Based Gas Sensing
15.3.1 Various Applications
15.3.2 Wearable IoT Gas Sensors
15.4 Limitations and Challenges
15.5 Conclusion
References
16. Electronic Nose: Pathway to Real-Time Gas Sensing Paradigm
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electronic Nose: Basic Principle and Procedure
16.3 Various Sensor Arrays
16.3.1 Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS)
16.3.2 Conductive Polymer (CPs)
16.3.3 Other Sensors
16.4 Pattern Recognition Techniques
16.4.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
16.4.2 Support Vector Machines (SVMs)
16.4.3 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
16.4.4 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
16.5 Challenges
16.6 Conclusions
References
Index