Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs): Fabrication, Properties, Applications, and Advancements

✍ Scribed by Pulak M. Pandey (editor), Sandeep Rathee (editor), Manu Srivastava (editor), Prashant K. Jain (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 255
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The science and study of functionally graded materials (FGMs) have intrigued researchers over the last few decades. Their application has the capability to produce parts with unmatched properties which are virtually impossible to obtain via conventional material routes. This book addresses various FGM aspects and provides a relevant, high-quality, and comprehensive data source.

The book covers trends, process classification on various bases, physical processes involved, structure, properties, applications, advantages, and limitations. Emerging trends in the field are discussed in detail and advancements are thoroughly reviewed and presented to broaden the spectrum of FGM applications.

This reference book will be of interest to scholars, researchers, academicians, industry practitioners, government labs, libraries, and anyone interested in the area of materials engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Functionally Graded Materials: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Functionally Graded Materials in Nature
1.3 Type of Functionally Graded Materials
1.4 Methods of Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials
1.5 Areas of Application of Functionally Graded Materials
1.6 Research Efforts in Functionally Graded Materials
1.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Advances in Fabrication Techniques of Functionally Graded Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of Functionally Graded Material Fabrication Techniques
2.3 Liquid Phase Processing Techniques
2.3.1 Centrifugal Force-Based Technique
2.3.1.1 Centrifugal Casting Technique
2.3.1.2 Centrifugal Slurry Pouring Technique
2.3.1.3 Centrifugal Pressurization Methods
2.3.2 Tape Casting
2.3.3 Infiltration Technique
2.3.4 Cast-Decant-Cast Technique
2.4 Vapor Phase Processing Techniques
2.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition Techniques
2.4.1.1 Evaporation-Based PVD
2.4.1.2 Sputtering-Based PVD
2.4.1.3 Plasma Spray PVD
2.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques
2.5 Deposition Techniques
2.5.1 Thermal Spraying
2.5.2 Electrophoretic Deposition
2.6 Solid Phase Processing Techniques
2.6.1 Powder Metallurgy Techniques
2.6.1.1 Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
2.6.2 Friction Stir Processing (FSP)
2.7 Additive Manufacturing Processes
2.8 Challenges and Future Potential in Functionally Graded Materials Fabrication
2.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Liquid Phase Processing Techniques for Functionally Graded Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Liquid State Processing of FGMs
3.2.1 Centrifugal Casting
3.2.1.1 Centrifugal Solid Particle System (CSPM)
3.2.1.2 Centrifugal in-Situ Method (CISM)
3.2.2 Centrifugal Slurry Pouring Method
3.2.3 Centrifugal Pressurized Method
3.2.3.1 Mixed Centrifugal Power Method (MCPM)
3.2.3.2 Centrifugal Sintered Casting Method (CSCM)
3.2.3.3 Reactive Centrifugal Casting Method (RCCM)
3.2.4 Slip Casting Method
3.2.5 Tape Casting Method
3.2.6 Method of Infiltration
3.2.7 Gel Casting
3.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Gaseous Phase Processing Techniques for Functionally Graded Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Brief Background
4.1.2 Organization of Chapter
4.2 Current Status of Research
4.3 Processing Techniques
4.3.1 Thermal Spray Deposition
4.3.1.1 Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS)
4.3.1.2 High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF)
4.3.1.3 Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS)
4.3.1.4 Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS)
4.3.2 Physical Vapor Deposition
4.3.2.1 Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD)
4.3.2.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)
4.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
4.3.3.1 Plasma-Enhanced/Assisted CVD
4.3.3.2 Metal-Organic CVD
4.4 Computational Modeling and Analysis
