## Abstract Upper and lower gastrointestinal dysautonomia symptoms (GIDS)—sialorrhea, dysphagia, and constipation are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and often socially as well as physically disabling for patients. Available invasive quantitative measures for assessing these symptoms and their r
✦ LIBER ✦
Future directions for immune modulation in neurodegenerative disorders: focus on Parkinson’s disease
✍ Scribed by Kathleen A. Maguire-Zeiss; Howard J. Federoff
- Publisher
- Springer
- Year
- 2010
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 277 KB
- Volume
- 117
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 1435-1463
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## Abstract Long‐term treatment of human Parkinson's disease with levodopa or dopamine agonists is often complicated by the appearance of abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias) that are extremely difficult to control. Little is known of the cause, pathophysiological mechanisms, or possible st