4.5 Applications
4.5.1 Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings
4.5.2 Functionally Graded Biomedical/Bioactive Coatings
4.5.3 Functionally Graded Coatings for Cutting Tools
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Fabrication of FGMs by Additive Manufacturing Techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Design and Modeling for AM of FGMs
5.3 Methods for AM of FGMs
5.3.1 Directed Energy Deposition
5.3.2 Powder Bed Fusion
5.3.2.1 Selective Laser Melting and Selective Laser Sintering
5.3.2.2 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
5.3.3 Material Extrusion Based
5.3.4 Stereolithography
5.3.5 Material Jetting
5.3.6 Hybrid AM
5.4 State-of-the-Art Material Systems
5.5 Challenges in AM of FGMs
5.6 Future Potential and Prospects
5.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Design and Fabrication of a Functionally Graded Model of Bone Using the Fused Filament Fabrication Process
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Additive Manufacturing for Functionally Graded Material
6.1.2 Biomedical Imaging
6.1.3 Segmentation of the Intended Body Part
6.1.4 Medical Modeling for Additive Manufacturing
6.2 Process of Fabricating Functionally Graded Material
6.2.1 Biomedical Data Acquisition
6.2.2 Medical Image Processing and Data Extraction from DICOM Images
6.2.3 Segmentation
6.2.4 Region Formation
6.2.5 Contour Formation
6.3 Toolpath Formation
6.4 Software and Hardware Integration
6.5 Application
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Recent Advancements in Analysis of FGM Structures and Future Scope
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Analysis of FGM Structure
7.2.1 Bending Studies
7.2.2 Vibration Studies
7.2.3 Buckling Studies
7.3 Discussion
7.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8 Modeling and Analysis of Smart Functionally Graded Structures
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Functionally Graded Materials and Structures
8.1.2 Power Law
8.1.3 Exponential Law
8.1.4 Sigmoid Function
8.2 Smart Composite Materials
8.3 Smart Functionally Graded Structures
8.4 Active Constrained Layer Damping Treatment
8.5 Functionally Graded Material Properties
8.5.1 Material Parameters under Thermal Environment
8.6 ANSYS Model Development
8.7 Mathematical Model of the Smart Functionally Graded Plate
8.8 Results Discussion
8.8.1 Bending Analysis
8.8.2 Vibration Analysis
8.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Dynamic Analysis of a Porous Sandwich Functionally Graded Material Plate with Geometric Nonlinearity
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Porosity and Temperature Distribution
9.2.1 Porosity Models
9.2.2 Temperature Distribution
9.2.2.1 Uniform Temperature Distribution
9.2.2.2 Nonlinear Temperature Distribution
9.3 Material Properties and Constitutive Relation
9.4 Theoretical Formulation
9.4.1 Kinematics
9.4.2 Energy Equations
9.4.3 Governing Equations
9.4.3.1 Airy’s Function and Strain Compatibility Equation
9.4.3.2 Equilibrium Equations
9.5 Solution Procedure
9.5.1 Assumed Solutions and Transverse Load
9.5.2 Equivalent Axial Loads
9.6 Equation of Motion
9.6.1 Forced Vibration Analysis
9.6.2 Free Vibration Analysis
9.6.3 Static Analysis
9.6.4 Relation between Linear Frequency, Nonlinear Frequency, and Load Amplitude with Displacement
9.7 Validation and Convergence Study
9.7.1 Validation Study
9.7.2 Convergence Study
9.8 Results and Analysis
9.8.1 Effect of Span-to-Thickness Ratio
9.8.2 Effect of Aspect Ratio
9.8.3 Effect of Volume Fraction Exponent
9.8.4 Effect of Elastic Foundation Parameters
9.8.5 Effect of Porosity Coefficient
9.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Functionally Graded Materials: Applications and Future Challenges
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications for FGMs
10.2.1 Biomedical Applications
10.2.2 Aerospace Applications
10.2.3 Defense Applications
10.2.4 Energy Applications
10.2.5 Automobile Industry Applications
10.2.6 Marine Applications
10.2.7 Construction Applications
10.2.8 Opto-Electronics Applications
10.2.9 Machines/Equipment Applications
10.2.10 Sports Applications
10.2.11 Miscellaneous Applications
10.3 Future Trends
10.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Index